EP1354432B1 - Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipeline - Google Patents

Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipeline Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1354432B1
EP1354432B1 EP01272712A EP01272712A EP1354432B1 EP 1354432 B1 EP1354432 B1 EP 1354432B1 EP 01272712 A EP01272712 A EP 01272712A EP 01272712 A EP01272712 A EP 01272712A EP 1354432 B1 EP1354432 B1 EP 1354432B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casing
metallic structure
string
signal
earth
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01272712A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1354432A2 (fr
Inventor
Steven Martin Hudson
Daniel Joinson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Expro North Sea Ltd
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Expro North Sea Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Expro North Sea Ltd filed Critical Expro North Sea Ltd
Publication of EP1354432A2 publication Critical patent/EP1354432A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1354432B1 publication Critical patent/EP1354432B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/125—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using earth as an electrical conductor

Definitions

  • This invention relates to data transmission systems and methods of data transmission for use in pipeline systems, in particular wells.
  • a data transmission system in which metallic structure of a well is used as a signal channel and earth is used as return, characterised by an elongate deployment member arranged to move within and relative to a surrounding portion of metallic structure, a local unit supported on the deployment member and having receiving and/or transmitting means coupled to the deployment member for receiving signals from and/or transmitting signals along the signal channel, and spacer means arranged to ensure that the deployment member and the surrounding portion of metallic structure are spaced from one another for at least a selected minimum distance in the region of the local unit, said minimum distance being selected to give desired reception and/or transmission characteristics.
  • the space between the string 1 and casing 3 is filled with brine (or alternatively another fluid which is denser than water) to help reduce the pressure acting on the packing ring 4 provided between the casing 3 and string 1 as they enter the formation F.
  • brine or alternatively another fluid which is denser than water
  • the well also comprises a number of data logging stations 5 provided on the string 1 at open well locations, that is within the formation.
  • the data transmission system is arranged to allow data to be transmitted between the data logging stations 5 and the mudline or beyond by using the metallic structure of the well 1,3 as a signal channel.
  • the distance between the data logging stations and the mudline may be in excess of 3000 metres.
  • Data is received at and transmitted from the data logging stations 5 using existing non-wireline open well techniques, for example those described in the applicant's earlier application EP-A-0,646,304. Whilst these techniques work in the open well and can transmit a signal along the cased section they cannot be used in practice to transmit from a position within the cased section. Only if the length of the cased section is not too great can signals be received directly at and sent directly from the mudline using the non-wireline techniques described in the above mentioned application; range and data rate being essentially determined by signal to noise ratio.
  • the relay station 6 comprises transceiver means including an isolation joint 7 provided in the production string, signal generating means 8a used during transmission and signal measuring means 8b used during reception. Both the signal generating means and the signal measuring means are connected across the isolation joint 7.
  • a plurality of insulating annular spacers 9 are provided around the production string 1 over a distance of the order of 100 metres in the region of the isolation joint 7. The distance over which the spacers 9 are provided is chosen such that signals can be effectively received and transmitted. The actual distance will depend on a number of factors relating to the components of the transmission system and the well itself.
  • the spacers 9 are of a half shell type which are bolted together around the string 1.
  • An insulating layer 9a is provided between each spacer and the string 1.
  • a side view of one of the spacers 9 is shown and the remainder of the spacers 9 are shown in cross-section.
  • the spacers 9 are arranged and positioned such that at each spacer 9 the string 1 is held towards the centre of the casing 3 and such that the string 1 will not contact with the casing 3 at any position between adjacent spacers 9. Beyond the last spacer 9 at each end of the plurality of spacers 9, the string 1 makes glancing contact 10 with the casing 3 as shown in Figure 2.
  • each last spacer 9 and the respective glancing contact 10 will be random but its lower limit will be determined by characteristics of the well and spacers 9.
  • the spacers 9 ensure that there is no contact between the string 1 and casing 3 for at least a selected minimum distance.
  • the transmission and receiving characteristics of the system improve as the spacing between the glancing contacts 10 is increased.
  • the cost involved in lengthening the minimum distance In general the actual spacing between the glancing contacts 10 will be greater than the minimum distance but this simply serves to improve the system.
  • the portions of the string 1 and casing 3 between the glancing contacts 10 are hereinafter referred to as the isolated portion of the string 1a and the corresponding portion of the casing 3a.
  • Figure 3 shows an equivalent (lumped parameter) circuit for a typical length of the production string 1 and casing 3.
  • the string 1 and casing 3 are respectively represented by series of resistors R s and R c .
  • the leakage paths between the string 1 and casing 3 are represented by a series of resistors R g+b and the leakage paths between the casing 3 and remote earth E are represented by resistors R e and capacitors C e . If a signal is applied to the string 1 or casing 3 the strength of the signal will decrease with distance away from the source due to the losses through the leakage paths to remote earth E. Further, as mentioned above the potential of the string 1 and casing 3 will tend to equalise.
  • Figure 4 shows a simplified equivalent circuit for the portions of the production string 1a and casing 3a in the region of the relay station 6 during reception of a signal. Except those 10 at either end of the portions 1a, 3a, the leakage paths due to glancing contacts have been removed. Thus the resistors R g+b are replaced by resistors R b of much higher value representing the leakage through brine alone. The resistance through the brine in the region of the relay station 6 is so large compared with that provided by the glancing contacts 10 at the ends of the isolated portion of string 1a that the effect of the brine can essentially be ignored.
  • Figure 5 shows a simplified equivalent circuit for the portions of the production string 1a and casing 3a in the region of the relay station 6 during transmission.
  • the leakage paths due to glancing contacts have been removed except those 10 at either end of the portions 1a, 3a.
  • the resistors R g+b are replaced by resistors R b of much higher value representing the leakage through brine alone.
  • the resistance through the brine in the region relay station 6 is so large compared with that provided by the glancing contacts 10 at the ends of the isolated portion of string 1a that the effect of the brine can be ignored.
  • a current loop path can be considered to exist consisting of the isolated portion of the string 1a, the corresponding portion of the casing 3a and the glancing connection points 10.
  • the two ends of this loop are of course also connected to the remainder of the string 1 and casing 3.
  • the signal generating means 8a causes a current I to flow around the loop path. This flow of current I causes a potential difference to be set up between the glancing contacts 10 at opposite ends of the isolated portion of string 1a. This potential difference will be I x sumRc, where sumRc equals the total resistance of the casing between the glancing contacts 10.
  • the magnitude of the potential difference between metallic structure and earth at each end of the isolated portion 1a will be (I x sumRc)/2. Because a potential difference exists between the positions of the glancing contacts 10 and earth, a signal will tend to travel along the string 1 and casing 3 in each direction away from the relay station 6.
  • Desired data for example that received from a data logging station, can be transmitted along the string 1 and casing 3 away from the relay station by encoding a suitable signal onto the string 1 by means of the mechanism described above.
  • the resulting signal propagates away from the current loop path along the string and casing as a single conductor.
  • the signal circuit is completed by an earth return and no wirelines are required.
  • Appropriate receiving means at the mudline or at another relay station are used to detect the signal applied to the string 1 and casing 3 and extract the desired data.
  • the receiving means may make use of an inductive coupling or be arranged to measure signals with respect to a separate earth reference.
  • the range of the signal transmission system can be dramatically increased by providing a suitable number of relay stations within the casing 3.
  • the relay stations are bi-directional so that the transmission range when transmitting signals down into the well as well as out of the well is increased.
  • the isolation joint located centrally within the isolated portion 1a, the signals in each direction away from the relay station 6 will have substantially equal strength. However, if the isolation joint 7 is disposed towards one end of the isolated portion 1a, the potential difference generated at the other end of the isolated portion 1a will tend to be greater than (I x sumRc)/2. Thus if it is desired to increase the strength of the signal in one direction the isolation joint 7 may be disposed accordingly.
  • the isolated portion of the production string 1a is provided with an insulating coating to further reduce conduction between the isolated portion 1a and the corresponding portion of the casing 3a.
  • Figure 6 shows a coil 201 provided on a toroidal core 202 disposed around the production string portion 1a for use in an alternative method of applying a signal to and/or tapping a signal from the production string 1.
  • inductive coupling is relied on and no isolation joint is used.
  • the coil 201 is used to induce a current in the string 1 and the current loop path described above acts as a single turn transformer winding.
  • a signal on the production string 1 induces a corresponding current in the coil 201 which can be detected.
  • This method of reception does not rely on there being an isolated portion 1a of production string.
  • This coupling method gives an advantage that it is possible to optimise impedance matching by appropriately choosing the turns ratio.
  • Figure 7 shows a further system suitable for use in a well of the type described above which comprises two pigs 301 connected by an electrically conductive strop 302 and disposed within the production string 1 which may or may not be cased.
  • a first of the pigs 301 comprises a local station 303 having an isolation member 7 provided in series with the strop 302 and signal generating means 8a and signal measuring means 8b connected across the isolation member 7.
  • Each of the pigs 301 has a contact 304 for contacting with an internal surface of the string 1.
  • Signals may be transmitted and received in this system in substantially the same way as described above in relation to the first system.
  • the strop 302 a portion of the string 1a and the contacts 304 form a current loop path.
  • the signal generating means 8a When current is caused to flow around the loop by the signal generating means 8a a potential difference between the string 1 and earth can be generated at each contact 304 allowing a signal to be transmitted.
  • the strop 302 and contacts 304 allow the potential difference between two longitudinally spaced points on the string 1 to be measured so that a signal can be extracted from the string 1.
  • signals may be sent to and from the first pig 301.
  • signals may be sent from the pig 301 which allow the location of the pig 301 to be determined and/or which represent a quantity, such as wall thickness, measured by the pig 301.
  • One possible mechanism for determining the location of the pig 301 would be to arrange trigger means at spaced locations along a pipeline which cause the pig 301 to send an appropriate signal. Another method would be to determine the time difference of arrival of the signal at each end of the pipeline.
  • this system may be used whether the pigs 301 are within a cased or uncased section of string. Further the system may be used in other pipeline systems besides wells.
  • more than two pigs may be used.
  • Three pigs connected by two conductive members may be used and the local unit disposed at the central pig. This can facilitate equalisation of the transmission characteristics in both directions away from the local unit.
  • Figure 8 schematically shows a third system which is for transmitting data from inside a section of a cased well to a substantially adjacent position outside of the casing.
  • a metallic production string 401 is surrounded by a metallic casing 403 which form part of a cased well.
  • An isolation joint 407 is provided in the string 401 and an internal unit 408 including transmitting means (not shown) is connected across the isolation joint 407.
  • an internal unit 408 including transmitting means (not shown) is connected across the isolation joint 407.
  • generally annular electrically conductive packers 411 are provided between the string 401 and casing 403. The electrically conductive packers 411 are spaced by a selected distance L and provide a good electrical connection between the production string 401 and the casing 403.
  • the portion 401a of the production string 401 between the spaced pair of packers 411 is provided with an insulating coating 409.
  • the coating 409 helps to ensure that there is no conduction path or at least only a very poor conduction path between the string 401 and casing 403 at all points between the packers 411.
  • An external unit 413 comprising receiving means (not shown) and a toroid 415 is provided outside of the casing 403 at a position which is between the pair of spaced packers 411.
  • the toroid 415 surrounds the casing 403 and is arranged to act as an inductive coupling means such that any net magnetic flux flowing through the toroid generates a signal which can be detected by the receiving means (not shown).
  • the system is arranged to be used to transmit signals from the internal unit 408 to the external unit 413 by the mechanism described below.
  • the insulated portion of the production string 401a, a corresponding portion of the casing 403a, and the pair of conductive packers 411 form a current loop path around which current may flow.
  • the loop is imperfect such that there are other current flow paths and losses will occur.
  • I s represents the current flowing through the insulated portion 401a of production string 401
  • I c represents the current flowing in the corresponding portion of the casing 403a
  • I e represents the leakage current to earth.
  • Figure 9 shows a simplified equivalent circuit for the current loop path and the leakages to earth.
  • the resistances of the portion of the production string 401a, the corresponding portion of the casing 403a and earth are represented by a resistors R s ,R c ,R e respectively.
  • the level of signal obtained in the toroid 415 can be adjusted by making appropriate design choices. For example, the position of the toroid along the insulated portion of the string 401a and the position of the isolation joint 407 may be selected. Further, the spacing L between the conductive packers 411 may be changed, as may the length of the insulated portion of the production string 401a. The aim is to maximise the receivable signal by increasing the resistance of the casing loop R c relative to the leakage resistance R e as far as is practicable. In the first instance this may be achieved by increasing the spacing between the conductive packers.
  • this system does not require insulation between the production string 401 and the casing 403 along the whole of the well's length, it is merely preferable along the length chosen to give the necessary transmitting characteristics.
  • the technique is equally appropriate for other situations where it is desired to signal from within a conductive member which surrounds the transmitter.
  • the system can be used to signal from within the casing of flow lines other than production strings and from within flow lines themselves providing that a suitable inner conductor is provided.
  • this system can be used with apparatus along the lines of that shown in and described with reference to Figure 7. That is to say the current loop path may be formed by a portion of a flow line 1, two pigs 301 and an interconnecting conductive strop 302. If a toroid is then provided around the flow line 1 it will be possible to pick-up signals generated by the transmitting means 8a located in the pig 301 as it passes through the region of the toroid.
  • the casing 3 of a well is typically made up of screwed together sections.
  • some or all of the joints between the casing sections may be treated so as to cause a level of discontinuity in conductivity of the casing. This can typically be achieved by coating the mating surfaces at each joint with an isolating medium which does not prejudice the sealing requirements for the casing.
  • discontinuities can significantly change the electrical characteristics of the well as a whole. At least in some circumstances this may lead to improved performance of the relevant systems described above. For example the range of transmission systems shown in Figures 1 and 2 may be improved. Improvements can be achieved whether the discontinuities are provided in the region of the current loop path, i.e. between the spaced connections or away from that region. The tendency is to force more of the signal into the string rather than the casing and to increase the proportion of the signal which travels away from the region of the loop.
  • the inclusion of an isolation medium between sections of the casing in the region between the spaced connections particularly aids performance as it reduces the screening effect of the casing. Looked at another way, it tends to increase the impedance of the string-casing loop and thus increase the difference between the current flowing in the string I s and in the casing I c .
  • the present systems may function better if discontinuities exist between mating sections of casing this is not a requirement for operation.
  • the system may be such that the casing is substantially electrically continuous along its whole length or at least in the region of the loop. This is true for the casing of a well and the casing of any other pipeline as well for as any corresponding surrounding outer member such as the string in the system shown in figure 7.
  • Figure 10 shows a pipeline system embodying the present invention.
  • Figure 10 shows two adjacent wells 501, 502.
  • a first of the wells 501 is being studied, whereas a second of the wells 502 is merely acting as part of an earth return circuit.
  • a deployment member 503 comprising a length of coiled tubing is disposed within the first well 501.
  • this coiled tubing 503 is arranged to be movable relative to the casing C of the well 501. Therefore, the tubing 503 and anything supported on it may be moved up and down the length of the well 501.
  • the end of the coiled tubing 503 is provided with a conductive centraliser 504 which both serves to keep that end of the coiled tubing 503 away from the casing and to provide electrical contact between the coiled tubing 503 and the casing C.
  • a local unit 505 is supported on the coiled tubing 503 in a region near the conductive centraliser 504.
  • the local unit 505 comprises transmitting and receiving means 506 and a toroid 507 provided around the coiled tubing 503. These components are arranged so that signals may be transmitted from, and received at, the local unit 505 via the coiled tubing 503.
  • the metallic structure including the respective casings C of the first and second wells 501, .502 is connected via a cable 508.
  • a surface unit 509 is provided adjacent the cable 508 and comprises transmitting and receiving means 510 and a toroid 511 disposed around the cable 508.
  • the embodiment of the present invention functions in a way similar to the systems described above with reference to figures 1 to 7.
  • the mechanisms described above allow the transmission of signals to and from the local unit 505 which is disposed in casing C.
  • the coiled tubing 503 is shown to be displaced from the casing C along its length, in practice it will make glancing contact with the casing at a number of locations between the local unit 505 and the surface.
  • the conductive centraliser 504 ensures that there is a selected minimum spacing (in this embodiment the selected minimum spacing may be as little as 10 metres) between the connection provided by the centraliser 504 and the glancing connection nearest to the local unit 505.
  • the coiled tubing 503 and casing C will essentially act as a single conductor and that the coiled tubing is a relatively good electrical conductor and typically metallic.
  • the adjacent well 502 provides a convenient earthing point to allow completion of the signal circuit, but it will be appreciated that it is not essential to use a second well to provide the earth connection.
  • the present embodiment facilitates the extraction of data from various positions within a well 501.
  • the local unit 505 will generally comprise a number of sensors for measuring parameters such as pressure and temperature.
  • the system allows the results of such measurements to be encoded onto signals which are transmitted away from the local unit 505 and received at the surface unit 509. It will be immediately apparent that as more coiled tubing 503 is fed into the well 501, the local unit 505 will traverse down the well 501 and measurements may be made and output from each location through which the local unit 505 passes.
  • the system is such that signalling may be achieved whilst the local unit is on the move and/or when the local unit is stationary.
  • conductive centraliser should be construed broadly to include any electrically conductive device which serves to keep the inner conductive portion away from the surrounding conductive portion.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)
  • Communication Control (AREA)
  • Electric Cable Installation (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • General Details Of Gearings (AREA)
  • Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Système de transmission de données dans lequel une structure métallique (C) d'un puits est utilisée en tant que canal de signal et la terre est utilisée en tant que retour, caractérisé par un élément de déploiement (503) allongé agencé pour se déplacer dans et par rapport à une partie environnante de la structure métallique (C), une unité locale (505) supportée sur l'élément de déploiement et comportant des moyens de réception et/ou d'émission (506) couplés à l'élément de déploiement pour recevoir des signaux du canal de signal et/ou pour émettre des signaux le long de celui-ci, et des moyens d'espacement (504) agencés pour garantir que l'élément de déploiement (503) et la partie environnante de la structure métallique (C) sont espacés l'un de l'autre d'au moins une distance minimum sélectionnée dans la région de l'unité locale (505), ladite distance minimum étant sélectionnée pour donner des caractéristiques de réception et/ou d'émission souhaitées.
  2. Système de transmission de données selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les moyens d'espacement (504) comprennent des moyens de centrage (504) conducteurs agencés pour maintenir l'élément de déploiement (503) éloigné de la partie environnante de la structure métallique (C) d'une distance minimum prédéterminée tout en réalisant également une connexion entre les parties conductrices à l'un des emplacements espacés.
  3. Système de transmission de données selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel l'élément de déploiement (503) comprend un tuyau enroulé (503).
  4. Procédé de transmission de données dans lequel une structure métallique (C) d'un système de pipeline est utilisée en tant que canal de signal et la terre est utilisée en tant que retour, caractérisé par les étapes consistant à :
    agencer une boucle de couplage de signal comportant des première et deuxième parties conductrices (503), (C) connectées électriquement l'une à l'autre à des emplacements espacés, la structure métallique (C) comprenant la première partie conductrice, et une partie d'un élément de déploiement (503) allongé qui est agencé pour se déplacer dans et par rapport à une partie environnante de la structure métallique comprenant la deuxième partie conductrice ;
    appliquer un signal à l'une des parties conductrices (503) pour générer une différence de potentiel entre la terre et la structure métallique (C) dans la région de la boucle et pour provoquer la progagation d'un signal le long de la structure métallique hors de la boucle ; et
    garantir que les emplacements espacés sont séparés d'au moins une distance minimum sélectionnée pour donner des caractéristiques de transmission souhaitées.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, comprenant l'étape de transmission de signaux alors que l'élément de déploiement (503) se déplace par rapport à la partie environnante de la structure métallique (C).
EP01272712A 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipeline Expired - Lifetime EP1354432B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0100107 2001-01-03
GBGB0100107.2A GB0100107D0 (en) 2001-01-03 2001-01-03 Data transmission in pipeline systems
PCT/GB2001/005687 WO2002054636A2 (fr) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Data transmission in pipeline systems

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1354432A2 EP1354432A2 (fr) 2003-10-22
EP1354432B1 true EP1354432B1 (fr) 2006-04-05

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01272712A Expired - Lifetime EP1354432B1 (fr) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Transmission de donnees dans des systemes de pipeline

Country Status (10)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1354432B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE322773T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2002216222A1 (fr)
BR (1) BR0116638A (fr)
CA (1) CA2431707C (fr)
DE (1) DE60118613D1 (fr)
EA (1) EA200300612A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB0100107D0 (fr)
NO (1) NO327388B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2002054636A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0505855D0 (en) * 2005-03-22 2005-04-27 Expro North Sea Ltd Signalling downhole
GB2557773A (en) * 2015-10-08 2018-06-27 Halliburton Energy Services Inc Communication to a downhole tool by acoustic waveguide transfer
GB2553155B (en) * 2016-10-25 2019-10-02 Expro North Sea Ltd A communication system utilising a metallic well structure.

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5726942A (en) * 1980-07-25 1982-02-13 Tokyo Gas Co Ltd Data transmission system
FR2681461B1 (fr) * 1991-09-12 1993-11-19 Geoservices Procede et agencement pour la transmission d'informations, de parametres et de donnees a un organe electro-magnetique de reception ou de commande associe a une canalisation souterraine de grande longueur.
GB9212685D0 (en) 1992-06-15 1992-07-29 Flight Refueling Ltd Data transfer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2002054636A3 (fr) 2003-04-24
CA2431707A1 (fr) 2002-07-11
WO2002054636A2 (fr) 2002-07-11
EA200300612A1 (ru) 2004-02-26
BR0116638A (pt) 2003-12-23
NO327388B1 (no) 2009-06-22
CA2431707C (fr) 2010-02-23
GB0100107D0 (en) 2001-02-14
AU2002216222A1 (en) 2002-07-16
ATE322773T1 (de) 2006-04-15
NO20033024D0 (no) 2003-07-01
NO20033024L (no) 2003-09-03
DE60118613D1 (de) 2006-05-18
EP1354432A2 (fr) 2003-10-22

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