EP1155759A2 - Method of preparing a tube end for pulling over a mandrel - Google Patents

Method of preparing a tube end for pulling over a mandrel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1155759A2
EP1155759A2 EP01250171A EP01250171A EP1155759A2 EP 1155759 A2 EP1155759 A2 EP 1155759A2 EP 01250171 A EP01250171 A EP 01250171A EP 01250171 A EP01250171 A EP 01250171A EP 1155759 A2 EP1155759 A2 EP 1155759A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipe
mandrel
wall thickness
rolling
section
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01250171A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Karl Heinz Häusler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Siemag AG
Original Assignee
SMS Demag AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SMS Demag AG filed Critical SMS Demag AG
Publication of EP1155759A2 publication Critical patent/EP1155759A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D41/00—Application of procedures in order to alter the diameter of tube ends
    • B21D41/02—Enlarging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • B21C1/16—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes
    • B21C1/22—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes specially adapted for making tubular articles
    • B21C1/24—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes specially adapted for making tubular articles by means of mandrels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • B21C1/16—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes
    • B21C1/32—Feeding or discharging the material or mandrels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C5/00—Pointing; Push-pointing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C5/00—Pointing; Push-pointing
    • B21C5/003—Pointing; Push-pointing of hollow material, e.g. tube

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for preparing a pipe start for drawing over a mandrel.
  • DE-PS 43 13 648 is a device for batch stretching of pipes known. Large wall thickness reductions can be achieved with the aid of this device are similar to the known cold crawl process.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method with which the Tightening conditions when pulling straight or when pulling the drum with one have the flying thorn improved.
  • the roller head rotates around the tube.
  • the reels are radially adjustable from outside during rolling, so that a certain contour the pipe surface can be scanned.
  • a mandrel the diameter of which on a Part length corresponds to the inside diameter of the tube, is previously in the tube inserted. It has a taper at its tip, which is the contour of the one to be rolled in Surround corresponds. Due to the adjustable rollers, a bead is now in the Rolled pipe in. As a result of the three-roller arrangement, the Eccentricity improved. After rolling, one or more mandrels are inserted into the Pushed the pipe end in and set a drawbar.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through the beginning of the pipe 3 a mandrel 1 inserted as an internal tool, which is also an integral part of the rolling device 5 with the rollers 2. At the same time as the mandrel, the rollers advance until they have reached position "a".
  • wall thinning is achieved by rolling over once. At Materials that are difficult to form can be repeated one or more times become.
  • Fig. 2 shows a view of the system of the three-roll apparatus.
  • the number of Rolling can be ⁇ 3 or> 3.
  • Fig. 3 shows the pipe end prepared according to the invention with a drawn drawbar 6 and an inserted pulling plug 7.

Abstract

The method involves inserting a mandrel (1) in the pipe beginning (3), whose outer diameter is smaller along a first section than the inner diameter of the pipe beginning and corresponds along a third section to the inner diameter of the pipe. A roller set around the pipe has radially-adjustable rollers and is used to constrict a part axially spaced from the pipe end without reducing the wall thickness. The pipe is pulled towards a second part of the mandrel, in which its diameter enlarges to that of the third section, using the rollers, so that the wall thickness is continuously reduced. At the beginning of the third section, the finished wall thickness is achieved, and the pipe is then rolled out as far as the pipe end. The mandrel is pulled out and one or more pipe-drawing mandrels are inserted, in the conventional manner. An Independent claim is included for a roller machine for implementing the method.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Vorbereiten eines Rohranfanges für das Ziehen über einen Ziehdorn.The invention relates to a method for preparing a pipe start for drawing over a mandrel.

Beim Ziehen von Rohren großer Länge mit fliegendem Dorn ergeben sich häufig Reißer in der Phase des Anziehens. Dies wird dadurch verursacht, dass die Rohre exzentrisch sein können, d.h. eine ungleichmäßige Wanddicke haben, zur Mitnahme des Ziehdorns einseitig eine Delle in das Rohr eingedrückt wird und der Ziehdorn mit seiner Längsachse nicht waagerecht im Rohr liegt. Beim Anziehen kann es deshalb vorkommen, dass sich der Dorn schräg in den Ziehring einzieht und ein Abreißen des Rohres an dieser Stelle verursacht.When pulling pipes of long length with a flying mandrel, tears often occur in the dressing phase. This is caused by the pipes being eccentric can be, i.e. have an uneven wall thickness to take the mandrel with it a dent is pressed into the tube on one side and the mandrel with its longitudinal axis not lying horizontally in the pipe. When dressing it can therefore happen that the mandrel slants into the drawing ring at an angle and the pipe is torn off at this point caused.

Aus der Technik (Herstellung von Rohren, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Düsseldorf, 1975, Seite 21, Zeilen 5 - 12) ist es bekannt, dass Schrägwalzverfahren in der Lage sind, die Wanddickentoleranz - also auch die Exzentrizität - eines Rohres zu verbessern. Die Verbesserung ist um so höher, je schlechter die Exzentrizität des zu walzenden Rohres ist. Dies gilt nicht nur für das Walzen aus der Walzhitze, sondern auch für Kaltwalzprozesse, wie es das Quer- oder Drückwalzen von Rohren darstellt. Besonders wirksam sind hierbei Dreiwalzen-Walzwerke, weil durch die Dreiwalzenanordnung die Geometrie des Walzvorgangs eindeutig bestimmt ist. Eine toleranzverbessernde Wirkung setzt bereits bei einer Streckung bzw. Längung des Walzgutes um 10 % ein. Die Wirkung nimmt dabei mit steigender Streckung zu. From technology (production of pipes, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Düsseldorf, 1975, Page 21, lines 5 - 12) it is known that cross rolling processes are able to To improve the wall thickness tolerance - also the eccentricity - of a pipe. The The worse the eccentricity of the pipe to be rolled, the greater the improvement is. This applies not only to rolling from the rolling heat, but also to cold rolling processes, as the cross or pressure rolling of pipes. Particularly effective are three-roll mills because the geometry is due to the three-roll arrangement of the rolling process is clearly determined. A tolerance-improving effect sets already when the rolling stock is stretched or elongated by 10%. The effect increases with increasing aspect ratio.

Aus der DE-PS 43 13 648 ist eine Vorrichtung zum absatzweisen Abstrecken von Rohren bekannt. Mit Hilfe dieser Vorrichtung können große Wanddickenreduktionen erreicht werden ähnlich wie beim bekannten Kaltpilgerverfahren.From DE-PS 43 13 648 is a device for batch stretching of pipes known. Large wall thickness reductions can be achieved with the aid of this device are similar to the known cold pilgrim process.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zu schaffen, mit dem sich die Anziehbedingungen beim Geradeausziehen oder auch beim Trommelziehen mit einem fliegenden Dorn verbessern lassen.The invention has for its object to provide a method with which the Tightening conditions when pulling straight or when pulling the drum with one have the flying thorn improved.

Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1.
Das hierzu einsetzbare Walzwerk ergibt sich aus dem Anspruch 4. Weitere Ausgestaltungen sind in den Unteransprüchen enthalten.This object is achieved with the features of claim 1.
The rolling mill which can be used for this purpose results from claim 4. Further refinements are contained in the subclaims.

Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung wird anstelle einer einseitig in das Rohr eingedrückten Delle eine rund um das Rohr verlaufende Sicke eingebracht, die den Dorn beim Anziehen in eine waagerechte Position zwingt. Weiterhin wird die Einrichtung zum Einbringen der Sicke mit der Einrichtung zur Herabsetzung der Exzentrizität vereinigt und die beiden unterschiedlichen Arbeitsgänge werden in einem einzigen Durchlauf ausgeführt.In the solution according to the invention, instead of one being pressed into the tube on one side Delle introduced a bead running around the tube, which the mandrel at Tightening forces into a horizontal position. Furthermore, the device for insertion the bead combined with the device for reducing the eccentricity and the the two different operations are carried out in a single pass.

Erfindungsgemäß wird zur Verbesserung der Exzentrizität des Rohranfangs des zu ziehenden Rohres ein Dreirollen-Walzapparat mit um 120' versetzten, nicht angetriebenen Rollen verwendet, dessen Walzkopf um das Rohr rotiert. Die Walzen sind während des Walzens von außerhalb radial anstellbar, so dass eine bestimmte Kontur auf der Rohroberfläche abgefahren werden kann. Ein Dorn, dessen Durchmesser auf einer Teillänge mit dem Innendurchmesser des Rohres übereinstimmt, wird vorher in das Rohr eingeschoben. Er hat an seiner Spitze eine Verjüngung, die der Kontur der einzuwalzenden Sicke entspricht. Durch die anstellbaren Rollen wird nun eine Sicke in das Rohr hineingewalzt. Infolge der Dreiwalzenanordnung wird dabei gleichzeitig die Exzentrizität verbessert. Nach dem Walzen werden ein oder mehrere Ziehdorne in das Rohrende hineingeschoben und eine Ziehangel gesetzt.According to the invention to improve the eccentricity of the pipe start pulling tube a three-roller rolling machine with 120 'offset, not driven Rollers used, the roller head rotates around the tube. The reels are radially adjustable from outside during rolling, so that a certain contour the pipe surface can be scanned. A mandrel, the diameter of which on a Part length corresponds to the inside diameter of the tube, is previously in the tube inserted. It has a taper at its tip, which is the contour of the one to be rolled in Surround corresponds. Due to the adjustable rollers, a bead is now in the Rolled pipe in. As a result of the three-roller arrangement, the Eccentricity improved. After rolling, one or more mandrels are inserted into the Pushed the pipe end in and set a drawbar.

Das Verhältnis δ zwischen dem ungewalzten und dem gewalzten Rohrquerschnitt wird wie folgt festgelegt: δ= D0/S0 D1/S1 ≥0,75≤ 0,95 The ratio δ between the unwrought and the rolled pipe cross-section is determined as follows: δ = D 0 / S 0 D 1 / S 1 ≥0.75≤ 0.95

Darin bedeuten:

δ =
Verkleinerungsverhältnis
Do =
Rohraußendurchmesser vor dem Walzen
D1 =
Rohraußendurchmesser nach dem Walzen
So =
Rohrwanddicke vor dem Walzen
S1 =
Rohrwanddicke nach dem Walzen
Where:
δ =
Reduction ratio
Do =
Pipe outside diameter before rolling
D 1 =
Pipe outside diameter after rolling
So =
Pipe wall thickness before rolling
S 1 =
Pipe wall thickness after rolling

Die Erfindung soll nachfolgend an den Zeichnungen erläutert werden. Dabei zeigt:The invention will be explained below on the drawings. It shows:

Die Figur 1 zeigt einen Längsschnitt durch den Rohranfang 3. In den Rohranfang wurde ein Dorn 1 als Innenwerkzeug eingeschoben, der gleichzeitig fester Bestandteil der Walzvorrichtung 5 mit den Walzen 2 ist. Gleichzeitig mit dem Dorn fahren die Walzen vor, bis sie die Position "a" erreicht haben.FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through the beginning of the pipe 3 a mandrel 1 inserted as an internal tool, which is also an integral part of the rolling device 5 with the rollers 2. At the same time as the mandrel, the rollers advance until they have reached position "a".

Ab Beginn des Rückhubs in Pfeilrichtung werden die Walzen gesteuert zugefahren und erzeugen im Rohr eine Einschnürung ohne Reduktion der Wanddicke So bis zur Position "b". Nun werden die Walzen wieder aufgefahren und verdünnen die Wand bis zur Position "c" kontinuierlich auf die Fertigwanddicke S1. Von der Position "c" aus wird ein Rohrabschnitt 4 mit konstante Wanddicke S1 ausgewalzt, bis das Rohrende erreicht wird. Anschließend wird der Dorn 1 zurückgezogen.From the beginning of the return stroke in the direction of the arrow, the rollers are closed and produce a constriction in the tube without reducing the wall thickness So up to position "b". Now the rollers are opened again and continuously thin the wall up to position "c" to the finished wall thickness S 1 . A pipe section 4 with a constant wall thickness S 1 is rolled out from position "c" until the pipe end is reached. The mandrel 1 is then withdrawn.

Die kontinuierlich verdünnte Wand auf der Strecke "b" bis "c' bewirkt beim Durchgang durch den Ziehring ein allmähliches Ansteigen der Ziehkraft, also keine schlagartig einsetzende Erhöhung. Dadurch wird die Gefahr des Reißens verkleinert. The continuously thinned wall on the route "b" to "c 'causes the passage a gradual increase in the pulling force due to the pull ring, i.e. none suddenly incipient increase. This reduces the risk of tearing.

In der Regel wird die Wandverdünnung durch ein einmaliges Überwalzen erreicht. Bei schwer umformbaren Werkstoffen kann der Vorgang ein- bis mehrmals wiederholt werden.As a rule, wall thinning is achieved by rolling over once. At Materials that are difficult to form can be repeated one or more times become.

Die Fig. 2 zeigt eine Ansicht auf das System des Dreiwalzenapparates. Die Anzahl der Walzen kann < 3 oder > 3 sein.Fig. 2 shows a view of the system of the three-roll apparatus. The number of Rolling can be <3 or> 3.

Die Fig. 3 zeigt das erfindungsgemäß vorbereitete Rohrende mit angeschlagener Ziehangel 6 und einem eingeführten Ziehstopfen 7.Fig. 3 shows the pipe end prepared according to the invention with a drawn drawbar 6 and an inserted pulling plug 7.

Claims (5)

Verfahren zur Vorbereitung eines Rohranfanges für das Ziehen über einen Ziehdorn,
gekennzeichnet durch folgende Schritte: a) in den Rohranfang wird ein Dorn eingeschoben, dessen Außendurchmesser auf einer ersten Teillänge kleiner ist als der Innendurchmesser des Rohranfanges und auf einer dritten Teillänge dem Innendurchmesser des Rohres entspricht, b) im axialen Abstand von Rohrende wird durch Walzen mittels eines um das Rohr umlaufenden Walzensatzes, mit radial anstellbaren, nicht angetriebenen Walzen, bei gleichzeitigen Verfahren des Walzensatzes in Richtung auf das Rohrende eine Einschnürung ohne Reduktion der Wanddicke erzeugt, c) während der Walzensatz weiter in Richtung auf das Rohrende verfahren wird, werden die Walzen aufgefahren und das Rohr wird gegen den zweiten Teilbereich des Dornes, in dem dessen Durchmesser sich auf den des dritten Teilbereiches vergrößert, mit einer kontinuierlichen Reduktion der Wanddicke gewalzt, d) die mit Beginn des dritten Teilbereich des Dornes die Fertigwanddicke erreicht, die dann bis zum Rohrende ausgewalzt wird, e) nach dem Herausziehen des Dornes und dem Einschieben eines oder mehrerer Ziehdorne in das Rohrende wird in bekannter Weise eine Ziehangel gesetzt. Process for preparing a pipe start for drawing over a mandrel,
characterized by the following steps: a) a mandrel is inserted into the pipe start, the outside diameter of which is smaller than the inside diameter of the pipe start over a first part length and corresponds to the inside diameter of the pipe over a third part length, b) at the axial distance from the pipe end, a constriction is produced by rolling using a roll set rotating around the pipe, with radially adjustable, non-driven rolls, while simultaneously moving the roll set in the direction of the pipe end without reducing the wall thickness, c) while the roll set is moved further towards the pipe end, the rolls are opened and the pipe is rolled against the second section of the mandrel, in which the diameter of the mandrel increases to that of the third section, with a continuous reduction in the wall thickness, d) which reaches the finished wall thickness at the beginning of the third section of the mandrel, which is then rolled out to the end of the pipe, e) after pulling out the mandrel and inserting one or more mandrels into the pipe end, a drawing handle is placed in a known manner. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schritte a) bis d) bei schwer umformbaren Rohrwerkstoffen mehrmals wiederholt werden.Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that steps a) to d) are repeated several times in the case of pipe materials which are difficult to form. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verhältnis δ zwischen dem ungewalzten und dem gewalzten Rohrquerschnitt wie folgt festgelegt wird: δ= D0/S0 D1/S1 ≥0,75≤ 0,95 Darin bedeuten:
δ =
Verkleinerungsverhältnis
Do =
Rohraußendurchmesser vor dem Walzen
D1 =
Rohraußendurchmesser nach dem Walzen
So =
Rohrwanddicke vor dem Walzen
S1 =
Rohrwanddicke nach dem Walzen
Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the ratio δ between the unwrought and the rolled pipe cross-section is determined as follows: δ = D 0 / S 0 D 1 / S 1 ≥0.75≤ 0.95 Where:
δ =
Reduction ratio
Do =
Pipe outside diameter before rolling
D 1 =
Pipe outside diameter after rolling
So =
Pipe wall thickness before rolling
S 1 =
Pipe wall thickness after rolling
Walzwerk zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch
einen das zu walzende Rohr (3,4) koaxial umgebenden, relativ zum Rohr verfahrbaren und um diesen drehbaren, über seinen Innenumfang verteilt angeordnete, radial anstellbare, nicht angetriebene Rollen (2) aufweisenden Walzenkopf.Rolling mill for performing the method according to claim 1, characterized by
a roll head which coaxially surrounds the pipe (3, 4) to be rolled and which is movable relative to the pipe and rotatable about it and distributed around it and distributed over its inner circumference and has non-driven rollers (2). Walzwerk nach Anspruch 4,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Walzenkopf drei, um 120° zueinander versetzt angeordnete, Rollen vorgesehen sind.Rolling mill according to claim 4,
characterized in that three rollers are provided in the roller head, which are arranged at 120 ° to one another.
EP01250171A 2000-05-17 2001-05-16 Method of preparing a tube end for pulling over a mandrel Withdrawn EP1155759A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10024647 2000-05-17
DE10024647A DE10024647A1 (en) 2000-05-17 2000-05-17 Procedure for preparing a pipe start for drawing over a mandrel

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1155759A2 true EP1155759A2 (en) 2001-11-21

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EP01250171A Withdrawn EP1155759A2 (en) 2000-05-17 2001-05-16 Method of preparing a tube end for pulling over a mandrel

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US (1) US6523385B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1155759A2 (en)
DE (1) DE10024647A1 (en)
PL (1) PL347567A1 (en)

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CN103862293A (en) * 2012-12-10 2014-06-18 信宜市汇美电器有限公司 Sealing device of hollow profile

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US20110124421A1 (en) * 2003-12-03 2011-05-26 Christine Kienhofer Method for producing a tubular drive shaft, in particular a cardan shaft for a motor vehicle
US7922065B2 (en) 2004-08-02 2011-04-12 Ati Properties, Inc. Corrosion resistant fluid conducting parts, methods of making corrosion resistant fluid conducting parts and equipment and parts replacement methods utilizing corrosion resistant fluid conducting parts
US8910409B1 (en) * 2010-02-09 2014-12-16 Ati Properties, Inc. System and method of producing autofrettage in tubular components using a flowforming process
US8869443B2 (en) 2011-03-02 2014-10-28 Ati Properties, Inc. Composite gun barrel with outer sleeve made from shape memory alloy to dampen firing vibrations
US10118259B1 (en) 2012-12-11 2018-11-06 Ati Properties Llc Corrosion resistant bimetallic tube manufactured by a two-step process
US10040108B2 (en) * 2014-09-18 2018-08-07 L&W Engineering Tubular structure support with variable dimensions and mechanical properties

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US2882851A (en) * 1957-09-10 1959-04-21 Samuel F Graves Tube reducing machine
US3299680A (en) * 1965-06-10 1967-01-24 Earl A Thompson Rolling machine for forming tubular workpieces
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103862293A (en) * 2012-12-10 2014-06-18 信宜市汇美电器有限公司 Sealing device of hollow profile

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE10024647A1 (en) 2001-12-06
US20010042394A1 (en) 2001-11-22
PL347567A1 (en) 2001-11-19
US6523385B2 (en) 2003-02-25

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