Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
  • C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
  • C02F11/14—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening with addition of chemical agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
  • C02F1/54—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using organic material
  • C02F1/56—Macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
  • C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
  • C02F11/14—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening with addition of chemical agents
  • C02F11/147—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening with addition of chemical agents using organic substances
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
  • C02F2103/26—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the processing of plants or parts thereof
  • C02F2103/28—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the processing of plants or parts thereof from the paper or cellulose industry
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
  • C02F2103/32—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the food or foodstuff industry, e.g. brewery waste waters

Definitions

• the invention is a method for clarifying industrial waste water or paper furnish with an effective amount of at least one dispersion of a water soluble cationic polymer flocculant wherein the improvement comprises the addition of said polymer which has a concentration of at least twenty five percent to said waste water or paper furnish.
• the industrial waste is preferably food processing waste water, oily waste water, paper mill waste water and inorganic contaminated waste water.
• the paper furnish may be an aqueous cellulosic suspension.
• This invention relates to polymers that are of particular value as flocculants for suspensions of organic matter of a proteinaceous or cellulosic nature such as are to be found in sewage and industrial plant treatment effluents or in paper mills.
• Ca ' tionically charged water soluble or water dispersible polymers are utilized in a variety of processes that involve the separation of solids or immiscible liquids dispersed or suspended in water from water, and the dewatering of solids containing water.
• These types of polymers which may be natural or synthetic, are broadly termed coagulants and flocculants.
• These polymers can be utilized in such diverse processes as emulsion breaking, sludge dewatering, raw water clarification, drainage and retention aids in the manufacture of pulp and paper, flotation aids in mining processing and color removal.
• Polymers of this type generally work by neutralizing the anionic charge of the suspended solids, or liquids, which are to be removed. These solids or liquids may be waste which must be removed from water, or desirable products which are recovered from aqueous systems, such as coal fines, which can be coagulated or flocculated and sold as fuel.
• suspended solids are removed from water by a variety of processes, including sedimentation, straining, flotation, filtration, coagulation, flocculation, and emulsion breaking among others. Additionally, after suspended solids are removed from the water they must often be dewatered so that they may be further treated or properly disposed of. Liquids treated for solids removal often have as little as several parts per billion of suspended solids or dispersed oils, or may contain large amounts of suspended solids or oils. Solids being dewatered may contain anywhere from 0.25 weight percent solids, to 40 or 50 weight percent solids material.
• Solids/liquid or liquid/liquid separation processes are designed to remove solids from liquids, or liquids from liquids .
• particles in nature have either a cationic or anionic charge. Accordingly, these particles often are removed by a water soluble coagulant or flocculant polymer having a charge opposite to that of the particles.
• a water soluble coagulant or flocculant polymer having a charge opposite to that of the particles.
• This is referred to as a polyelectrolyte enhanced solids/liquid separation process, wherein a water soluble or dispersionable ionically charged polymer is added to neutralize the charged particles or emulsion droplets to be separated.
• the dosage of these polymers is critical to the performance of the process. Too little ionically charged polymer, and the suspended particles will not be charge neutralized and will thus still repel each other.
• Examples of such cationic polymers for dewatering include U. S. Patent No. 3,409,546 which describes the use of N- (amino methyl) -polyacrylamides in conjunction with other cationic polymers for the treatment of sewage sludges; U. S. Patent No. 3,414,514 which describes the use of a copolymer of acrylamide and a quaternized cationic methacrylate ester, JP 61-106072 which describes water-soluble copolymers and another class of cationic polymers used to dewater sludges described in U.S. Patent No. 3,897,333. Utilization of polyethyleneimines and homopolymers of cationic acrylates and methacrylates and other cationic polymers such as polyvinyl pyridines is also known.
• a cationic polymer useful for sludge treatment is U. S. Patent No. 4,191,645, in which cationic copolymers prepared from a nonionic monomer, such as acrylamide, and a cationic monomer, such as trimethylammonium ethylmethacrylate methyl sulfate quaternary (TMAEM.MSQ) or dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl sulfate quaternary (DMAEA.MSQ) are disclosed.
• TMAEM.MSQ trimethylammonium ethylmethacrylate methyl sulfate quaternary
• DMAEA.MSQ dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl sulfate quaternary
• polymeric treatments for sludge dewatering include the 1, 4-dichloro-2-butene dimethylamine ionene chloride polymer as disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 3,928,448 and the block copolymers disclosed in
• the invention is a method for clarifying industrial waste water or paper furnish with an effective amount of at least one dispersion of a water soluble cationic polymer flocculant wherein the improvement comprises the addition of said polymer which has a concentration of at least twenty five percent to said waste water or paper furnish.
• the industrial waste is preferably food processing waste water, oily waste water, paper mill waste water and inorganic contaminated waste water.
• the paper furnish may be an aqueous cellulosic suspension.
• This invention represents a substantial improvement in the art of treatment of aqueous systems with dispersion polymers.
• the lower concentration dispersion polymers presently utilized and disclosed are inferior to those dispersion polymers at higher concentrations disclosed herein.
• the superiority of the polymers disclosed herein is much more than an incremental additive effect which would be normally expected by those skilled in the art.
• the Examples will illustrate this unexpectedly greater activity at much lower dosage, which was previously unforeseeable .
• the polymer dispersion used to treat the produced water is prepared from a water-soluble monomer mixture containing at least 5 mole % of a cationic monomer represented by the general formula (I) :
• Ri is H or CH 3 ;
• R 2 and R 3 are each an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms;
• A is an oxygen atom or NH;
• Bi is an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms or a hydroxypropyl group and
• X x is a counter anion.
• the above water-soluble monomer mixture is soluble in the aqueous solution of the anionic salt.
• the polymer generated from the monomer mixture is, however, insoluble in the aqueous anionic salt solution.
• the polymer of the monomer mixture can also be used as the seed polymer.
• the seed polymer is described in detail below.
• the above cationic monomer represented by the general formula (I) preferably is a quaternary ammonium salt obtained by the reaction of benzyl chloride and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminohydroxypropyl acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide .
• Monomers preferably copolymerized with the cationic monomer represented by the general formula (I) includes acrylamide, methacrylamide or other N-substituted (meth) acrylamides and the cationic monomers represented by the general formula (II) :
• R is H or CH 3 ;
• R 5 and R 6 are each an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms;
• R 7 is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms;
• a 2 is an oxygen atom or NH;
• B 2 is an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms or a hydroxypropyl group and
• X 2 is a counter anion.
• Xi and X 2 may be anionic counterions such as halides, pseudohalides, -S0 3 OCH 3 , and -OC(0)CH 3 among others.
• Preferable monomers represented by the formula (II) include the ammonium salts of dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, diethylaminopropyl acrylamide and dimethylhydroxypropyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, diethylaminopropyl methacrylamide and dimethylhydroxypropyl methacrylate or other N-substituted (meth) acrylamides as well as the methylated and ethylated quaternary salts.
• cationic monomers represented by the general formula (II) are the salts and methylated quaternary salts of dialkylaminoethyl acrylate and dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate.
• concentration of the above-mentioned monomers in the polymerization reaction mixture is suitably in the range of 5 to 30% by weight.
• the anionic salt to be incorporated in the aqueous solution according to the present invention is suitably a sulfate, a phosphate, a chloride or a mixture thereof.
• Preferable salts include ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate and potassium hydrogen phosphate.
• these salts may be each used as an aqueous solution thereof having a combined concentration of 10% or above.
• the Dispersants A dispersant polymer (also referred to as stabilizer polymer) is present in the aqueous anionic salt solution in which the polymerization of the above monomers occurs.
• the dispersant polymer is a water-soluble high molecular weight cationic polymer.
• the dispersant polymer is at least partially soluble in the above-mentioned aqueous salt solution.
• the dispersant polymer is preferably used in an amount of from 1 to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the monomers.
• the dispersant polymer is composed of 5 mole % or more of a diallyldialkyl ammonium halide or of a cationic monomer unit represented by the formula I or II.
• the residual mole % is acrylamide or methacrylamide or other N-substituted (meth) acrylamides or diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride.
• the performance of the dispersant is not greatly affected by molecular weight.
• the molecular weight of the dispersant is preferably in the range of 10,000 to 10,000,000.
• a multifunctional alcohol such as glycerin or polyethylene glycol or a chain transfer agent such as sodium formate is coexistent in the polymerization system. The deposition of the fine particles is smoothly carried out in the presence of these agents.
• a usual water-soluble radical-forming agent can be employed, but preferably water-soluble azo compounds such as 2 , 2 ' -azobis (2- amidinopropane) hydrochloride and 2, 2 ' -azobis (N, N ' - dimethyleneisobutylamine) hydrochloride are used.
• water-soluble azo compounds such as 2 , 2 ' -azobis (2- amidinopropane) hydrochloride and 2, 2 ' -azobis (N, N ' - dimethyleneisobutylamine) hydrochloride are used.
• a seed polymer may be added before the beginning of the polymerization of the above monomers for the purpose of obtaining a fine dispersion.
• the seed polymer is a water-soluble cationic polymer insoluble in the aqueous solution of the anionic salt.
• the seed polymer is preferably a polymer prepared from the above monomer mixture by the process described herein. Nevertheless, the monomer composition of the seed polymer need not always be equal to that of the water-soluble cationic polymer formed during polymerization. However, like the water-soluble polymer formed during polymerization, the seed polymer should contain at least 5 mole percent of cationic monomer units represented by the general formula (I) .
• the seed polymer used in one polymerization reaction is the water-soluble polymer prepared in a previous reaction which used the same monomer mixture .
• One aspect of this invention is a method for clarifying waste water with an effective clarifying amount of at least one dispersion of a water soluble cationic polymer flocculant; wherein said water soluble flocculant is added to said waste water in an effective amount to flocculate suspended solids, the suspended solids are removed, and a clarified water is obtained, said dispersion of said water soluble cationic polymer flocculant formed from polymerizing vinylic monomers under free-radical forming conditions in a medium containing water, monomers, stabilizer polymer, and an aqueous anionic salt solution; wherein said water-soluble cationic polymer flocculant is polymerized from a) at least 5 mole % of a cationic monomer selected from the group consisting of: monomers of general formula (I)
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3
• R 2 and R 3 are selected from the group consisting of Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl
• Ai is selected from the group consisting of 0 and NH
• Bi is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl, C 3 alkyl and hydropropoxy groups
• X ⁇ is an anionic counterion and monomers of general formula II:
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3 , R 5 and RQ are selected from the group consisting of Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl; A 2 is selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom and NH; B 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl, C 3 alkyl, C 4 alkyl and hydroxypropyl and X 2 ⁇ is an anionic counterion with b) at least 5 mole % of a monomer selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ -C 10 N-alkyl acrylamide, C1-C10 N,N- dialkyl arylamide, C 1 -C10 N-alkylmethacrylamide, C1-C10 N,N-dialkylmethacrylamide, N-aryl acrylamide, N,N-diaryl acrylamide, N-aryl methacrylamide, N,N-diaryl me
• Another aspect of this invention is a method for dewatering waste water with an effective dewatering amount of at least one dispersion of a water soluble cationic polymer flocculant; wherein said water soluble flocculant is added to said waste water in an effective amount to dewater suspended solids, the suspended solids are removed, and a clarified water is obtained, said dispersion of said water soluble cationic polymer flocculant formed from polymerizing vinylic monomers under free-radical forming conditions in a medium containing water, monomers, stabilizer polymer, and an aqueous anionic salt solution; wherein said water-soluble cationic polymer flocculant is polymerized from a) at least 5 mole % of a cationic monomer selected from the group consisting of monomers: of general formula I
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3
• R 2 and R 3 are selected from the group consisting of C x alkyl and C 2 alkyl
• a x is selected from the group consisting of 0 and NH
• Bi is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl, C 3 alkyl and hydropropoxy groups
• XX is an anionic counterion and monomers of general formula II:
• R is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3 , R 5 and R 5 are selected from the group consisting of Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl; R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl; A 2 is selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom and NH; B 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl, C 3 alkyl, C 4 alkyl and hydroxypropyl and X 2 " is an anionic counterion with b) at least 5 mole % of a monomer selected from the group consisting of C1-C10 N-alkyl acrylamide, C ⁇ -C 10 N,N- dialkyl arylamide, C1-C10 N-alkylmethacrylamide, C1-C1 0 N,N-dialkylmethacrylamide, N-aryl acrylamide, N,N-diaryl acrylamide, N-aryl methacrylamide, N,N-diaryl me
• Yet another aspect of this invention is a method for improving retention and drainage of process water in pulp and paper production with an effective amount of at least one dispersion of a water soluble cationic polymer flocculant; wherein said water soluble flocculant is added to said process water in an effective amount to improve retention and drainage, said dispersion of said water soluble cationic polymer flocculant formed from polymerizing vinylic monomers under free-radical forming conditions in a medium containing water, monomers, stabilizer polymer, and an aqueous anionic salt solution; wherein said water-soluble cationic polymer flocculant is polymerized from a) at least 5 mole % of a cationic monomer selected from the group consisting of: monomers of general formula
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3
• R 2 and R 3 are selected from the group consisting of Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl
• Ai is selected from the group consisting of O and NH
• Bi is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl, C 3 alkyl and hydropropoxy groups
• Xi " is an anionic counterion and monomers of general formula II:
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3
• R 5 and R 6 are selected from the group consisting of Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl
• a 2 is selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom and NH
• B 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl, C 3 alkyl, C 4 alkyl and hydroxypropyl
• X 2 ⁇ is an anionic counterion with b) at least 5 mole % of a monomer selected from the group consisting of C1-C10 N-alkyl acrylamide, C1-C10 N,N- dialkyl arylamide, Ci-
• Preferred polymeric flocculants are poly (DMAEA.MCQ/AcAm) , poly (DMAEA.BCQ/
• a stabilizer polymer may be polymerized from at least 5 mole % of cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of monomers of general formula I
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3
• R 2 and R 3 are selected from the group consisting of Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl
• Ai is selected from the group consisting of O and NH
• Bi is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl, C 3 alkyl and hydropropoxy groups
• Xi " is an anionic counterion; diallyl dialkyl ammonium halides and monomers of general formula II:
• R is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3 , R 5 and R ⁇ are selected from the group consisting of Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl; R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, Ci alkyl and C 2 alkyl; A 2 is selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom and NH; B 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 alkyl,
• a preferred diallyl dialkyl ammonium halide is diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) .
• the waste water may be selected from the group consisting of industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater.
• the industrial wastewater may be selected from the group consisting of food processing waste water, oily waste water, paper mill waste water and inorganic-contaminated waste water.
• the polymers described herein may be used in conjunction with coagulants such as poly (DADMAC) , poly (epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine) and inorganic materials among others.
• the polymers of this invention were compared to polymers which were manufactured by the Derypol S.A. Corporation of Spain.
• the polymer preparations are available from Derypol S.A. Corporation under the trade name designations DR-2570 (sold at 15% concentration), DR-3000 and DR-4000 (both of which are sold at 20% concentrations) .
• a 25% polymer solids, 65/25/10 mole percent AcAm/DMAEA. BCQ/DMAEA. MCQ dispersion was synthesized in the following manner.
• a 1500cc reaction flask was fitted with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen purge tube, addition port, and heating tape.
• To this reactor was added 173.7g of acrylamide '(50% aqueous solution, available from Nalco Chemical Co. of Naperville, IL) , 158.5g of dimethylaminoethyl acrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt (80% aqueous solution, available from Nalco Chemical Co.
• Example 2 To determine the increased effectiveness of the higher polymer solids polymer synthesized according to the procedure of Example 1 at improving the clarity of the waste water, jar tests were performed at an animal food production facility. 200 ml snatch samples of untreated effluents were taken from a sump in the facility prior to the reception pit. The appropriate amount of polymer was added to the sample at a pH of 7.1. The solution was mixed 5 seconds vigorously, then slowly for 30 seconds.
• the clarity of the supernatant was determined by a visual evaluation with values assigned from 1 to 10, where 10 is the most free of solids and is most desirable. Floe size is also based on a visual evaluation, wherein a larger floe (higher number) is more desirable .
• Table I illustrates the results of the comparison between Polymer A (20% actives dispersion polymer DR- 3000, available from Derypol S.A. Corporation of Spain) and Polymer B (25% actives dispersion polymer, synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 1) .
• the molecular weights of the two polymers were considered to be equal based on the fact that Polymer A and Polymer B had equivalent reduced specific viscosity measurement values as recorded in 0.125N NaN0 3 solutions .
• Polymer A 20% actives dispersion polymer DR-3000, available from Derypol S. A. Corporation of Spain
• Polymer B 25% actives dispersion polymer, synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 1
• Example 2 A comparison of the polymers synthesized according to the procedure of Example 1 was also made for effectiveness as a treatment for the purposes of sludge dewatering on a twin belt press of a food production facility.
• Polymer A and Polymer B were fed into the food processing waste water stream using a NALMAT dosing system (available from Nalco Chemical Co., Naperville,
• the turbidity of the filtrate released from the belt filter press was measured with a Hach® DR-2000 spectrophotometer . The lower the turbidity reading, the better the polymers' performance.
• the cake solids (final sludge at the outlet of the belt filter press) were determined gravimetrically according to standard procedures. The higher the cake solids are, the more effective the treatment was in dewatering the removed solids waste water (or sludge) . Cake solids can be artificially high when the performance of the polymer is poor and a significant amount of solids is squeezed out of the machine. Therefore the overall performance of the polymer must be considered. Since the performance of a belt press is very much based on visual evaluation, the following parameters were observed: floe size and shape; free-drainage zone clarity; wedge zone sludge stability
• Polymer A 20% actives dispersion polymer DR-3000, available from Derypol S. A. Corporation of Spain
• Polymer B 25% actives dispersion polymer, synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 1
• Example 1 The polymers synthesized according to the procedure of Example 1 were also compared as to their abilities to dewater sludge during centrifugation from oily, grease- containing wastewater at a wastewater disposal facility.
• Polymer A 20% actives d spersion polymer DR-3000, available from Derypol S. A. Corporation of Spain
• Polymer B 25% actives dispersion polymer, synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 1
• Example 1 The polymers synthesized according to the procedure of Example 1 were also compared as to their abilities to dewater sludge composed of inorganic contaminated soils from railways. A procedure similar to that of Example 2 was utilized to obtain the results of Table IV.
• the dosage of the polymers in Table IV were adjusted to an equal polymer actives basis.
• the performance of the polymers was evaluated in terms of floe size (the largest floe size is most desirable) , sludge settling rate ( a faster settling rate is more desirable) , floe stability towards shear (stronger resistance to shear is more desirable) and drainage rate (highest volume of water drained is most desirable) .
• floe size the largest floe size is most desirable
• sludge settling rate a faster settling rate is more desirable
• floe stability towards shear stronger resistance to shear is more desirable
• drainage rate highest volume of water drained is most desirable
• Polymer A 20% actives dispersion polymer DR-3000, available from Derypol S. A. Corporation of Spain
• Polymer B 25% actives dispersion polymer, synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 1
• Example 1 The polymers synthesized according to the procedure of Example 1 were also compared as to their retention and drainage capabilities at a recycled board mill.
• FPR First Pass Retention
• % FPR [ (A-B) /A] x 100
• A concentration of the headbox furnish (g/1)
• B concentration of the Whitewater (i.e. filtrate) (g/1)
• Polymer A 20% actives dispersion polymer DR-3000, available from Derypol S. A. Corporation of Spain
• Polymer B 25% actives dispersion polymer, synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 1
• Example 2 The polymers synthesized according to the methods of Example 1 were also compared in their ability to dewater oily sludge from a refinery. A sludge sample was collected prior to the twin belt press used for dewatering. The polymers were evaluated using a free- drainage test carried out in the following way: The desired amount of polymer was added to 200 mL of sludge and mixed with 10 inversions using graduated cylinders. The test loading was poured into a pipe resting on top of a filter cloth and timing was started immediately. The free drainage volume obtained after 10 seconds was recorded.
• Polymer A 20% actives dispersion polymer DR-3000, available from Derypol S. A. of Spain.
• Polymer B 25% actives dispersion polymer, synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 1.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
• Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
• Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
• Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
• Paper (AREA)

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