EP1161120A2 - Dispositif de chauffage - Google Patents

Dispositif de chauffage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1161120A2
EP1161120A2 EP01115655A EP01115655A EP1161120A2 EP 1161120 A2 EP1161120 A2 EP 1161120A2 EP 01115655 A EP01115655 A EP 01115655A EP 01115655 A EP01115655 A EP 01115655A EP 1161120 A2 EP1161120 A2 EP 1161120A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
track
heater
resistive
bridge
sections
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01115655A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1161120A3 (fr
Inventor
John Crawshaw Taylor
Lawrence David De'ath
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Strix Ltd
Original Assignee
Strix Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Strix Ltd filed Critical Strix Ltd
Publication of EP1161120A2 publication Critical patent/EP1161120A2/fr
Publication of EP1161120A3 publication Critical patent/EP1161120A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/68—Heating arrangements specially adapted for cooking plates or analogous hot-plates
    • H05B3/74—Non-metallic plates, e.g. vitroceramic, ceramic or glassceramic hobs, also including power or control circuits
    • H05B3/748—Resistive heating elements, i.e. heating elements exposed to the air, e.g. coil wire heater
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/262—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an insulated metal plate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
    • H05B3/82—Fixedly-mounted immersion heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/037—Heaters with zones of different power density

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to thick film electric heaters comprising an electrically resistive thick film heating track applied to an electrically insulating substrate, and in particular to such electric heaters for use in liquid heating vessels. Examples of such heaters are described in WO96/18331 and WO96/17496.
  • the overall resistance of the track is determined by the track material and the width and length of the track.
  • the power output of the track is determined by its resistance and the "micro" power density (ie that of the track itself)of the track determined by the width and length of the track.
  • the track does not cover the whole insulating substrate, since, for example, spacing must be provided between the individual sections of track. Accordingly, the "macro" power density of the whole heater (over the area covered by the insulating layer) will be significantly less than the power density of just the track.
  • the ratio of these two power densities gives an indication of the amount of wasted space, and therefore wasted materials, used in the manufacture of a heater. In existing heater designs, the ratio is less than 60%.
  • the power output of the heater is set at a certain value e.g. 3kW at a certain density e.g. 50Wcm -2
  • the resistance of the track material determines the length and width of the track required.
  • the product of length and width of the track gives the micro power density whilst the length divided by width determines the power.
  • the track layout is made as compact as possible in order to reduce the material wastage, but still meeting the required power output and maximum micro power density of the track.
  • the design of a compact track layout is restricted by a phenomenon known as "current crowding". According to this phenomenon, current tends to take the path of least resistance around the inside of bends in the track. This is particularly significant in tight bends where current build-up will result in excessive heating of the track on the inside of the bend to the extent that the track may fail.
  • the track in order to increase the total macro power density of the heater it is desirable for the track to be as wide as possible, because each track must be separated from any adjacent track to prevent electrical connection and/or arcing.
  • the wider the track the fewer the number of turns of track required to cover the entire insulated substrate and the number of spaces between the tracks, resulting in a lower wastage of space.
  • a way must be found of overcoming the problem of current crowding occurring in the track between adjacent turns of the track.
  • the heater may have obstacles which must be avoided by the resistive track, for example contact pads or mounting locations for a control unit.
  • the avoidance of such obstacles produces space on the substrate and also therefore reduces the overall density of the heater.
  • a thick film electric heater comprising an insulating substrate provided with a thick film resistive heating track, wherein the resistive track comprises at least two discrete sections connected by a bridge of material having a resistivity lower than that of the resistive track.
  • bends of high curvature may be avoided in producing a compact track layout because such bends may be replaced by bridges.
  • bridges may be used to circumvent obstacles on the heater.
  • the high conductivity of the bridges prevents or substantially reduces the effect of current crowding around any bends in the bridges, as the difference in resistance from the inner to the outer edge of a bend in this material is less marked. Accordingly, if required a much tighter radius of conductive track may be used which may be particularly important where such bridges are used to circumvent obstacles.
  • the bridges may be much narrower than the resistive track and can thereby maintain a micro power density close to that of the resistive track while using little space on the substrate. For example, if a material having a resistivity of about 0.1 that of the track material is used, it may be made 0.1 the width of the track while maintaining the same power density.
  • the bridge is substantially linear, most preferably of substantially constant width.
  • the bridge may be rectilinear if for example, it is joining the ends of two parallel tracks, or be curvilinear if, say, avoiding an obstacle.
  • the bridge extends completely across the width of a track section to ensure even flow of current into the bridge.
  • the bridge extends perpendicularly across the track section.
  • the resistive track comprises at least two parallel track sections connected at respective extremities by a conductive bridge.
  • Various track arrangements may be envisaged and will depend to some extent on the shape of the heater plate or substrate.
  • the track may be laid out as a series of parallel straight sections with the ends of adjacent sections joined. This may be particularly suitable for square or rectangular heaters.
  • two parallel nested spirals of resistive track may be provided on the substrate.
  • both the inner and outer tracks of the double spiral may be made to extend substantially to the outer edge of the heater substrate and the two ends may be connected by one or more conductive bridges. In this way, the coverage of the spiral track may be extended as far as possible towards the outer periphery of the substrate, as the need for a bend in this region is avoided.
  • the resistive tracks are in the form of concentric C-shaped rings.
  • each ring may extend substantially through 360°, leaving just sufficient space between the ends for insulation, and for bridges to be formed.
  • the ends of the rings may be pairwise interconnected by bridges such that a continuous electrical path is formed. This is particularly advantageous when used on circular heaters.
  • a central region of the heater may be left without tracks, for example to accommodate a temperature sensing sump in the heater as disclosed in WO97/04694. This untracked region can be relatively small being limited only by current crowding considerations.
  • the track is of substantially constant width.
  • the total length and area of the track can be calculated. It has been found that to produce a heating power of 3kW and a micro power density of about 50Wcm -2 using standard track material having a resistance of 0.1 ⁇ per square, the track should be about 5.7mm wide with a length of about 1000mm.
  • adjacent ends of adjacent rings may be joined together by the bridges, so that the current direction changes from track section to track section.
  • opposite ends of alternate rings are joined together by the bridges. This produces a track effectively with the form of a spiral hairpin, and allows the terminal portions of the track to be positioned close to one another, which is advantageous, for example where a high voltage drop is required between these portions to facilitate a controlled failure by the mechanism described in WO97/39603.
  • present track film heaters have a ratio of macro to micro power density of less than 60% covered by heating track.
  • the present invention allows much higher ratios to be achieved, for example over 70% or even 80% to 85%. From a yet further aspect therefore the invention provides a track film heater having over 70% and preferably over 80% of its insulated area covered by heating track.
  • one or more contacts for connection to the resistive track may be provided in the centre of the heater.
  • heaters resistive tracks cannot be provided in the centre of the heater as the curvature of the tracks becomes too great and current crowding causes over-specification heating.
  • at least some space must be left in the centre of the heater and a compact design is achieved by mounting any necessary controls for the element in this centre portion.
  • the conductive bridge may be arranged to connect more than two track sections, For example, the bridge may form an electrical branch, or may connect two or more sections in parallel.
  • the invention provides a track film heater comprising a pair of electrical contacts arranged in the central region of the heater.
  • the contacts are arranged within an area defined by a radius about half, and more preferably about one third, the radius of the insulating substrate.
  • the conductive bridges may be formed as printed sections of ink comprising a high proportion of conductive material, such as silver.
  • inks are presently used, for example, to produce terminals for the tracks, and if the same ink is used for both purposes, it may be applied in a single printing operation.
  • the track may use a constant track width, it has been found that particularly on dry switch-on of an electric heater of a liquid heating vessel the peripheral regions of the resistive track, are cooled by the adjacent material of the substrate and the surrounding atmosphere. Thus these regions of the track do not develop as high a temperature as those tracks which are completely surrounded by other tracks. It is desirable to obtain uniform heating across the whole of the element, particularly in dry switch-on conditions so that a thermally sensitive actuator may be positioned anywhere on the heater to obtain consistent operating temperatures.
  • an electric heater comprising an insulating substrate provided with a thick film resistive heating track, wherein the resistive track comprises a plurality of adjacent track portions, the width of each track portion in a chosen region of the heater being such that the temperature profile across adjacent track portions is substantially constant.
  • the track portions towards the edges of a track pattern may be made narrower than the track portions towards the centre of the pattern. In this way, more heat will be generated by these track portions compared to the other track portions of the heater such that the loss of heat to the surrounding substrate will be compensated.
  • the invention provides an electric heater comprising an insulating substrate provided with a thick film resistive heating track, wherein the resistive track comprises a plurality of adjacent track portions arranged in a predetermined configuration, the width of a track portion towards the edges of the configuration being narrower than that of a track portion towards the centre of the configuration.
  • the heater comprises a series of concentric C-shaped tracks, the radially outermost and innermost track(s) being narrower than the radially more central track(s).
  • the amount of narrowing and widening may be determined empirically.
  • thermally sensitive actuators such as bimetallic actuators
  • a bimetallic actuator may be used to prevent the heater overheating.
  • widening of the track requires additional space on the heater, not just for the wide track portion itself but also around the widened portion which must be accommodated by the adjacent tracks.
  • the heater track material is expensive, which means that a wider track increases material costs.
  • a method of reducing the power density of a portion of thick film resistive heating track wherein a plurality of sections of conductive material are applied over or under the portion of track, so as partially to cover the track portion.
  • This invention also extends to an electric heater comprising an insulating substrate provided with a thick film resistive heating track, wherein a portion of the heating track is overlaid or underlaid with a plurality of sections of conductive material partially covering the portion of track.
  • the conductive material applied over or under the resistive heating track effectively short circuits small regions of the track portion thereby reducing the total resistance of that portion of the track. This reduces its micro power density and its operating temperature. It has the advantage, however, that the track width does not need to be increased to achieve the reduction thereby reducing wastage of space on the heater and reducing material costs.
  • the conductive material may be, for example, a silver ink as described above.
  • the plurality of conductive sections are applied in a speckled, spotted or dashed pattern such that only a small amount of conductive material is required to achieve a region of lower resistance, thereby saving on the cost of materials.
  • the particular pattern and degree of coverage required to produce a desired temperature may be determined empirically.
  • Figure 1 shows an electric thick film heater 1 comprising a stainless steel plate 3 on which is provided an insulating layer of glass, glass ceramic or ceramic 5 , eg Dupont 3500. On top of this insulating layer 5 are printed a number of C-shaped resistive thick film heating tracks 7. Each of the four outermost tracks 7 extends around substantially 360°, with opposed ends being separated only by a relatively small gap, in the order of 1.5-2mm.
  • the heating tracks 7 are applied to the insulating layer 5 by printing of suitable metal loaded inks such as Dupont 3642/45 mixture, in a manner well known in the art.
  • the innermost heating tracks 7 of the heater 1 are provided at one end thereof with terminal portions or contacts 9 for connection to a power supply via a suitable control mechanism (not shown) for example as shown in our co-pending application filed on the same day and entitled "Thick Film Heaters".
  • a contact member is bonded to the track by positioning the contact on top of a contact receiving pad of material such as Dupont 7760 and then fired to bond the contact in position.
  • the C-shaped resistive heating tracks 7 are interconnected by conductive bridges 11 which are printed over or under the ends of tracks and are in electrical connection therewith.
  • the arrangement of the bridges 11 is such that the overall heating track including the resistive heating tracks 7 and the silver bridge 11 forms a continuous electrical path from one terminal portion 9 to the other terminal portion 9.
  • the resistivity of the bridge material is lower than that of the track 7.
  • the bridge material may, most conveniently comprise a silver material, such as that presently used in printing contact pads onto the heater. This has the additional advantage that contact pads or contact receiving pads may be printed on the terminals 9 of the track at the same time as the bridges 11. Such materials are well known in the art, one, for example, being Dupont 7760 mentioned above.
  • Such conductive materials may have a resistivity very much lower than the track materials, for example .1 or even as low as .025 that of the typical track material.
  • the bridge 11 may be very much narrower than the track, for example of the same order of the ratio of resistivities.
  • a narrow track may not be reliably printable to ensure proper alignment and contact with the tracks, so in the embodiment shown, the bridges 11 are about 1mm wide, overlapping the ends of the track sections by about .5mm.
  • the internal diameter of the innermost track 1 is 46mm and the external diameter of the outermost track 7 is 94mm.
  • the tracks each have a width of 4mm and are spaced by 1mm.
  • the contacts 9 are arranged on a radius which is just inside one half the radius of the insulated area of the heater.
  • Figure 2 shows an alternative arrangement of the embodiment of Figure 1 in which the terminal portions 9 are located on the second innermost track 7. It is clear from this embodiment that the terminals may be located on any of the C-shaped tracks, depending on the mounting requirements of the heater and associated controls. However, in the present case it is preferred that the terminal portions 9 are mounted in the region of the centre of the heater such that a control device for the heater may be mounted in the centre of the plate 3, as in this area the radius of the resistive tracks would be so small that current crowding would occur.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further track layout according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the C-shaped resistive tracks 7 are joined in pairs by silver bridges 11. From the live terminal 9a the current path follows a circular course until it reaches a first silver bridge 11. At this point it crosses onto the next C-shaped track 7 and reverses direction to follow a further circular path. This continues similarly until the outermost resistive track 7 is reached.
  • the outermost resistive track 7 is connected to the innermost resistive track 7 by a longer silver bridge 11a.
  • the innermost resistive track 7 is connected by a further silver bridge 11 to the neutral terminal 9b. It is thought that constant reversal of current direction may reduce EMF emissions.
  • Figure 4 shows a further embodiment of the invention in which the arrangement of the tracks 7a to 7f and the silver bridges 11 on an insulated substrate 5 corresponds substantially to that of Figure 1.
  • the internal radius of the innermost track 7a is 9.87mm and the external radius of the outermost track 7f is 46.57mm.
  • the tracks are spaced by 0.5mm.
  • the track is designed to produce a power output of 3kW. To produce this output using a constant width of track, a track length of 1000 mm and a track material having a resistivity of 0.1 ⁇ per square would require a track width of 5.7mm.
  • the tracks vary in their widths from the centre of the heater to the outer periphery as shown in the following table.
  • the widths of the tracks 7b and 7e have been set at 5.70mm and widths of the adjacent tracks increased and decreased by 10% respectively. Due to their narrower width the resistance per unit length of tracks 7a and 7f is higher than the resistance per unit length of tracks 7c and 7d.
  • the losses to the edge or the centre of the heater from tracks 7f and 7a, which are not completely surrounded by adjacent tracks, are greater than those for the central tracks 7c and 7d such that the greater power output per unit area of tracks 7a and 7f is compensated by the increased loss to atmosphere of these tracks.
  • the variation of the track width therefore ensures that a more constant temperature profile is maintained across a radius of the heater 1.
  • the total insulated area of the heater is about 7350mm 2 .
  • the actual track area is about 5860mm 2 , which means that about 80% of the insulated surface of the heater is covered by track, i.e. the heater has a ratio of macro to micro power density of 0.8.
  • the contacts 9 are arranged on a radius of about one third the radius of the insulated heater area.
  • Figure 5 shows a further embodiment of the present invention in which two distinct groups of tracks are provided on the heater 1.
  • Such an arrangement might be used, for example, in airpots where a high power section of track and a lower power section of track may be selectively energised.
  • Such an airpot is disclosed in WO 97/04694.
  • a first set of outer tracks 7a (width 1.2mm) are provided and are connected at adjacent ends by silver bridges 11a in the configuration described in relation to Figure 3.
  • a second set of inner tracks 7b are also connected at respective end portion by silver bridges 11b. Electrical connections are made to the tracks 7, specifically at a line terminal 9a, an intermediate terminal 9b and a neutral terminal 9c.
  • the track section 7a has a resistance of about 490 ⁇ and section 7b a resistance of about 90 ⁇ such that when a supply is connected across terminal 9b and 9c, 600W will be generated. This would be sufficient to boil liquid in a vessel. However when a supply is connected across terminals 9a and 9c, only 100W will be generated, which is sufficient, for example to simmer boiled liquid.
  • Figure 6 shows detail of the outer track 7a and silver bridges 11a of the track layout of Figure 5.
  • Figure 7 shows, in scrap view, a feature of a fifth embodiment of the present invention in which the silver bridges 11 are used to create a conductive path around obstacles on the surface of the substrate.
  • the heater track 7 is broken around obstacle 13 which may be, for example, a connecting boss for a control for the heater, but electrical connection between the broken portions of the track 7 is made by silver bridge 11. In this way, the obstacle 13 may be avoided without the wide turns of the track 7 that are required in conventional heater.
  • Figure 8 shows a detail of a further embodiment of the invention.
  • a section of track 7 is overprinted or underprinted with a pattern 8 of a conductive material such as the silver ink Dupont 7760 referred to above.
  • the lengths of conductive material act to short out small sections of the track thereby reducing its micro power density and resistance.
  • the track has silver bridges and/or contact pads of the same material they can all be printed at the same time. Accordingly, it is preferred that the pattern is printed over the track 7.
  • patterns of conductive material may be used, such as bands running across the track, spots of material arranged on the track material and so on.
  • the present invention deals generally with the provision of economical and efficient track layouts.
  • the techniques required to put the invention into effect are well known in the art.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
EP01115655A 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Dispositif de chauffage Withdrawn EP1161120A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9703225A GB2322273B (en) 1997-02-17 1997-02-17 Electric heaters
GB9703225 1997-02-17
EP98904301A EP1013148B1 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Resistances de chauffage electriques

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98904301A Division EP1013148B1 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Resistances de chauffage electriques

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1161120A2 true EP1161120A2 (fr) 2001-12-05
EP1161120A3 EP1161120A3 (fr) 2004-01-21

Family

ID=10807778

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01115655A Withdrawn EP1161120A3 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Dispositif de chauffage
EP98904301A Revoked EP1013148B1 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Resistances de chauffage electriques

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98904301A Revoked EP1013148B1 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Resistances de chauffage electriques

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (2) EP1161120A3 (fr)
CN (2) CN2325704Y (fr)
AU (1) AU6224398A (fr)
DE (1) DE69803586T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2171290T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB2322273B (fr)
HK (1) HK1029484A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998036618A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA981287B (fr)

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NL1029484C2 (nl) * 2005-07-11 2007-01-12 Ferro Techniek Holding Bv Verwarmingselement voor toepassing in een inrichting voor het verwarmen van vloeistoffen.
KR101378881B1 (ko) * 2007-07-20 2014-03-28 엘지전자 주식회사 전기히터
KR101412578B1 (ko) * 2007-07-20 2014-06-26 엘지전자 주식회사 전기히터
EP2186380B1 (fr) * 2007-07-20 2016-06-22 LG Electronics Inc. Elément chauffant électrique
ES2619112A1 (es) * 2015-12-22 2017-06-23 Bsh Electrodomésticos España, S.A. Dispositivo de campo de cocción por inducción con al menos una unidad sensora capacitiva

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GB9821769D0 (en) * 1998-10-06 1998-12-02 Otter Controls Ltd Improvements relating to electric water heating appliances
GB2344744B (en) 1998-11-26 2001-07-25 Strix Ltd Electrical beverage making apparatus
DE19855481A1 (de) * 1998-12-01 2000-06-08 Siceram Gmbh Elektrisches Kochfeld
GB2344944A (en) * 1998-12-08 2000-06-21 Otter Controls Ltd Liquid heating appliance with thick film heating element
GB2353456B (en) * 1999-08-13 2004-08-25 Strix Ltd Electric heaters
JP3582518B2 (ja) * 2001-04-18 2004-10-27 住友電気工業株式会社 抵抗発熱体回路パターンとそれを用いた基板処理装置
US20050179716A1 (en) * 2004-02-14 2005-08-18 Eastman Kodak Company Apparatus and method of controlling temperatures in ejection mechanisms
WO2006063427A1 (fr) * 2004-12-16 2006-06-22 Atlantic Business Centre Of Excellence And Commercialization Of Innovation Ltd. Procede et appareil de suivi de materiaux
CA2658123C (fr) * 2006-07-20 2013-05-21 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Systeme chauffant multicouche a revetements conducteurs
JP5309370B2 (ja) * 2011-02-21 2013-10-09 シー・サーム テクノロジーズ リミテッド 材料をモニタする方法及び装置
US9528969B2 (en) * 2013-12-11 2016-12-27 Morpho Detection, Inc. Apparatus, system and method for flash heating
DE102014208408A1 (de) * 2014-05-06 2015-11-12 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Heizkörper für ein Gargerät sowie Gargerät, insbesondere Kochfeld
CN106686771B (zh) * 2016-02-03 2019-09-06 黄伟聪 一种覆盖层具有高导热能力的厚膜元件
DE102017000438A1 (de) * 2017-01-19 2018-07-19 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co. Kg Sicherheitsvorrichtung zum Notabschalten eines elektrischen Durchlauferhitzers
KR102110410B1 (ko) * 2018-08-21 2020-05-14 엘지전자 주식회사 전기 히터
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KR102159800B1 (ko) * 2018-08-21 2020-09-25 엘지전자 주식회사 전기 히터
KR102111332B1 (ko) * 2018-10-11 2020-05-15 엘지전자 주식회사 전기 히터
WO2020082111A1 (fr) * 2018-10-23 2020-04-30 Breville Pty Limited Bouilloire
EP4399081A1 (fr) * 2021-09-06 2024-07-17 Persico S.p.A. Moule pour rotomoulage
WO2023031982A1 (fr) * 2021-09-06 2023-03-09 Persico S.P.A. Moule pour rotomoulage
IT202100029543A1 (it) * 2021-11-23 2023-05-23 Persico Spa Stampo per lo stampaggio rotazionale

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Also Published As

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GB9703225D0 (en) 1997-04-09
GB2322273A (en) 1998-08-19
HK1029484A1 (en) 2001-03-30
EP1013148A1 (fr) 2000-06-28
EP1013148B1 (fr) 2002-01-23
DE69803586T2 (de) 2002-08-08
CN2325704Y (zh) 1999-06-23
ES2171290T3 (es) 2002-09-01
EP1161120A3 (fr) 2004-01-21
CN1248384A (zh) 2000-03-22
WO1998036618A1 (fr) 1998-08-20
AU6224398A (en) 1998-09-08
ZA981287B (en) 1999-08-17
DE69803586D1 (de) 2002-03-14
CN1130108C (zh) 2003-12-03
GB2322273B (en) 2001-05-30

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