EP1184090B1 - Classifying rotor - Google Patents
Classifying rotor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1184090B1 EP1184090B1 EP00890260A EP00890260A EP1184090B1 EP 1184090 B1 EP1184090 B1 EP 1184090B1 EP 00890260 A EP00890260 A EP 00890260A EP 00890260 A EP00890260 A EP 00890260A EP 1184090 B1 EP1184090 B1 EP 1184090B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- blade wall
- separating wheel
- angle
- tilted
- wall
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
- B07B—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS BY SIEVING, SCREENING, SIFTING OR BY USING GAS CURRENTS; SEPARATING BY OTHER DRY METHODS APPLICABLE TO BULK MATERIAL, e.g. LOOSE ARTICLES FIT TO BE HANDLED LIKE BULK MATERIAL
- B07B7/00—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents
- B07B7/08—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents using centrifugal force
- B07B7/083—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents using centrifugal force generated by rotating vanes, discs, drums, or brushes
Definitions
- the invention relates to a classifying wheel for an air classifier with collectradschaufeln, their radially outer blade ends in the direction of rotation the prepares for collecting data.
- the invention is therefore based on the object, a generic To provide a classifying wheel in which by inclined backwards Shovel ends achieved the best possible visual behavior, the result imminent danger of deposits of bringgut on the rear Bucket wall of reformradschaufeln but avoided as much as possible becomes.
- the two desired Achieved effects in an advantageous manner.
- This will be Very strong inclinations of the blade ends possible, which stands for powder qualities with a largest grain less than 30 microns very beneficial impact.
- the respective angle of the front and rear blade wall of the reformradschaufeln depends on several influencing factors, such as the speed of classifying wheel, type and composition of the visual good and the desired selectivity. As a rule, but a good visual behavior scored when the front scoop wall at an angle greater than about 45 ° and the aft blade wall at an angle is less than about 45 ° inclined.
- the front blade wall at an angle between 50 ° and 80 °, preferably between 60 ° and 70 ° is inclined to the radial direction and if the rear blade wall at an angle between 30 ° and 45 °, preferably about 40 °, is inclined to the radial direction.
- Fig. 1 shows a section of a preparerad invention 1, which as usual has a hub 2 and a paddle wheel rim 4, which are connected to each other via spokes 3.
- a plurality of collectradschaufeln 5 is arranged, the radial outside lying blade ends 6 against those designated by arrow 7
- Direction of rotation of the classifying wheel 1 are inclined backwards.
- the blades 5 have - seen in the direction of rotation 7 - a front Blade wall 8 and a rear blade wall 9 on.
- the front blade wall 8 In the area of radially outboard blade end 6 is the front blade wall 8 with respect to the radial direction 10 at an angle ⁇ of about 60 ° inclined, whereas the rear blade wall 9 at an angle ⁇ of is inclined at about 45 °.
- the outer blade end 6 Furthermore, there is an end face 11, which in the illustrated Embodiment of the radial 10 inclined at an angle of 90 ° is, ie the outer radius of the classifying wheel in the area of reformradschaufeln 5 defined.
- the front blade wall 8 of the sortradschaufeln 5 first a substantially flat area 12th on, the interior of the classifying wheel 1 out in a curved area 13 passes.
- the rear blade wall 9 of the reformradschaufeln 5 is substantially away from the outer vane end 6 equipped with continuous curvature whose radius of curvature greater as the radius of curvature in the region 13 on the front blade wall eighth is. This results in a cross-sectional shape of the sortradschaufeln 5, from the outer blade end 6 to the central region towards and then decreases towards the inner end 14 again.
- the front blade wall 8 is in the region of the inner end 14 of the blades 5 so inclined so that they are at an angle ⁇ to the radial in the direction of rotation. 7 is inclined.
- the angle ⁇ is preferably between 10 ° and 40 °, more preferably between 20 ° and 30 °.
- FIG. 2 is schematically another embodiment of the invention whereradschaufeln 5 shown, the front blade wall 8 in the region of the outer blade end 6 at an angle ⁇ of about 70 ° and the rear blade wall 9 an angle ⁇ of about 45 ° to the radial 10 are inclined.
- the reformradschaufeln 5 of FIG. 2 also differ from the reformradschaufeln 5 of Fig. 1, that in Fig. 2, the rear blade wall 9 in Area of the outer blade end 6 a substantially flat Area 16 has.
- the front blade wall 8 and the rear Blade wall 9 are adjacent to the flat areas 12 and 16 curved and can be approximately parallel in the region of the inner end 14 aligned to Radial 10.
- the classifying wheel according to the invention can be fine and finest grains from a flow of particulate material through targeted guidance of a Gas flow in the area of entry of the flow between the reformradschaufeln (5) are separated into the reformrad.
- With the Invention can with lowest possible speeds of the classifying wheel finest powder fractions are obtained. This will be essentially achieved in that the particle-laden gas flow of a higher Centrifugal force is exposed to through the channels between the reformradschaufeln (5) to get into the inner area of the classifying wheel, as this corresponds to the peripheral speed of the classifying wheel would. Due to the lower inclination of the rear blade wall (9) becomes at the same time the otherwise problematic deposition of bringgut on the rear blade wall (9) prevented.
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Sichtrad für einen Windsichter mit Sichtradschaufeln, deren radial außen liegenden Schaufelenden in Drehrichtung des Sichtrades rückwärts geneigt sind.The invention relates to a classifying wheel for an air classifier with Sichtradschaufeln, their radially outer blade ends in the direction of rotation the Sichtrades are inclined backwards.
Am weitesten verbreitet sind in der Praxis Sichträder mit radial ausgerichteten Sichtradschaufeln. Für Pulverqualitäten mit einem Größtkorn von etwa 100 Mikron sind damit auch zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse möglich.The most widespread in practice are sighting wheels with radial aligned Sichtradschaufeln. For powder qualities with a Largest grain of about 100 microns are therefore also satisfactory Results possible.
Wenn Pulverqualitäten mit einem Größtkorn von etwa 60 Mikron erzielt werden sollen, ist es vorteilhafter, Sichträder mit rückwärts geneigten Schaufeln zu verwenden. Sichträder mit Sichtradschaufeln, die gegen die Drehrichtung des Sichtrades geneigt sind, sind z.B. aus der DD 246 049 A1 bekannt. Das Sichtverhalten, d.h. die exakte Trennung zwischen grobem und feinem Korn ist dabei im allgemeinen umso besser, je stärker die Schaufeln geneigt sind, d.h. je größer der Winkel zwischen den Schaufeln und der radialen Richtung ist. Dabei tritt allerdings das Problem auf, daß der Neigungswinkel etwa mit etwa 35° begrenzt ist, da sich bei größeren Neigungen Sichtgut an der hinteren Schaufelwand der Sichtradschaufeln anlagern kann, da der Gleitwinkel zu gering wird und das Sichtgut von der Strömung nicht mehr weggefördert wird und Betriebsstörungen verursacht.When powder grades with a maximum grain size of about 60 microns are achieved are to be, it is more advantageous, sight wheels with backward inclined To use shovels. Classifying wheels with sight-screen blades, which are inclined against the direction of rotation of the classifying wheel, are e.g. known from DD 246 049 A1. The visual behavior, i. the exact ones Separation between coarse and fine grain is in general the better, the more the blades are inclined, i. the bigger is the angle between the blades and the radial direction. However, the problem arises that the inclination angle is about is limited to about 35 °, since at larger inclinations Sichtgut can attach to the rear blade wall of Sichtradschaufeln because the slip angle is too low and the Sichtgut of the flow is no longer carried away and causes malfunctions.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein gattungsgemäßes Sichtrad zur Verfügung zu stellen, bei dem durch rückwärts geneigte Schaufelenden ein möglichst gutes Sichtverhalten erzielt, die dadurch drohende Gefahr von Ablagerungen von Sichtgut an der hinteren Schaufelwand der Sichtradschaufeln aber soweit wie möglich vermieden wird.The invention is therefore based on the object, a generic To provide a classifying wheel in which by inclined backwards Shovel ends achieved the best possible visual behavior, the result imminent danger of deposits of Sichtgut on the rear Bucket wall of Sichtradschaufeln but avoided as much as possible becomes.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe mit einem Sichtrad mit den Merkmalen des Anspruches 1.This problem is solved with a classifying wheel with the characteristics of the Claim 1.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Sichtrad werden die beiden gewünschten Effekte auf vorteilhafte Weise erzielt. Zunächst wird durch die stark geneigte vordere Schaufelwand der Sichtradschaufeln ein sehr gutes Sichtverhalten erzielt, da größeren bzw. schwereren Partikeln durch die starke Neigung der vorderen Schaufelwand und den dadurch bedingten höheren Zentrifugalkräften der Eintritt in den Kanal zwischen den Sichtradschaufeln erschwert wird. Durch die geringere Neigung der hinteren Schaufelwand der Sichtradschaufeln mit Bezug zur Radialen wird des weiteren verhindert, daß sich Sichtgut an der hinteren Schaufelwand der Sichtradschaufeln anlagert. Dadurch werden sehr starke Neigungen der Schaufelenden möglich, die sich für Pulverqualitäten mit einem Größtkorn kleiner 30 Mikron sehr vorteilhaft auswirken.With the classifying wheel according to the invention, the two desired Achieved effects in an advantageous manner. First, by the a very inclined sight wheel blades strongly inclined front scoop wall good visual behavior, because larger or heavier particles by the strong inclination of the front blade wall and thereby conditional higher centrifugal forces of entry into the channel between the Sichtradschaufeln is difficult. By the lower Inclination of the rear blade wall of the Sichtradschaufeln with respect Radial is further prevented that Sichtgut on the Rear screen wall of the sight wheel blades attaches. This will be Very strong inclinations of the blade ends possible, which stands for powder qualities with a largest grain less than 30 microns very beneficial impact.
Der jeweilige Winkel der vorderen und hinteren Schaufelwand der Sichtradschaufeln hängt von mehreren Einflußfaktoren, wie der Drehzahl des Sichtrades, Art und Zusammensetzung des Sichtgutes und der gewünschten Trennschärfe ab. In der Regel wird aber ein gutes Sichtverhalten erzielt, wenn die vordere Schaufelwand in einem Winkel größer als etwa 45° und die hintere Schaufelwand in einem Winkel kleiner als etwa 45° geneigt ist.The respective angle of the front and rear blade wall of the Sichtradschaufeln depends on several influencing factors, such as the speed of classifying wheel, type and composition of the visual good and the desired selectivity. As a rule, but a good visual behavior scored when the front scoop wall at an angle greater than about 45 ° and the aft blade wall at an angle is less than about 45 ° inclined.
Bevorzugt ist im Rahmen der Erfindung, wenn die vordere Schaufelwand in einem Winkel zwischen 50° und 80°, vorzugsweise zwischen 60° und 70° zur radialen Richtung geneigt ist und wenn die hintere Schaufelwand in einem Winkel zwischen 30° und 45°, vorzugsweise etwa 40°, zur radialen Richtung geneigt ist.In the context of the invention, it is preferred if the front blade wall at an angle between 50 ° and 80 °, preferably between 60 ° and 70 ° is inclined to the radial direction and if the rear blade wall at an angle between 30 ° and 45 °, preferably about 40 °, is inclined to the radial direction.
Bei den genannten Winkeln wird in einer Vielzahl der Fälle ein sehr gutes Sichtverhalten erzielt werden können.At the angles mentioned becomes in a lot of cases a very good visual behavior can be achieved.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der übrigen Unteransprüche.Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject the remaining dependent claims.
In der Folge werden bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung mit Bezug auf die Zeichnungen näher erläutert.In the following, preferred embodiments of the invention with With reference to the drawings explained in more detail.
Es zeigt:
Fig. 1 zeigt einen Ausschnitt aus einem erfindungsgemäßen Sichtrad
1, das wie üblich eine Nabe 2 und einen Schaufelradkranz 4 aufweist,
die über Speichen 3 miteinander verbunden sind. Am Schaufelradkranz
4 ist eine Vielzahl von Sichtradschaufeln 5 angeordnet, deren radial
außen liegenden Schaufelenden 6 gegen die mit Pfeil 7 bezeichnete
Drehrichtung des Sichtrades 1 rückwärts geneigt sind.Fig. 1 shows a section of a Sichtrad invention
1, which as usual has a
Die Schaufeln 5 weisen - in Drehrichtung 7 gesehen - eine vordere
Schaufelwand 8 und eine hintere Schaufelwand 9 auf. Im Bereich des
radial außen liegenden Schaufelendes 6 ist die vordere Schaufelwand
8 mit Bezug zur radialen Richtung 10 in einem Winkel α von etwa 60°
geneigt, wogegen die hintere Schaufelwand 9 in einem Winkel β von
ungefähr 45° geneigt ist. Im Bereich des äußeren Schaufelendes 6
liegt des weiteren noch eine Stirnfläche 11, die im dargestellten
Ausführungsbeispiel zur Radialen 10 in einem Winkel von 90° geneigt
ist, also den Außenradius des Sichtrades im Bereich der Sichtradschaufeln
5 definiert.The
Wie in Fig. 1 zu sehen ist, weist die vordere Schaufelwand 8 der
Sichtradschaufeln 5 zunächst einen im wesentlichen ebenen Bereich 12
auf, der zum Inneren des Sichtrades 1 hin in einen gekrümmten Bereich
13 übergeht. Die hintere Schaufelwand 9 der Sichtradschaufeln
5 ist vom äußeren Schaufelende 6 weg mit einer im wesentlichen
kontinuierlichen Krümmung ausgestattet, deren Krümmungsradius größer
als der Krümmungsradius im Bereich 13 an der vordere Schaufelwand 8
ist. Dadurch ergibt sich eine Querschnittsform der Sichtradschaufeln
5, die vom äußeren Schaufelende 6 zum Mittelbereich hin zu und dann
zum inneren Ende 14 hin wieder abnimmt. Die vordere Schaufelwand 8
ist dabei im Bereich des inneren Endes 14 der Schaufeln 5 derart
geneigt, daß sie um einen Winkel γ zur Radialen in Drehrichtung 7
geneigt ist. Der Winkel γ liegt vorzugsweise zwischen 10° und 40°,
besonders bevorzugt zwischen 20° und 30°.As can be seen in Fig. 1, the
Dadurch ergibt sich ein Strömungskanal 15 zwischen zwei benachbarten
Sichtradschaufeln 5, der sich von außen nach innen verlaufend zuerst
verengt und anschließend wieder erweitert, was sich auf das Sichtverhalten
und die Gefahr von Ablagerungen auf der hinteren Schaufelwand
9 der Sichtradschaufeln ebenfalls günstig auswirkt. This results in a
In Fig. 2 ist schematisch eine weitere Ausführungsform von erfindungsgemäßen
Sichtradschaufeln 5 dargestellt, deren vordere Schaufelwand
8 im Bereich des äußeren Schaufelendes 6 in einem Winkel α
von ca. 70° und deren hintere Schaufelwand 9 einen Winkel β von ca.
45° zur Radialen 10 geneigt sind. Die Sichtradschaufeln 5 von Fig.
2 unterscheiden sich weiters dahingehend von den Sichtradschaufeln
5 von Fig. 1, daß in Fig. 2 auch die hintere Schaufelwand 9 im
Bereich des äußeren Schaufelendes 6 einen im wesentlichen ebenen
Bereich 16 aufweist. Die vordere Schaufelwand 8 und die hintere
Schaufelwand 9 sind im Anschluß an die ebenen Bereiche 12 und 16
gekrümmt und können im Bereich des inneren Endes 14 etwa parallel
zur Radialen 10 ausgerichtet sein.In Fig. 2 is schematically another embodiment of the
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Sichtrad können feine und feinste Körnungen aus einem Partikelmaterialstrom durch gezielte Führung einer Gasströmung im Bereich des Eintritts der Strömung zwischen die Sichtradschaufeln (5) in das Sichtrad separiert werden. Mit der Erfindung können mit möglichst niedrigen Drehzahlen des Sichtrades feinste Pulverfraktionen erhalten werden. Dies wird im wesentlichen dadurch erreicht, daß die partikelbeladene Gasströmung einer höheren Fliehkraft ausgesetzt ist, um durch die Kanäle zwischen den Sichtradschaufeln (5) in den inneren Bereich des Sichtrades zu gelangen, als dies der Umfangsgeschwindigkeit des Sichtrades entsprechen würde. Durch die geringere Neigung der hinteren Schaufelwand (9) wird gleichzeitig die sonst problematische Ablagerung von Sichtgut an der hinteren Schaufelwand (9) verhindert.With the classifying wheel according to the invention can be fine and finest grains from a flow of particulate material through targeted guidance of a Gas flow in the area of entry of the flow between the Sichtradschaufeln (5) are separated into the Sichtrad. With the Invention can with lowest possible speeds of the classifying wheel finest powder fractions are obtained. This will be essentially achieved in that the particle-laden gas flow of a higher Centrifugal force is exposed to through the channels between the Sichtradschaufeln (5) to get into the inner area of the classifying wheel, as this corresponds to the peripheral speed of the classifying wheel would. Due to the lower inclination of the rear blade wall (9) becomes at the same time the otherwise problematic deposition of Sichtgut on the rear blade wall (9) prevented.
Claims (7)
- Separating wheel for an air separator with separating wheel blades (5), the radially outside ends (6) of which are tilted backwards in the direction of rotation (7) of the separating wheel (1), characterised in that in the region of the radially outside end (6) of the separating wheel blades (5), the front blade wall (8), when viewed in the direction of rotation (7), of the separating wheel blades is tilted at a greater angle to the radial direction than the rear blade wall (2).
- Separating wheel according to claim 1, characterised in that the front blade wall (8) is tilted at an angle (α) which is greater than 45° and the rear blade wall (9) is tilted at an angle (β) which is smaller than 45°.
- Separating wheel according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the front blade wall (8) is tilted at an angle (α) of between 50° and 80°, preferably between 60° and 70°, to the radial direction (10).
- Separating wheel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the rear blade wall (9) is tilted at an angle (β) of between 30° and 45°, preferably roughly 40°, to the radial direction (10).
- Separating wheel according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the front blade wall (8) and the rear blade wall (9) are curved towards the radial direction (10) in a region remote from the radially outside blade end (6).
- Separating wheel according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the separating wheel blades (5) have a thicker cross-section in their centre region than in the region of the radially outside blade end (6) and of the radially inside blade end (14).
- Separating wheel according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the front blade wall (8) of the separating wheel blades (5) is tilted in the region of the radially inside end (14) with respect to the radial direction (10) at an angle (γ) of between 10° and 40°, preferably between 20° and 30°, in the direction of rotation (7).
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT00890260T ATE269174T1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | VISION WHEEL |
ES00890260T ES2220385T3 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | SEPARATOR WHEEL. |
DE50006828T DE50006828D1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | classifying wheel |
EP00890260A EP1184090B1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | Classifying rotor |
US09/938,660 US6644478B2 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2001-08-27 | Separating wheel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00890260A EP1184090B1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | Classifying rotor |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1184090A1 EP1184090A1 (en) | 2002-03-06 |
EP1184090B1 true EP1184090B1 (en) | 2004-06-16 |
Family
ID=8175961
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00890260A Expired - Lifetime EP1184090B1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | Classifying rotor |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6644478B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1184090B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE269174T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE50006828D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2220385T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10261448A1 (en) * | 2002-12-31 | 2004-07-29 | Nied, Roland, Dr.-Ing. | Vaned rotor for particulate mill wind guide has vanes extending radially with different angles to tangents at leading and trailing edges |
CN103480577A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2014-01-01 | 阳承君 | Impeller of grader |
DE102016106588B4 (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2023-12-14 | Neuman & Esser Process Technology Gmbh | Sifter |
US10744534B2 (en) * | 2016-12-02 | 2020-08-18 | General Electric Technology Gmbh | Classifier and method for separating particles |
JP2022156406A (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2022-10-14 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Classifier and power plant, and operation method of classifier |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE246049C (en) | 1911-03-02 | 1912-04-24 | ||
US2281318A (en) * | 1939-12-09 | 1942-04-28 | Gen Electric | Bladed structure |
US2453593A (en) * | 1946-01-11 | 1948-11-09 | Stratford Dev Corp | Apparatus for separating entrained solids from gases |
NL97925C (en) * | 1955-06-28 | |||
EP0004145B1 (en) * | 1978-02-28 | 1984-07-11 | Fred Mellor | Fluid/particle separator unit |
DD246049A1 (en) * | 1986-02-14 | 1987-05-27 | Dessau Zementanlagenbau Veb | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUSLY SEPARATING FINE-CORROSIVE SOLIDS IN SEPARATING PIPES SMALLER 60 MY |
JPH0751630A (en) * | 1993-08-19 | 1995-02-28 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Classifier for vertical roller mill |
AT404234B (en) * | 1996-07-08 | 1998-09-25 | Pmt Gesteinsvermahlungstechnik | CLASSIFICATION WHEEL FOR A WINIFIFIER |
DE19743491C2 (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 2003-03-20 | Schmidt & Co Gmbh & Co Kg | Air classifier with classifying rotor and method for separating grain classes |
US6228151B1 (en) * | 1999-08-18 | 2001-05-08 | G.B.D. Corp. | Apparatus and method for separating particles from a cyclonic fluid flow |
US6224656B1 (en) * | 1999-10-14 | 2001-05-01 | Sankyo Rayjac Co., Ltd. | Cleaner for both dry and wet use having a moveable ring connected to a fan, the moveable ring having circumferential ribs |
-
2000
- 2000-08-28 ES ES00890260T patent/ES2220385T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-28 AT AT00890260T patent/ATE269174T1/en active
- 2000-08-28 EP EP00890260A patent/EP1184090B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-28 DE DE50006828T patent/DE50006828D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-08-27 US US09/938,660 patent/US6644478B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE50006828D1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
ATE269174T1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
EP1184090A1 (en) | 2002-03-06 |
US20020033357A1 (en) | 2002-03-21 |
ES2220385T3 (en) | 2004-12-16 |
US6644478B2 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
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