EP1013148B1 - Resistances de chauffage electriques - Google Patents

Resistances de chauffage electriques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1013148B1
EP1013148B1 EP98904301A EP98904301A EP1013148B1 EP 1013148 B1 EP1013148 B1 EP 1013148B1 EP 98904301 A EP98904301 A EP 98904301A EP 98904301 A EP98904301 A EP 98904301A EP 1013148 B1 EP1013148 B1 EP 1013148B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
track
heater
bridge
tracks
thick film
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP98904301A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1013148A1 (fr
Inventor
John Crawshaw Taylor
Lawrence David De'ath
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Strix Ltd
Original Assignee
Strix Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Strix Ltd filed Critical Strix Ltd
Priority to EP01115655A priority Critical patent/EP1161120A3/fr
Publication of EP1013148A1 publication Critical patent/EP1013148A1/fr
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/68—Heating arrangements specially adapted for cooking plates or analogous hot-plates
    • H05B3/74—Non-metallic plates, e.g. vitroceramic, ceramic or glassceramic hobs, also including power or control circuits
    • H05B3/748—Resistive heating elements, i.e. heating elements exposed to the air, e.g. coil wire heater
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/262—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an insulated metal plate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
    • H05B3/82—Fixedly-mounted immersion heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/037—Heaters with zones of different power density

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to thick film electric heaters comprising an electrically resistive thick film heating track applied to an electrically insulating substrate, and in particular to such electric heaters for use in liquid heating vessels. Examples of such heaters are described in WO96/18331 and WO96/17496.
  • the overall resistance of the track is determined by the track material and the width and length of the track.
  • the power output of the track is determined by its resistance and the "micro" power density (ie that of the track itself)of the track determined by the width and length of the track.
  • the track does not cover the whole insulating substrate, since, for example, spacing must be provided between the individual sections of track. Accordingly, the "macro" power density of the whole heater (over the area covered by the insulating layer) will be significantly less than the power density of just the track.
  • the ratio of these two power densities gives an indication of the amount of wasted space, and therefore wasted materials, used in the manufacture of a heater. In existing heater designs, the ratio is less than 60%.
  • the power output of the heater is set at a certain value e.g. 3kW at a certain density e.g. 50Wcm -2
  • the resistance of the track material determines the length and width of the track required.
  • the product of length and width of the track gives the micro power density whilst the length divided by width determines the power.
  • the track layout is made as compact as possible in order to reduce the material wastage, but still meeting the required power output and maximum micro power density of the track.
  • the design of a compact track layout is restricted by a phenomenon known as "current crowding". According to this phenomenon, current tends to take the path of least resistance around the inside of bends in the track. This is particularly significant in tight bends where current build-up will result in excessive heating of the track on the inside of the bend to the extent that the track may fail.
  • the track in order to increase the total macro power density of the heater it is desirable for the track to be as wide as possible, because each track must be separated from any adjacent track to prevent electrical connection and/or arcing.
  • the wider the track the fewer the number of turns of track required to cover the entire insulated substrate and the number of spaces between the tracks, resulting in a lower wastage of space.
  • a way must be found of overcoming the problem of current crowding occurring in the track between adjacent turns of the track.
  • the heater may have obstacles which must be avoided by the resistive track, for example contact pads or mounting locations for a control unit.
  • the avoidance of such obstacles produces space on the substrate and also therefore reduces the overall density of the heater.
  • EP-A-0384640 discloses a thick film heater comprising a plurality of sections of resistive track joined together in parallel groups by conductors.
  • GB 860,213 discloses a heater on a resin-impregnated substrate with deposits of colloidal graphite coated with silver connected by sprayed-on zinc connections.
  • a thick film printed electric heater for a liquid heating vessel comprising an insulating substrate on a substantially circular metal support plate, said insulating substrate being provided with a thick film resistive heating track being substantially of a first track material and printed in a pattern including at least two discrete sections in the form of concentric C-shaped rings connected electrically in series by a bridge of second track material formed as a printed section of ink comprising a high proportion of conductive material such as silver, said bridge thereby having a lower resistivity than the first track material, the arrangement of said bridge being such that said thick film resistive heating track including said resistive heating track sections and said bridge forms a continuous electrical path from a terminal portion to another terminal portion, such that in use failure of the track due to overheating by current crowding between said track sections is prevented by said bridge.
  • bends of high curvature may be avoided in producing a compact track layout because such bends may be replaced by bridges.
  • bridges may be used to circumvent obstacles on the heater.
  • the high conductivity of the bridges prevents or substantially reduces the effect of current crowding around any bends in the bridges, as the difference in resistance from the inner to the outer edge of a bend in this material is less marked. Accordingly, if required a much tighter radius of conductive track may be used which may be particularly important where such bridges are used to circumvent obstacles.
  • the bridges may be much narrower than the resistive track and can thereby maintain a micro power density close to that of the resistive track while using little space on the substrate. For example, if a material having a resistivity of about 0.1 that of the track material is used, it may be made 0.1 the width of the track while maintaining the same power density.
  • the bridge is substantially linear, most preferably of substantially constant width.
  • the bridge may be rectilinear if for example, it is joining the ends of two parallel tracks, or be curvilinear if, say, avoiding an obstacle.
  • the bridge extends completely across the width of a track section to ensure even flow of current into the bridge.
  • the bridge extends perpendicularly across the track section.
  • two parallel nested spirals of resistive track may be provided on the substrate.
  • the resistive track sections are in the form of concentric C-shaped rings.
  • each ring may extend substantially through 360°, leaving just sufficient space between the ends for insulation, and for bridges to be formed.
  • the ends of the rings may be pairwise interconnected by bridges such that a continuous electrical path is formed. This is particularly advantageous when used on circular heaters.
  • a central region of the heater may be left without tracks, for example to accommodate a temperature sensing sump in the heater as disclosed in WO97/04694. This untracked region can be relatively small being limited only by current crowding considerations.
  • the track is of substantially constant width.
  • the total length and area of the track can be calculated. It has been found that to produce a heating power of 3kW and a micro power density of about 50Wcm -2 using standard track material having a resistance of 0.1 ⁇ per square, the track should be about 5.7mm wide with a length of about 1000mm.
  • adjacent ends of adjacent rings may be joined together by the bridges, so that the current direction changes from track section to track section.
  • opposite ends of alternate rings are joined together by the bridges. This produces a track effectively with the form of a spiral hairpin, and allows the terminal portions of the track to be positioned close to one another, which is advantageous, for example where a high voltage drop is required between these portions to facilitate a controlled failure by the mechanism described in WO97/39603.
  • present thick film heaters have a ratio of macro to micro power density of less than 60% covered by heating track.
  • the present invention allows much higher ratios to be achieved, for example over 70% or even 80% to 85%.
  • one or more contacts for connection to the resistive track may be provided in the centre of the heater.
  • the contacts are arranged within an area defined by a radius about half, and more preferably about one third, the radius of the insulating substrate.
  • the conductive bridges may be formed as printed sections of ink comprising a high proportion of conductive material, such as silver.
  • inks are presently used, for example, to produce terminals for the tracks, and if the same ink is used for both purposes, it may be applied in a single printing operation.
  • the track may use a constant track width, it has been found that particularly on dry switch-on of an electric heater of a liquid heating vessel the peripheral regions of the resistive track, are cooled by the adjacent material of the substrate and the surrounding atmosphere. Thus these regions of the track do not develop as high a temperature as those tracks which are completely surrounded by other tracks. It is desirable to obtain uniform heating across the whole of the element, particularly in dry switch-on conditions so that a thermally sensitive actuator may be positioned anywhere on the heater to obtain consistent operating temperatures.
  • the track portions towards the edges of a track pattern may be made narrower than the track portions towards the centre of the pattern. In this way, more heat will be generated by these track portions compared to the other track portions of the heater such that the loss of heat to the surrounding substrate will be compensated.
  • the heater comprises a series of concentric C-shaped tracks, the radially outermost and innermost track(s) being narrower than the radially more central track(s).
  • the amount of narrowing and widening may be determined empirically.
  • Figure 1 shows an electric thick film heater 1 comprising a stainless steel plate 3 on which is provided an insulating layer of glass, glass ceramic or ceramic 5 , eg Dupont 3500. On top of this insulating layer 5 are printed a number of C-shaped resistive thick film heating tracks 7. Each of the four outermost tracks 7 extends around substantially 360°, with opposed ends being separated only by a relatively small gap, in the order of 1.5-2mm.
  • the heating tracks 7 are applied to the insulating layer 5 by printing of suitable metal loaded inks such as Dupont 3642/45 mixture, in a manner well known in the art.
  • the innermost heating tracks 7 of the heater 1 are provided at one end thereof with terminal portions or contacts 9 for connection to a power supply via a suitable control mechanism (not shown) for example as shown in our co-pending application filed on the same day and entitled "Thick Film Heaters".
  • a contact member is bonded to the track by positioning the contact on top of a contact receiving pad of material such as Dupont 7760 and then fired to bond the contact in position.
  • the C-shaped resistive heating tracks 7 are interconnected by conductive bridges 11 which are printed over or under the ends of tracks and are in electrical connection therewith.
  • the arrangement of the bridges 11 is such that the overall heating track including the resistive heating tracks 7 and the silver bridge 11 forms a continuous electrical path from one terminal portion 9 to the other terminal portion 9.
  • the resistivity of the bridge material is lower than that of the track 7.
  • the bridge material may, most conveniently comprise a silver material, such as that presently used in printing contact pads onto the heater. This has the additional advantage that contact pads or contact receiving pads may be printed on the terminals 9 of the track at the same time as the bridges 11. Such materials are well known in the art, one, for example, being Dupont 7760 mentioned above.
  • Such conductive materials may have a resistivity very much lower than the track materials, for example .1 or even as low as .025 that of the typical track material.
  • the bridge 11 may be very much narrower than the track, for example of the same order of the ratio of resistivities.
  • a narrow track may not be reliably printable to ensure proper alignment and contact with the tracks, so in the embodiment shown, the bridges 11 are about 1mm wide, overlapping the ends of the track sections by about .5mm.
  • the internal diameter of the innermost track 1 is 46mm and the external diameter of the outermost track 7 is 94mm.
  • the tracks each have a width of 4mm and are spaced by 1mm.
  • the contacts 9 are arranged on a radius which is just inside one half the radius of the insulated area of the heater.
  • Figure 2 shows an alternative arrangement of the embodiment of Figure 1 in which the terminal portions 9 are located on the second innermost track 7. It is clear from this embodiment that the terminals may be located on any of the C-shaped tracks, depending on the mounting requirements of the heater and associated controls. However, in the present case it is preferred that the terminal portions 9 are mounted in the region of the centre of the heater such that a control device for the heater may be mounted in the centre of the plate 3, as in this area the radius of the resistive tracks would be so small that current crowding would occur.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further track layout according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the C-shaped resistive tracks 7 are joined in pairs by silver bridges 11. From the live terminal 9a the current path follows a circular course until it reaches a first silver bridge 11. At this point it crosses onto the next C-shaped track 7 and reverses direction to follow a further circular path. This continues similarly until the outermost resistive track 7 is reached.
  • the outermost resistive track 7 is connected to the innermost resistive track 7 by a longer silver bridge 11a.
  • the innermost resistive track 7 is connected by a further silver bridge 11 to the neutral terminal 9b. It is thought that constant reversal of current direction may reduce EMF emissions.
  • Figure 4 shows a further embodiment of the invention in which the arrangement of the tracks 7a to 7f and the silver bridges 11 on an insulated substrate 5 corresponds substantially to that of Figure 1.
  • the internal radius of the innermost track 7a is 9.87mm and the external radius of the outermost track 7f is 46.57mm.
  • the tracks are spaced by 0.5mm.
  • the track is designed to produce a power output of 3kW. To produce this output using a constant width of track, a track length of 1000 mm and a track material having a resistivity of 0.1 ⁇ per square would require a track width of 5.7mm.
  • the tracks vary in their widths from the centre of the heater to the outer periphery as shown in the following table.
  • the widths of the tracks 7b and 7e have been set at 5.70mm and widths of the adjacent tracks increased and decreased by 10% respectively. Due to their narrower width the resistance per unit length of tracks 7a and 7f is higher than the resistance per unit length of tracks 7c and 7d.
  • the losses to the edge or the centre of the heater from tracks 7f and 7a, which are not completely surrounded by adjacent tracks, are greater than those for the central tracks 7c and 7d such that the greater power output per unit area of tracks 7a and 7f is compensated by the increased loss to atmosphere of these tracks.
  • the variation of the track width therefore ensures that a more constant temperature profile is maintained across a radius of the heater 1.
  • the total insulated area of the heater is about 7350mm 2 .
  • the actual track area is about 5860mm 2 , which means that about 80% of the insulated surface of the heater is covered by track, i.e. the heater has a ratio of macro to micro power density of 0.8.
  • the contacts 9 are arranged on a radius of about one third the radius of the insulated heater area.
  • Figure 5 shows a further embodiment of the present invention in which two distinct groups of tracks are provided on the heater 1.
  • Such an arrangement might be used, for example, in airpots where a high power section of track and a lower power section of track may be selectively energised.
  • Such an airpot is disclosed in WO 97/04694.
  • a first set of outer tracks 7a (width 1.2mm) are provided and are connected at adjacent ends by silver bridges 11a in the configuration described in relation to Figure 3.
  • a second set of inner tracks 7b are also connected at respective end portion by silver bridges 11b. Electrical connections are made to the tracks 7, specifically at a line terminal 9a, an intermediate terminal 9b and a neutral terminal 9c.
  • the track section 7a has a resistance of about 490 ⁇ and section 7b a resistance of about 90 ⁇ such that when a supply is connected across terminal 9b and 9c, 600W will be generated. This would be sufficient to boil liquid in a vessel. However when a supply is connected across terminals 9a and 9c, only 100W will be generated, which is sufficient, for example to simmer boiled liquid.
  • Figure 6 shows detail of the outer track 7a and silver bridges 11a of the track layout of Figure 5.
  • Figure 7 shows, in scrap view, a feature of a fifth embodiment of the present invention in which the silver bridges 11 are used to create a conductive path around obstacles on the surface of the substrate.
  • the heater track 7 is broken around obstacle 13 which may be, for example, a connecting boss for a control for the heater, but electrical connection between the broken portions of the track 7 is made by silver bridge 11. In this way, the obstacle 13 may be avoided without the wide turns of the track 7 that are required in conventional heater.
  • Figure 8 shows a detail of another resistive heating track.
  • a section of track 7 is overprinted or underprinted with a pattern 8 of a conductive material such as the silver ink Dupont 7760 referred to above.
  • the lengths of conductive material act to short out small sections of the track thereby reducing its micro power density and resistance.
  • the track has silver bridges and/or contact pads of the same material they can all be printed at the same time. Accordingly, it is preferred that the pattern is printed over the track 7.
  • patterns of conductive material may be used, such as bands running across the track, spots of material arranged on the track material and so on.
  • the present invention deals generally with the provision of economical and efficient track layouts.
  • the techniques required to put the invention into effect are well known in the art.

Abstract

L'invention concerne une résistance (1) de chauffage à couche épaisse qui comporte un substrat (5) isolant doté d'une piste (7) de chauffage résistive à couche épaisse. Ladite piste (7) comporte au moins deux parties séparées reliées par un pont (11) qui est réalisé dans une matière dont la résistivité est inférieure à celle de la piste résistive, comme, par exemple, de l'argent.

Claims (13)

  1. Dispositif électrique de chauffage (1) à couche épaisse pour récipient de chauffage de liquide comprenant un substrat isolant (5) sur une plaque de support métallique sensiblement circulaire, ledit substrat isolant étant pourvu d'une piste de chauffe résistive (7) à couche épaisse réalisée sensiblement en un premier matériau de piste et imprimée suivant un motif comportant au moins deux sections discrètes sous la forme d'anneaux concentriques en forme de C reliés électriquement en série par un pont en un deuxième matériau de piste (11) formé comme une section imprimée d'encre comprenant une forte proportion de matériau conducteur, tel que de l'argent, de sorte que ledit pont possède une plus faible résistivité que le premier matériau de piste, la disposition dudit pont étant telle que ladite piste de chauffe résistive à couche épaisse comportant lesdites sections de piste de chauffe résistive et ledit pont définissent un circuit électrique continu à partir dune partie de raccordement vers une autre partie de raccordement, de sorte qu'en utilisation, une défaillance de la piste due à une surchauffe par excès de courant entre lesdites sections de piste est empêchée par ledit pont.
  2. Dispositif de chauffage suivant la revendication 1, caractérise en ce que le pont (11) est sensiblement linéaire.
  3. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le pont (11) est de largeur sensiblement constante.
  4. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le pont (11) s'étend complètement au travers de la largeur d'une section de piste (7a-7f).
  5. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le pont (11) s'étend perpendiculairement au travers de la section de piste (7a-7f).
  6. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le pont (11) est plus étroit que les sections de piste (7).
  7. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que des extremités des anneaux en forme de C (7a-7f) sont reliées entre elles par paires au moyen de ponts (11) de façon à former un circuit électrique continu.
  8. Dispositif de chauffage suivant la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que les extrémités adjacentes d'anneaux adjacents (7e, 7f) sont reliées par les ponts (11).
  9. Dispositif de chauftage suivant la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que les extrémités opposées d'anneaux alternés (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d) sont reliées ensemble par les ponts (11).
  10. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les sections de piste ont la forme de deux spirales ernboítées reliées à une extrémité extérieure par un pont conducteur (11).
  11. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un pont (11) est disposé pour contourner un obstacle (13) sur le substrat Isolant (5).
  12. Dispositif de chauffage suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un ou plusieurs contacts (9) pour la connexion à la piste résistive (7) sont disposés au centre du dispositif de chauffage (1).
  13. Procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif de chauffage électrique à couche épaisse suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    imprimer ladite piste de chauffe résistive à couche épaisse sur ledit substrat, et
    imprimer ledit pont à faible résistivité au-dessus ou au-dessous de ladite piste résistive.
EP98904301A 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Resistances de chauffage electriques Revoked EP1013148B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP01115655A EP1161120A3 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Dispositif de chauffage

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9703225 1997-02-17
GB9703225A GB2322273B (en) 1997-02-17 1997-02-17 Electric heaters
PCT/GB1998/000488 WO1998036618A1 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Resistances de chauffage electriques

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01115655A Division EP1161120A3 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Dispositif de chauffage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1013148A1 EP1013148A1 (fr) 2000-06-28
EP1013148B1 true EP1013148B1 (fr) 2002-01-23

Family

ID=10807778

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01115655A Withdrawn EP1161120A3 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Dispositif de chauffage
EP98904301A Revoked EP1013148B1 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Resistances de chauffage electriques

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01115655A Withdrawn EP1161120A3 (fr) 1997-02-17 1998-02-17 Dispositif de chauffage

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (2) EP1161120A3 (fr)
CN (2) CN1130108C (fr)
AU (1) AU6224398A (fr)
DE (1) DE69803586T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2171290T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB2322273B (fr)
HK (1) HK1029484A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998036618A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA981287B (fr)

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US11253100B2 (en) 2018-10-11 2022-02-22 Lg Electronics Inc. Electric heater and electric heating apparatus having same
WO2023031982A1 (fr) * 2021-09-06 2023-03-09 Persico S.P.A. Moule pour rotomoulage
US11668470B2 (en) 2018-08-21 2023-06-06 Lg Electronics Inc. Electric heater and cooking appliance having same

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GB9821769D0 (en) * 1998-10-06 1998-12-02 Otter Controls Ltd Improvements relating to electric water heating appliances
GB2344744B (en) 1998-11-26 2001-07-25 Strix Ltd Electrical beverage making apparatus
DE19855481A1 (de) * 1998-12-01 2000-06-08 Siceram Gmbh Elektrisches Kochfeld
GB2344944A (en) * 1998-12-08 2000-06-21 Otter Controls Ltd Liquid heating appliance with thick film heating element
GB2353456B (en) * 1999-08-13 2004-08-25 Strix Ltd Electric heaters
JP3582518B2 (ja) * 2001-04-18 2004-10-27 住友電気工業株式会社 抵抗発熱体回路パターンとそれを用いた基板処理装置
US20050179716A1 (en) * 2004-02-14 2005-08-18 Eastman Kodak Company Apparatus and method of controlling temperatures in ejection mechanisms
EP1831675A4 (fr) * 2004-12-16 2013-09-04 Atlantic Business Ct Of Excellence And Commercialization Of Innovation Ltd Procede et appareil de suivi de materiaux
NL1029484C2 (nl) * 2005-07-11 2007-01-12 Ferro Techniek Holding Bv Verwarmingselement voor toepassing in een inrichting voor het verwarmen van vloeistoffen.
JP4921553B2 (ja) * 2006-07-20 2012-04-25 ワトロウ エレクトリック マニュファクチュアリング カンパニー 積層ヒータ、積層ヒータを製造する方法、及び積層ヒータを形成する方法
KR101412578B1 (ko) * 2007-07-20 2014-06-26 엘지전자 주식회사 전기히터
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2322273A (en) 1998-08-19
EP1161120A3 (fr) 2004-01-21
CN2325704Y (zh) 1999-06-23
AU6224398A (en) 1998-09-08
HK1029484A1 (en) 2001-03-30
DE69803586T2 (de) 2002-08-08
WO1998036618A1 (fr) 1998-08-20
ES2171290T3 (es) 2002-09-01
CN1130108C (zh) 2003-12-03
GB2322273B (en) 2001-05-30
ZA981287B (en) 1999-08-17
GB9703225D0 (en) 1997-04-09
EP1013148A1 (fr) 2000-06-28
CN1248384A (zh) 2000-03-22
EP1161120A2 (fr) 2001-12-05
DE69803586D1 (de) 2002-03-14

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