EP1194678B1 - Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipelines - Google Patents

Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipelines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1194678B1
EP1194678B1 EP00942241A EP00942241A EP1194678B1 EP 1194678 B1 EP1194678 B1 EP 1194678B1 EP 00942241 A EP00942241 A EP 00942241A EP 00942241 A EP00942241 A EP 00942241A EP 1194678 B1 EP1194678 B1 EP 1194678B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casing
data transmission
signal
metallic structure
loop
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00942241A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1194678A1 (fr
Inventor
Steven Martin Hudson
Daniel Joinson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Expro North Sea Ltd
Original Assignee
Expro North Sea Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9915968.3A external-priority patent/GB9915968D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9924027.7A external-priority patent/GB9924027D0/en
Application filed by Expro North Sea Ltd filed Critical Expro North Sea Ltd
Publication of EP1194678A1 publication Critical patent/EP1194678A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1194678B1 publication Critical patent/EP1194678B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D5/00—Protection or supervision of installations
    • F17D5/02—Preventing, monitoring, or locating loss
    • F17D5/06—Preventing, monitoring, or locating loss using electric or acoustic means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency

Definitions

  • This invention relates to data transmission systems, methods of data transmission, signal receiving apparatus and methods of receiving signals all for use in pipeline systems, in particular wells.
  • US 2,364,957 discloses apparatus for signalling from downhole in a well.
  • An oscillator located downhole is caused to output electrical signals which travel through the surrounding earth to a receiver at the surface.
  • US 3,129,394 discloses a communication system for use on a buried, insulated pipe.
  • a coaxial mode of transmission is achieved with the surrounding ground acting as the outer conductor.
  • the insulated pipe is used as a signal channel and earth is used as return in US 3,129,394.
  • a data transmission system in which metallic structure of a pipeline system is used as a signal channel and earth is used as return, comprising means for forming a current loop path for use in applying signals to the signal channel and earth return circuit, the loop having first and second conducting portions electrically connected to one another at a first location and electrically connected to one another at a second location, the second location being spaced from the first location, and the metallic structure comprising at least one of the conducting portions, and a local unit having transmitting means for applying a signal to one of the conducting portions whereby in use a potential difference is generated between earth and the metallic structure in the region of the loop which causes a signal to be propagated along the signal channel provided by the metallic structure away from the loop, wherein the means for forming the loop is arranged to ensure that the spaced locations are separated by at least a minimum distance selected to give desired transmission characteristics and the transmitting means comprises inductive coupling means disposed around the respective conducting portion.
  • a method of data transmission in which metallic structure of a pipeline system is used as a signal channel and earth is used as return comprising the steps of:
  • the pipeline system may comprise an inner flow line and a surrounding casing.
  • the pipeline system comprises a well having a production string and surrounding casing.
  • the current flowing around the loop path in operation can be considered to make the system act as a dipole transmitter.
  • Receiving means may be provided at a location remote from said current loop path for receiving the signals propagated along the metallic structure.
  • the above arrangement has the advantages that wirelines can be avoided and a signal which will be detectable can be injected onto the metallic structure in practical situations using realistic current levels even when signalling along a production string from a position in which the string is located within a casing. Away from the region of the current loop path, the metallic structure as whole may be treated as a single conduction channel.
  • the minimum distance can be chosen to suit the circumstances such that an acceptable level of signal is detectable at the desired location remote from the local unit, for example at the well head.
  • a typical selected minimum distance may be 100 metres. It is preferred that the selected minimum distance is small relative to the overall length of the structure/well.
  • one of the conducting portions comprises a portion of a production string.
  • the transmitting means may be arranged to apply signals to the production string.
  • one conducting portion comprises a portion of a flow line, for example a production string and the other conducting portion comprises a surrounding portion of casing.
  • the means for forming a current loop path may comprise insulating spacer means for keeping the flow line spaced from the surrounding casing for the selected minimum distance.
  • An insulating coating may be provided on the flow line and/or casing over the portion corresponding to the selected minimum distance.
  • the spaced connections between the first and second conducting portions to complete the current loop path may comprise glancing contacts between the flow line and casing beyond the selected region. It will be appreciated that the costs involved in improving isolation between the flow line and casing over the selected minimum distance will be significantly lower than those involved in trying to isolate the string and casing along their whole length.
  • one conducting portion comprises a portion of a pipeline or flowline and the other conducting portion comprises at least one electrically conductive elongate member connecting at least two pigs disposed within the pipeline or flowline.
  • the spaced connections to complete the current loop path may be provided at the pigs.
  • the local unit may be provided at one of the pigs.
  • the transmitting means is arranged to apply signals to the elongate member.
  • the local unit may comprise sensor means for measuring conditions in the region of the unit.
  • the local unit may comprise receiving means for receiving incoming signals transmitted along the metallic structure or otherwise.
  • the local unit may be arranged to act as a relay station. It will be appreciated that the relay station may be disposed on a cased section of production string and thus be used to improve the range of the data transmission system.
  • the transmitting means applies signals substantially at the midpoint of the respective conducting portion. This tends to equalise the signal propagation characteristics away from the local unit in both directions along the metallic structure and is particularly suitable if the local unit is to function as a bi-directional relay station.
  • the transmitting means may be arranged to apply signals at a point towards one end, preferably the opposite end, of the respective conducting portion.
  • the current loop path may act as a single turn winding of a transformer.
  • the inductive coupling means may comprise a coil wound on a generally toroidal core which encircles the respective conducting portion.
  • the casing may comprise a plurality of separate sections, which may be screwed together. Mating surfaces at one or more joint between adjacent sections may be coated with an isolating medium. This can change the electrical characteristics of the metal structure and enhance performance.
  • the transmission means is arranged to apply signals to the inner flowline.
  • the pipeline system comprises a cased section of a well, the production string being the flowline in such a case.
  • Figures 1 and 2 schematically show a subsea well including a wireless or non-wireline data transmission system.
  • the invention is embodied in this system but for the use of a different coupling technique which is explained below with reference to Figure 6.
  • the well comprises a production string 1 for extracting product from a formation F.
  • the production string 1 joins a tree 2 at the mudline and is surrounded by casing 3 between the tree 2 and the formation F.
  • the string 1 and casing 3 form part of the metallic structure of the well.
  • Figure 1 shows the string 1 as being disposed centrally within the casing 3, in practice the string 1 and casing 3 will make glancing contact with one another at numerous positions along their lengths. In general there is nothing to prevent such glancing contact and the string 1 will follow a sinuous, for example a helical, path within the casing 3.
  • the space between the string 1 and casing 3 is filled with brine (or alternatively another fluid which is denser than water) to help reduce the pressure acting on the packing ring 4 provided between the casing 3 and string 1 as they enter the formation F.
  • brine or alternatively another fluid which is denser than water
  • the well also comprises a number of data logging stations 5 provided on the string 1 at open well locations, that is within the formation.
  • the data transmission system is arranged to allow data to be transmitted between the data logging stations 5 and the mudline or beyond by using the metallic structure of the well 1,3 as a signal channel.
  • the distance between the data logging stations and the mudline may be in excess of 3000 metres.
  • Data is received at and transmitted from the data logging stations 5 using existing non-wireline open well techniques, for example those described in the applicant's earlier application EP-A-0,646,304. Whilst these techniques work in the open well and can transmit a signal along the cased section they cannot be used in practice to transmit from a position within the cased section. Only if the length of the cased section is not too great can signals be received directly at and sent directly from the mudline using the non-wireline techniques described in the above mentioned application; range and data rate being essentially determined by signal to noise ratio.
  • the relay station 6 comprises transceiver means including an isolation joint 7 provided in the production string, signal generating means 8a used during transmission and signal measuring means 8b used during reception. Both the signal generating means and the signal measuring means are connected across the isolation joint 7.
  • a plurality of insulating annular spacers 9 are provided around the production string 1 over a distance of the order of 100 metres in the region of the isolation joint 7. The distance over which the spacers 9 are provided is chosen such that signals can be effectively received and transmitted. The actual distance will depend on a number of factors relating to the components of the transmission system and the well itself.
  • the spacers 9 are of a half shell type which are bolted together around the string 1.
  • An insulating layer 9a is provided between each spacer and the string 1.
  • a side view of one of the spacers 9 is shown and the remainder of the spacers 9 are shown in cross-section.
  • the spacers 9 are arranged and positioned such that at each spacer 9 the string 1 is held towards the centre of the casing 3 and such that the string 1 will not contact with the casing 3 at any position between adjacent spacers 9. Beyond the last spacer 9 at each end of the plurality of spacers 9, the string 1 makes glancing contact 10 with the casing 3 as shown in Figure 2.
  • each last spacer 9 and the respective glancing contact 10 will be random but its lower limit will be determined by characteristics of the well and spacers 9.
  • the spacers 9 ensure that there is no contact between the string 1 and casing 3 for at least a selected minimum distance.
  • the transmission and receiving characteristics of the system improve as the spacing between the glancing contacts 10 is increased.
  • the cost involved in lengthening the minimum distance In general the actual spacing between the glancing contacts 10 will be greater than the minimum distance but this simply serves to improve the system.
  • the portions of the string 1 and casing 3 between the glancing contacts 10 are hereinafter referred to as the isolated portion of the string 1a and the corresponding portion of the casing 3a.
  • Figure 3 shows an equivalent (lumped parameter) circuit for a typical length of the production string 1 and casing 3.
  • the string 1 and casing 3 are respectively represented by series of resistors R o and R c .
  • the leakage paths between the string 1 and casing 3 are represented by a series of resistors R g+b and the leakage paths between the casing 3 and remote earth E are represented by resistors R e and capacitors C e . If a signal is applied to the string 1 or casing 3 the strength of the signal will decrease with distance away from the source due to the losses through the leakage paths to remote earth E. Further, as mentioned above the potential of the string 1 and casing 3 will tend to equalise.
  • Figure 4 shows a simplified equivalent circuit for the portions of the production string 1a and casing 3a in the region of the relay station 6 during reception of a signal. Except those 10 at either end of the portions 1a, 3a, the leakage paths due to glancing contacts have been removed. Thus the resistors R g+b are replaced by resistors R b of much higher value representing the leakage through brine alone. The resistance through the brine in the region of the relay station 6 is so large compared with that provided by the glancing contacts 10 at the ends of the isolated portion of string 1a that the effect of the brine can essentially be ignored.
  • Figure 5 shows a simplified equivalent circuit for the portions of the production string 1a and casing 3a in the region of the relay station 6 during transmission.
  • the leakage paths due to glancing contacts have been removed except those 10 at either end of the portions 1a, 3a.
  • the resistors R g+b are replaced by resistors R b of much higher value representing the leakage through brine alone.
  • the resistance through the brine in the region relay station 6 is so large compared with that provided by the glancing contacts 10 at the ends of the isolated portion of string 1a that the effect of the brine can be ignored.
  • a current loop path can be considered to exist consisting of the isolated portion of the string 1a, the corresponding portion of the casing 3a and the glancing connection points 10.
  • the two ends of this loop are of course also connected to the remainder of the string 1 and casing 3.
  • the signal generating means Ba causes a current I to flow around the loop path. This flow of current I causes a potential difference to be set up between the glancing contacts 10 at opposite ends of the isolated portion of string 1a. This potential difference will be I x sumRc, where sumRc equals the total resistance of the casing between the glancing contacts 10.
  • the magnitude of the potential difference between metallic structure and earth at each end of the isolated portion 1a will be (I x sumRc)/2. Because a potential difference exists between the positions of the glancing contacts 10 and earth, a signal will tend to travel along the string 1 and casing 3 in each direction away from the relay station 6.
  • Desired data for example that received from a data logging station, can be transmitted along the string 1 and casing 3 away from the relay station by encoding a suitable signal onto the string 1 by means of the mechanism described above.
  • the resulting signal propagates away from the current loop path along the string and casing as a single conductor.
  • the signal circuit is completed by an earth return and no wirelines are required.
  • Appropriate receiving means at the mudline or at another relay station are used to detect the signal applied to the string 1 and casing 3 and extract the desired data.
  • the receiving means may make use of an inductive coupling or be arranged to measure signals with respect to a separate earth reference.
  • the range of the signal transmission system can be dramatically increased by providing a suitable number of relay stations within the casing 3.
  • the relay stations are bi-directional so that the transmission range when transmitting signals down into the well as well as out of the well is increased.
  • the isolation joint located centrally within the isolated portion 1a, the signals in each direction away from the relay station 6 will have substantially equal strength. However, if the isolation joint 7 is disposed towards one end of the isolated portion 1a, the potential difference generated at the other end of the isolated portion 1a will tend to be greater than (I x sumRc)/2. Thus if it is desired to increase the strength of the signal in one direction the isolation joint 7 may be disposed accordingly.
  • the isolated portion of the production string 1a is provided with an insulating coating to further reduce conduction between the isolated portion 1a and the corresponding portion of the casing 3a.
  • Figure 6 shows a coil 201 provided on a toroidal core 202 disposed around the production string portion 1a for use in a method of applying a signal to and/or tapping a signal from the production string 1 which embodies the present invention.
  • inductive coupling is relied on and no isolation joint is used.
  • the coil 201 is used to induce a current in the string 1 and the current loop path described above acts as a single turn transformer winding.
  • a signal on the production string 1 induces a corresponding current in the coil 201 which can be detected.
  • This method of reception does not rely on there being an isolated portion 1a of production string.
  • This coupling method gives an advantage that it is possible to optimise impedance matching by appropriately choosing the turns ratio.
  • the casing 3 of a well is typically made up of screwed together sections.
  • some or all of the joints between the casing sections may be treated so as to cause a level of discontinuity in conductivity of the casing. This can typically be achieved by coating the mating surfaces at each joint with an isolating medium which does not prejudice the sealing requirements for the casing.
  • the tendency is to force more of the signal into the string rather than the casing and to increase the proportion of the signal which travels away from the region of the loop.
  • the present embodiments, and present invention in general, may function better if discontinuties exist between mating sections of casing this is not a requirement for operation.
  • the system may be such that the casing is substantially electrically continous along its whole length or at least in the region of the loop. This is true for the casing of a well and the casing of any other pipeline as well as for any corresponding surrounding outer member.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Un système de transmission de données dans lequel une structure métallique (1, 2, 3) d'un système de pipeline est utilisé comme canal des signaux et où la terre est utilisée en tant que retour, comprenant des moyens pour former un trajet de boucle de courant (9, 1, 3) prévu pour être utilisé dans l'application des signaux au canal des signaux et au circuit du retour de terre, la boucle présentant de première et seconde parties conductrices (1, 3) reliées de manière électrique l'une à l'autre au niveau d'un premier emplacement (10) et reliées de manière électrique l'une à l'autre au niveau d'un second emplacement (10), le second emplacement étant espacé du premier emplacement, et la structure métallique comprenant au moins une des parties conductrices, et un ensemble local (6) présentant des moyens émetteurs (8a) pour appliquer un signal à l'une des parties conductrices de sorte que, en service, une différence de potentiel est produite entre la terre et la structure métallique dans la zone de la boucle qui amène un signal à être propagé le long du canal des signaux créé par la structure métallique à distance de la boucle, dans lequel les moyens pour former la boucle (9, 1, 3) sont disposés pour assurer que les emplacements espacés sont séparés d'au moins une distance minimum sélectionnée pour donner des caractéristiques de transmission désirées et dans lequel les moyens émetteurs (8a) comprennent des moyens de couplage inductifs (201, 202) disposés autour de la partie conductrice respective.
  2. Un système de transmission de données selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le système de pipeline comprend une ligne d'écoulement interne (1) et un boítier (3) l'entourant, où une partie conductrice comprend une partie de la ligne d'écoulement et l'autre partie conductrice comprend une partie de boítier l'entourant.
  3. Un système de transmission de données selon la revendication 2, dans lequel les moyens pour former la boucle comprennent des moyens écarteurs isolants (9) pour maintenir la ligne d'écoulement (1) espacée de la distance minimum sélectionnée du boítier (3) l'entourant.
  4. Un système de transmission de données selon la revendication 2 ou la revendication 3, dans lequel les liaisons espacées entre les première et seconde parties conductrices comprennent des contacts rasants (10) entre la ligne d'écoulement et le boítier au-delà de la zone sélectionnée.
  5. Un système de transmission de données selon une revendication précédente quelconque, dans lequel l'ensemble local (6) comprend des moyens récepteurs (8b) pour recevoir des signaux arrivants transmis le long de la structure métallique.
  6. Un système de transmission de données selon la revendication 5, dans lequel l'ensemble local (6) est disposé pour agir en tant que station relais.
  7. Un système de transmission de données selon la revendication 5 ou la revendication 6, dans lequel les moyens récepteurs (8b) comprennent les moyens de couplage inductifs.
  8. Un système de transmission de données selon une revendication précédente quelconque, dans lequel les moyens émetteurs (8a) sont disposés pour appliquer des signaux sensiblement au niveau du point médian de la partie conductrice respective.
  9. Un système de transmission de données selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 4, dans lequel le boítier (3) comprend une pluralité de sections séparées, les surfaces conjuguées au niveau d'un ou de plusieurs joints entre sections adjacentes étant revêtues d'un milieu isolant.
  10. Un procédé de transmission de données dans lequel la structure métallique d'un système de pipeline (1, 2, 3) est utilisée comme canal des signaux et où la terre est utilisée en tant que retour, comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    disposer un trajet de boucle de courant (1, 3, 10) prévu pour être utilisé dans l'application de signaux au canal des signaux et au circuit du retour de terre, la boucle présentant de première et seconde parties conductrices (1, 3) reliées de manière électrique l'une à l'autre au niveau d'un premier emplacement (10) et reliées de manière électrique l'une à l'autre au niveau d'un second emplacement (10), le second emplacement étant espacé du premier emplacement, et la structure métallique comprenant au moins une des parties conductrices ;
    appliquer un signal à l'une des parties conductrices en utilisant des moyens de couplage inducteurs (201, 202) disposés autour de la partie conductrice respective pour produire une différence de potentiel entre la terre et la structure métallique dans la zone de la boucle et amener un signal à être propagé le long du canal des signaux créé par la structure métallique à distance de la boucle, et
    assurer que les emplacements espacés sont séparés d'au moins une distance minimum sélectionnée pour donner des caractéristiques de transmission désirées.
EP00942241A 1999-07-07 2000-06-30 Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipelines Expired - Lifetime EP1194678B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9915968.3A GB9915968D0 (en) 1999-07-07 1999-07-07 Data transmission systems, method of data transmission, signal recieving apparatus and methods of recieving signals all for use in pipeline systems
GB9915968 1999-07-07
GBGB9924027.7A GB9924027D0 (en) 1999-10-11 1999-10-11 Data transmission systems,methods of data transmission,signal receiving apparatus and methods of receiving signals all for use in pipeline systems
GB9924027 1999-10-11
PCT/GB2000/002538 WO2001004461A1 (fr) 1999-07-07 2000-06-30 Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipelines

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1194678A1 EP1194678A1 (fr) 2002-04-10
EP1194678B1 true EP1194678B1 (fr) 2005-04-06

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00942241A Expired - Lifetime EP1194678B1 (fr) 1999-07-07 2000-06-30 Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipelines

Country Status (15)

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EP (1) EP1194678B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2003504543A (fr)
KR (1) KR20020030075A (fr)
CN (1) CN1372615A (fr)
AP (1) AP2001002381A0 (fr)
AT (1) ATE292743T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU5694500A (fr)
BR (1) BR0012635A (fr)
CA (1) CA2378329C (fr)
DE (1) DE60019290D1 (fr)
EA (1) EA200101247A1 (fr)
MX (1) MXPA02000007A (fr)
NO (1) NO320860B1 (fr)
OA (1) OA11986A (fr)
WO (1) WO2001004461A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2364724B (en) * 1999-08-30 2002-07-10 Schlumberger Holdings Measurement while drilling electromagnetic telemetry system using a fixed downhole receiver
US7170423B2 (en) 2003-08-27 2007-01-30 Weatherford Canada Partnership Electromagnetic MWD telemetry system incorporating a current sensing transformer
CA2476787C (fr) * 2004-08-06 2008-09-30 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Outil de telemetrie magnetique integre
GB0505855D0 (en) * 2005-03-22 2005-04-27 Expro North Sea Ltd Signalling downhole
US7554458B2 (en) 2005-11-17 2009-06-30 Expro North Sea Limited Downhole communication
EP1969882B1 (fr) 2005-12-13 2014-08-13 LG Electronics Inc. Procédé de communication utilisant une station-relais dans un système de communication mobile
GB2486685A (en) 2010-12-20 2012-06-27 Expro North Sea Ltd Electrical power and/or signal transmission through a metallic wall
GB2573848A (en) * 2016-09-19 2019-11-20 Halliburton Energy Services Inc Powering downhole components in subsurface formations behind casing
MX2019002871A (es) * 2016-09-30 2019-07-18 Welltec Oilfield Solutions Ag Sistema de terminacion de fondo de perforacion.
CN109653735B (zh) * 2019-03-01 2022-11-15 西南石油大学 一种基于电流回路的钻井信号下传装置及信号下传方法
CN114635672B (zh) * 2021-12-30 2024-05-28 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 一种页岩气井下生产动态监测方法和系统

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2364957A (en) * 1939-08-08 1944-12-12 Stanolind Oil & Gas Co Electrical surveying
US3129394A (en) * 1958-03-17 1964-04-14 Texas Eastern Trans Corp Coaxial mode transmission of carrier currents using insulated buried pipe and surrounding earth
JPS5678240A (en) * 1979-11-30 1981-06-27 Tsurumi Seiki:Kk Method and device for underwater signal transmission
GB9212685D0 (en) 1992-06-15 1992-07-29 Flight Refueling Ltd Data transfer
GB9801010D0 (en) * 1998-01-16 1998-03-18 Flight Refueling Ltd Data transmission systems

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2378329C (fr) 2007-09-18
CN1372615A (zh) 2002-10-02
KR20020030075A (ko) 2002-04-22
EA200101247A1 (ru) 2002-08-29
AU5694500A (en) 2001-01-30
EP1194678A1 (fr) 2002-04-10
WO2001004461A1 (fr) 2001-01-18
JP2003504543A (ja) 2003-02-04
BR0012635A (pt) 2002-04-02
AP2001002381A0 (en) 2001-12-31
MXPA02000007A (es) 2003-07-21
DE60019290D1 (de) 2005-05-12
ATE292743T1 (de) 2005-04-15
OA11986A (en) 2006-04-18
CA2378329A1 (fr) 2001-01-18
NO20020041L (no) 2002-03-07
NO20020041D0 (no) 2002-01-04
NO320860B1 (no) 2006-02-06

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