Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
  • G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
  • G01N15/0266—Investigating particle size or size distribution with electrical classification
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
  • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
  • G01N15/0656—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions using electric, e.g. electrostatic methods or magnetic methods
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N5/00—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid
  • G01N5/04—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid by removing a component, e.g. by evaporation, and weighing the remainder
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
  • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
  • G01N15/0606—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by collecting particles on a support
  • G01N15/0618—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by collecting particles on a support of the filter type

Definitions

• This invention relates, in general, to the measurement of particulate matter suspended in a fluid medium and, more specifically, to measurement of the mass and/or concentration of particulate matter suspended in ambient air or in other gaseous environments, e.g. in diesel exhaust, or in mines, smoke stacks, industrial facilities, etc.
• Particulate matter is the general term which refers to condensed solid, semi-solid, or liquid material produced as a result of natural or man-made processes, and which due to small size, is capable of being suspended in the air or other fluid medium.
• the measurement of particulate matter in ambient air is important for a variety of reasons, the most important of which is related to health effects. Suspended particulate matter is known to produce a variety of deleterious health effects when inhaled. As a result, regulatory agencies around the world require monitoring of the levels of particulate matter. The levels are measured in terms of concentration, i.e. micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air. Reference techniques for this measurement are presently defined in terms of a mass measurement utilizing a filter medium to capture the particulate matter and the total volume of air which has been filtered by the medium over a given period of time. There are various means available to unambiguously determine the flow rate through the filter over time (and hence the volume of air sampled), but surprisingly the mass measurement is not straightforward due to the complex nature of ambient particulate matter which results in unstable mass deposition on the filter.
• particulate matter can change its mass as a result of loss or gain of volatile substances associated with the particulate matter and filter media.
• gaseous pollutants exist as definable molecular species (SO2, O3, CO, etc.)
• particulate matter can be a combination of different substances with different volatilization rates, reactive, desorptive, absorptive, and adsorptive properties.
• the mass of particulate matter landing on the filter can be affected by the filter material itself, the particulate matter already collected on the filter, the face velocity through and pressure drop across the filter, as well as by the humidity, temperature and composition of the gas stream passing through the collection medium.
• a differential particulate mass measurement microbalance employing a pair of oscillating quartz crystal detectors has previously been proposed.
• a particle laden gas stream impacts upon the first detector and a particle free gas stream impacts the second detector.
• the second mass detector is used as a reference to cancel out detector instrument effects from a mass reading provided by the first detector.
• U.S. Patent 5,571,945 discloses a similar measurement approach employing a pressure sensor to measure a pressure differential between a pair of particulate matter collectors;
• U.S. Patent 5,349,844 discloses a similar approach for use with a filter that is caused to oscillate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a plane of the filter.
• volatilization losses are not accounted for in these earlier systems.
• the current reference method in the United States is a method dependent technique which does not necessarily represent an accurate measure of particulate mass as it actually exists in its undisturbed state in the air.
• the reference method consists of filter equilibration under a defined range of temperature and humidity conditions, a pre-collection weighing of the filter, the installation of the filter in a manual sampler, the sampling of ambient air (for a 24-hour period), the removal of the filter from the sampling device, a post-collection conditioning under the same equilibration conditions as before, and finally a post-collection weighing.
• This methodology is intended to provide a consistent set of measurements between identical samples.
• results based on this method do not represent measurements to which an accuracy can be assigned, even loosely, i.e. to what accuracy is the particulate mass as it exists in the atmosphere measured by the mass determined from the filter? This is a serious problem, and one has to accept the fact that these measurements are only an indication of particulate levels.
• the current reference method represents simply a standardized procedure, and not a scientifically-based measurement standard for airborne particulate matter.
• Volatile components are a confounding influence on these measurements. While the filter resides in the sampling hardware, important factors that influence the reactions taking place on the filter substrate, such as temperature and humidity, vary in an ill-defined manner. During sampling, the mass on and of the filter can increase dramatically during periods of decreasing temperature and increasing relative humidity (nighttime), and may experience substantial loss of semi-volatile materials when the temperature increases and humidity decreases (daytime). These same type of effects can be associated with air mass changes, and other meteorological events. Further, the collection filter may be exposed to widely varying hot or cold temperatures once sampling is complete and before it is removed from the sampler as well as during transportation to a laboratory for conditioning and weighing.
• the present invention provides a method and apparatus which overcomes the problems described above and provides, for the first time, a collection-based direct mass measurement that allows the accurate quantification of the mass of ambient air or other gas borne particulate matter including volatile components thereof.
• the measurement approach of the present invention not only cancels out detector instrument effects but also intrinsically corrects for volatilization losses.
• volatilization losses is used broadly to include vaporization, absorption, adso ⁇ tion, desorption, reactive and other effects which influence the mass of collected particulate matter.
• apparatus for measuring the mass of particulate matter in a particle laden gas stream includes a first mass detector, a second mass detector and first means for providing a particle free gas stream otherwise substantially identical to the particle laden gas stream.
• Switching means causes said particle laden gas stream and said particle free gas stream to alternately engage said first mass detector and said second mass detector respectively during successive measurement time periods.
• N difference between a reading provided by the first mass detector and a reading provided by the second mass detector for each of said successive measurement time periods is computed. This difference intrinsically corrects for volatilization losses occurring during the measurement time periods.
• a measure of the mass or concentration of particulate matter in the particle laden gas stream is determined from this difference.
• the first means for providing a particle free gas stream comprises particle removal means for removing substantially all particulate matter from said particle laden gas stream.
• said particle removal means removes the particulate matter from the particle laden gas stream without appreciably affecting gas stream temperature, pressure and flow rate.
• Such particle removal is preferably accomplished using an electrostatic precipitator.
• the precipitator preferably operates with a positive corona and low current.
• the first and second mass detectors may each comprise an oscillating element microbalance.
• Each detector may comprise a hollow element oscillating in a clamped-free mode, with a filter supported at a free end of the element.
• the filter serves to collect particulate matter from the particle laden gas stream when this stream engages the detector.
• Fluid control means can advantageously maintain a substantially identical gas stream flow at the filter of each detector during each measurement period.
• mass readings provided by the mass detectors are advantageously based upon detected change of frequency of oscillation of the oscillating element with respect to time.
• the switching means of the mass measuring apparatus causes: (a) the particle laden gas stream to engage the first mass detector and the particle free gas stream to simultaneously engage the second mass detector during each of even numbered ones of the successive measurement time periods, and (b) said particle laden gas stream to engage the second mass detector and the particle free gas stream to simultaneously engage the first mass detector during each of odd numbered ones of the successive measurement time periods.
• a detector engaged by the particle laden gas stream measures mass gain while the detector engaged by the particle free gas stream measures mass lost due to volatilization of volatile components of the particulate matter. The measured mass lost is added to the measured mass gain to determine the measure of the mass of the particulate matter.
• Each successive measurement time period lasts for a short time, preferably fifteen minutes or less; about a minute or less being presently considered as most preferred.
• the readings provided by the first and second mass detectors each comprise a mass rate reading, which limits accumulation of any calibration errors in the mass measurement.
• corrected mass concentration is computed from a corrected mass rate which combines mass rate readings from the first and second mass detectors.
• the present invention also presents a significant improvement to existing differential particle mass measurement systems.
• a particle laden gas stream engages a first mass detector and a particle free gas stream engages a second mass detector.
• the second mass detector is used as a reference to cancel out detector instrument effects from a reading provided by the first mass detector.
• such a differential particle mass measurement system is improved by inclusion of switching means for causing the particle laden gas stream and the particle free gas stream to alternately engage the first mass detector and the second mass detector, respectively, during successive measurement time periods. In this fashion, correction is intrinsically provided for volatilization losses occurring during the successive measurement time periods.
• apparatus for measuring the mass of particulate matter, including volatile components thereof, in a particle laden gas stream.
• This apparatus includes means for forming the particle laden gas stream into a first stream and a second stream, a first mass detector and a second mass detector, means for directing the first stream to continually engage the first mass detector and for directing the second stream to continually engage the second mass detector, and first and second stream particle removal means for removing substantially all particulate matter from the first and second streams, respectively, when the corresponding particle removal means is activated.
• Control means alternately activates only one of the first stream particle removal means and the second stream particle removal means for successive measurement time periods.
• a difference is determined between a first reading provided by the first mass detector and a second reading provided by the second mass detector for each of the successive measurement time periods. This difference intrinsically corrects for volatilization losses occurring during the measurement time periods. A measure of the mass or concentration of particulate matter in the particle laden gas stream is determined from this difference.
• a differential particle mass measurement method is improved.
• a particle laden gas stream engages a first mass detector.
• the first mass detector collects a current particle sample from the gas stream during a current measurement time period and measures mass gain due thereto.
• a second mass detector is used as a reference to cancel out detector instrument effects.
• the present invention improves upon this method by using the second mass detector to also measure a change in particle property occurring during said current measurement time period.
• This change in particle property usually comprises a loss of mass due to volatilization of collected volatile particles.
• the mass lost due to volatilization as measured by the second mass detector is added to the mass gain measured by the first mass detector to yield a corrected particle mass measurement for the current measurement time period.
• the measured loss of mass occurs during the current measurement time period in an earlier collected particle sample; this earlier collected particle sample having been collected by the second mass detector in a preceding measurement time period.
• the current measurement time period and the preceding measurement time period are of such short duration as to ensure substantially identical volatilization during said current measurement time period of the earlier collected sample and the current particle sample.
• the present invention provides numerous significant benefits and advantages. Foremost among these is its intrinsic correction for volatilization losses occurring during measurement time periods. Using short measurement time periods ensures that the particulate mass measurement includes an accurate representation of the volatile mass associated with the collected particulate under any selected temperature including varying ambient temperature conditions. Since both mass detectors see the identical collector (e.g. filter) and instrument artifacts at all times, compensation for instrument effects is effective and complete when the readings from one detector are subtracted from those of the other. The preferred use of an electrostatic precipitator for particle removal prevents any pressure disturbance from occurring, and there is thus no upset of one mass detector with respect to the other in regard to differing volatilization.
• the electrostatic precipitator also facilitates switching of the particle content of the gas stream on and off electrically and instantaneously with no mechanical motion being necessary.
• the switching of the gas streams also effectively expands collector (e.g. filter) life by a factor of 2 compared to a single collector system. Further, if two differential measurement instruments are run side-by-side in accordance with the principles of the present invention, one at ambient temperature and the other at a significantly elevated temperature, then a division between volatile and non-volatile components of the ambient particulate matter can be obtained.
• apparatus for measuring the mass of particulate matter in a particle laden gas stream includes a mass detector, and first means for providing a particle free gas stream otherwise substantially identical to the particle laden gas stream.
• Switching means causes said particle laden gas stream and said particle free gas stream to alternately engage said mass detector during successive measurement time periods.
• a difference between a reading provided by the mass detector for a current measurement time period and a reading provided by the mass detector for a consecutive measurement time period is computed. This difference intrinsically corrects for volatilization losses occurring during the current measurement time period.
• a measure of the mass or concentration of particulate matter in the particle laden gas stream is determined from this difference.
• the first means for providing a particle free gas stream comprises particle removal means for removing substantially all particulate matter from said particle laden gas stream.
• said particle removal means removes the particulate matter from the particle laden gas stream without appreciably affecting gas stream temperature, pressure and flow rate.
• Such particle removal is preferably accomplished using an electrostatic precipitator.
• the precipitator preferably operates with a positive corona and low current.
• the mass detector may comprise an oscillating element microbalance.
• the detector may comprise a hollow element oscillating in a clamped-free mode, with a filter supported at a free end of the element. The filter serves to collect particulate matter from the particle laden gas stream when this stream engages the detector.
• Fluid control means can advantageously maintain a substantially constant gas stream flow at the filter of the detector during each measurement period.
• mass readings provided by the mass detector are advantageously based upon detected change of frequency of oscillation of the oscillating element with respect to time.
• the switching means of the mass measuring apparatus causes: (a) the particle laden gas stream to engage the mass detector during each of odd numbered ones of the successive measurement time periods, and (b) said particle free gas stream to engage the mass detector during each of even numbered ones of the successive measurement time periods.
• the detector When the detector is engaged by the particle laden gas stream, it measures mass gain; when the detector is engaged by the particle free gas stream, it measures mass lost due to volatilization of volatile components of the particulate matter. The measured mass lost is added to the measured mass gain to determine the measure of the mass of the particulate matter.
• Each successive measurement time period lasts for a short time, preferably fifteen minutes or less; about a minute or less being presently considered as most preferred.
• the readings provided by the mass detector each comprise a mass rate reading, which limits accumulation of any calibration errors in the mass measurement.
• corrected mass concentration is computed from a corrected mass rate which combines mass rate readings from the mass detector for two successive measurement periods.
• the present invention also presents a significant improvement to existing differential particle mass measurement systems.
• a particle laden gas stream engages a first mass detector and a particle free gas stream engages a second mass detector.
• the second mass detector is used as a reference to cancel out detector instrument effects from a reading provided by the first mass detector.
• a differential particle mass measurement system is improved by inclusion of switching means for causing the particle laden gas stream and the particle free gas stream to alternately engage a single mass detector, during successive measurement time periods. In this fashion, correction is intrinsically provided for instrument artifacts and volatilization losses occurring during the successive measurement time periods, calibration or matching of multiple detectors is avoided, and the complexity and cost of the measurement device is reduced.
• apparatus for measuring the mass of particulate matter, including volatile components thereof, in a particle laden gas stream.
• This apparatus includes a mass detector, means for directing the stream to continually engage the mass detector, and particle removal means for removing substantially all particulate matter from the stream when the particle removal means is activated.
• Control means activates the particle removal means for alternate successive measurement time periods. A difference is determined between a first reading provided by the mass detector and a second reading provided by the mass detector for successive measurement time periods. This difference intrinsically corrects for volatilization losses occurring during the measurement time periods. A measure of the mass or concentration of particulate matter in the particle laden gas stream is determined from this difference.
• a differential particle mass measurement method is improved.
• a particle laden gas stream engages a first mass detector.
• the first mass detector collects a current particle sample from the gas stream during a current measurement time period and measures mass gain due thereto.
• a second mass detector is used as a reference to cancel out detector instrument effects.
• the present invention improves upon this method by using a single mass detector to not only cancel out detector instrument effects but to also effectively measure a change in particle property occurring during said current measurement time period. This change in particle property usually comprises a loss of mass due to volatilization of collected volatile particles.
• the mass lost due to volatilization as measured by the mass detector is added to the mass gain measured by the mass detector to yield a corrected particle mass measurement for the current measurement time period.
• the measured loss of mass occurs during a consecutive measurement time period (i.e., during a period just before or after the current measurement time period) in an earlier collected particle sample; this earlier collected particle sample having been collected by the mass detector in a preceding measurement time period.
• the current measurement time period and the consecutive measurement time period are of such short duration as to ensure substantially identical volatilization during said consecutive measurement time period of the earlier collected sample and the current particle sample.
• the present invention provides numerous significant benefits and advantages. Foremost among these is its intrinsic correction for volatilization losses occurring during measurement time periods. Using short measurement time periods ensures that the particulate mass measurement includes an accurate representation of the volatile mass associated with the collected particulate under any selected temperature including varying ambient temperature conditions. Since the mass detector sees substantially identical collector (e.g. filter) and instrument artifacts during a pair of successive measurement time periods, compensation for instrument effects is effective and complete when the readings from one measurement time period are subtracted from those of the other.
• the preferred use of an electrostatic precipitator for particle removal prevents any pressure disturbance from occurring. The electrostatic precipitator also facilitates switching of the particle content of the gas stream on and off electrically and instantaneously with no mechanical motion being necessary.
• the switching of the gas stream also effectively expands collector (e.g. filter) life by a factor of 2 compared to a continuous particle collector system. Further, if two differential measurement instruments are run side-by-side in accordance with the principles of the present invention, one at ambient temperature and the other at a significantly elevated temperature, then a division between volatile and non-volatile components of the ambient particulate matter can be obtained. The use of a single detector provides additional cost and reliability benefits.
• collector e.g. filter
• FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustration of one embodiment of a dual detector differential particulate mass measuring apparatus of the present invention
• FIG. 2 is a graphical depiction useful in understanding how corrected mass concentration can be derived from mass rate readings of the dual detectors of the differential particulate mass measuring apparatus of the present invention
• FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the dual detector apparatus of the present invention
• FIG. 4 presents a graphical comparison of actual particulate matter concentration measurements derived from a differential particulate mass measuring instrument of the present invention, with measurements from a single tapered element oscillating microbalance;
• FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic illustration of one embodiment of a single detector differential particulate mass measuring apparatus of the present invention
• FIG. 6 is a graphical depiction useful in understanding how corrected mass concentration can be derived from mass rate readings of the single detector of the differential particulate mass measuring apparatus of the present invention.
• FIG. 7 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the single detector apparatus of the present invention.
• the goal of the present invention is to accurately measure the mass of particulate matter suspended in ambient air (or other gaseous environment) including volatile components thereof.
• this is accomplished by causing a particle laden gas stream and a substantially identical but particle free gas stream to alternately engage a first mass detector and a second mass detector during successive measurement time periods.
• a difference between readings provided by the first and second mass detectors in effect adds to the measured mass gain of the collected particulate matter, the mass lost due to volatilization during the measurement time interval thereby providing an accurate measurement of total particulate mass.
• FIG. 1 A first dual detector embodiment of the particulate mass measurement instrument of the present invention is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1.
• the instrument 10 has two identical sides "A" and "B" (and reference numbers associated with each side are correspondingly labeled).
• Each side of instrument 10 includes an inlet 12 in pneumatic communication with a selectively activatable particle remover 14 and a mass detector 16.
• a particle laden gas stream 18 enters the respective inlet 12, passes through the respective, selectively activatable particle remover 14 and continually engages the respective mass detector 16.
• the term “engages” is used herein to broadly connote the interaction of a gas stream with a mass detector. Such interaction may take many different forms depending upon the nature of the mass detector employed.
• Inlets 12 would normally include a separator for pre-separating out of the particle laden gas stream, particles larger than a predetermined "cut-off size. Inlets with PM10 and/or PM2.5 separators, for example, are well known and commercially available.
• particle remover 14 removes substantially all particulate matter from the gas stream, without appreciably affecting gas stream temperature, pressure and flow rate.
• Such particle removal can be advantageously implemented using an electrostatic precipitator of the same general type as is commonly used in air cleaning equipment.
• an electrostatic precipitator operating with a positive corona and very low current e.g. on the order of tens- hundreds of nanoamps, is preferred.
• the current should be sufficient to cause the precipitator to remove substantially all particulate matter from the gas stream.
• Particle removers 14A, 14B are selectively alternately activated during successive measurement time periods to remove particulate matter from one and then the other of gas streams 18A and 18B during the successive measurement time periods.
• each time period is of relatively short duration, preferably on the order of fifteen minutes or less, more preferably on the order of five minutes or less, and most preferably on the order of one minute or less.
• the gas streams 18A, 18B emerging from the corresponding particle removers 14A, 14B continually engage respective matched mass detectors 16A and 16B throughout the successive measurement time periods.
• mass detectors 16 are matched to various measurement time periods.
• Other direct mass or indirect mass detectors such as quartz crystal microbalances, beta absorption monitors, pressure drop monitors, etc. may also be used, the preferred implementation of mass detectors 16 is a tapered hollow element oscillating microbalance. The latter instrument is preferred because of its high mass sensitivity, real-time capability, direct inertia-based mass measurement, and high collection efficiency utilizing filtration.
• High mass sensitivity is important since the amount of mass which needs to be measured is in the microgram and sub-microgram range.
• Real-time measurement is important since mass volatilization can occur in short time frames.
• Direct mass measurement is desirable to avoid ambiguity in what is measured and also allows for a mass standard traceable calibration. Filtration ensures high collection efficiency.
• a suitable tapered element oscillating microbalance is described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent 4,391,338, with further background information provided in U.S. Patent 3,926,271. The teachings of these two patents, in their entirety, are incorporated herein by reference.
• a tapered hollow element is made to oscillate in a clamped-free mode.
• a filter is mounted at a free end of the element and serves to collect particulate matter from the particle laden gas stream.
• the frequency of oscillation of the hollow element varies with mass loading of the filter and is readily convertible to a mass reading.
• changes in frequency of oscillation of the oscillating element with respect to each measurement time period is advantageously converted to a mass rate (i.e. change in mass with respect to the measured time interval) to determine a corrected mass concentration, as more fully described hereinafter.
• oscillating elements of other forms or configurations e.g. non-tapered, tuning fork or U-shaped, or one operating in another mode, e.g. clamped-clamped mode, or a collector made to oscillate in a direction generally perpendicular to a plane of the collector, or an impaction plate or other particle collector, may also be employed as the mass detector.
• particle remover 14B is on when particle remover 14A is off and vice versa. With particle remover 14A off, mass detector 16A will measure an effective mass, M Aeff , due to frequency changes resulting from mass changes and instrument effects, over a time period, ⁇ t:
• M pV volatile component of particulate mass
• M G gaseous mass gain or loss due to filter adsorption/desorption and deposited material volatilization
• ⁇ T effective mass equivalent of frequency change due to temperature change, ⁇ T, during time interval
• ⁇ t ⁇ P effective mass equivalent of frequency change due to pressure change, ⁇ P, during time interval
• ⁇ t ( ⁇ T and ⁇ P represent major instrument artifacts).
• M Beff aM G + ⁇ T+y ⁇ P (2 )
• M Aeff -M Beff M p+ M pv+ cM G+ pAT + yAP- ⁇ (3 )
• particle remover 14A is on and particle remover 14B is off.
• These time intervals are relatively short in order to keep the same particulate matter history on both detectors so that, for example, the adsorption/desorption effects of gases or vapors in the gas stream remains comparable allowing an accurate subtraction.
• the mass detector 16 associated with the particle remover 14 that is not activated during a particular measurement time period provides a mass reading, i.e. mass gain, representative of the mass of particulate matter collected during that time period.
• mass gain representative of the mass of particulate matter collected during that time period.
• a measure of the mass lost due to volatilization during that same time period is provided by the other mass detector engaged by the particle free (particle remover activated) gas stream. Subtracting the two mass readings, effectively adds the lost mass to the measured mass gain to provide a corrected and accurate measure of the particulate matter mass.
• the measurements can be based on mass rates utilizing the switching time as a convenient time basis. By subtracting mass rates, as opposed to total mass measurements, any slight calibration error in the measurement systems will produce only a comparable final error in the results. If mass were strictly used, this error could accumulate to unacceptable levels as monitoring time continues and total mass on both detectors would appear to drift from each other.
• FIG. 2 depicts an example of how mass might vary over four successive measurement time periods as "measured by the detectors 16 A, 16B of the instrument of the present invention.
• a corrected mass concentration can be calculated in accordance with the following relationships :
• ⁇ t represents a time interval of a measurement time period
• n represents a measurement time period index
• the particle laden gas stream engages the first ("A") mass detector
• the particle laden gas stream engages the second ("B") mass detector
• ⁇ m A / ⁇ t represents mass rate measured by the first mass detector
• ⁇ m B / ⁇ t represents mass rate measured by the second mass detector
• ⁇ m/ ⁇ t represents corrected mass rate
• ⁇ Vn represents the volume of gas sampled during measurement period n
• F represents flow
• MC represents corrected mass concentration
• FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the differential particulate mass measurement apparatus of the present invention.
• a particulate laden gas stream 42 is drawn in through a particle size selective inlet 44, of conventional construction, and then is split into three streams 46A, 46B and 46C.
• Particle laden gas streams 46A and 46B flow through an optional dryer or dehumidifier 47 (e.g. a Perma Pure PD TM-Series gas dryer of Nafion® construction available from Perma Pure Inc. of Toms River, New Jersey), then through selectively activatable particle removers (e.g.
• electrostatic precipitators 48A, 48B respectively, and then engage mass detectors (e.g. tapered element oscillating microbalances) 50A and 50B, respectively.
• Dryer 47 advantageously serves to reduce, control, or eliminate water vapor in gas streams 46 A and 46B.
• Stream 46C represents a by-pass flow to allow proper flow rate through inlet 44.
• Flow controllers 52A, 52B and 52C serve to maintain the desired constant flow rates in streams 46A, 46B and 46C, respectively, and equal flow rate at each of mass detectors 50A, 50B.
• flow controllers 52A and 52B can maintain a flow rate of 2.0 //m in streams 46A and 46B respectively, while flow controller 52C maintains a flow rate of 12.7 //min in stream 46C.
• a common vacuum pump 54 working in conjunction with the flow controllers establishes the desired flow.
• a particle remover switch 56 alternately activates one of particle removers 48 A, 48B for successive measurement time periods as directed by controller 58.
• Controller 58 which can readily be implemented by a microcomputer or other known processor, also controls a frequency counter data analyzer 60 which receives frequency readings from mass detectors 50 A, 5 OB and, in known fashion, transforms such frequency readings into mass readings.
• a measure of the mass and/or concentration of particulate matter in the particle laden gas stream 42 is determined, as earlier described, by analyzer 60, and then provided to output device 62.
• switch 56, controller 58, data analyzer 60, output device 62 and the other components of this apparatus can take many different forms.
• the operation of instrument 40 is identical to that described earlier for instrument 10. Instrument 40 provides a simplification in that a single inlet and control system can be used to derive the corrected mass concentration data.
• FIG. 4 depicts actual test results of a differential particulate mass monitor of the present invention and a single tapered element oscillating microbalance operating in the same vicinity during the same time period.
• Plot 64 depicts concentration at ambient temperature as measured by the differential particulate mass monitor;
• plot 66 represents concentration readings from a single tapered element oscillating microbalance maintained at 50° C.
• the differential mass monitor of the present invention which intrinsically corrects for volatilization losses, shows higher concentration levels.
• a single particle remover can be employed to create the desired particle free gas stream. Switching of the resulting particle free gas stream and the particle laden gas stream with respect to the first and second mass detectors can be accomplished by mechanically switching the single particle remover between alternate gas stream paths, or mechanically switching, e.g. with a valve, the output of the single particle remover between the two mass detectors, or mechanically switching the location of the two detectors.
• a filter e.g.
• a low pressure drop electrolet filter or other particle remover can be employed.
• a denuder to reduce gaseous component(s), temperature and/or humidity control equipment (such as that taught in commonly assigned PCT/US99/00687), and other gas stream and/or particulate matter conditioning apparatus may also be used with the differential particulate mass monitor.
• the readings provided by the two mass detectors may comprise frequency, mass, mass rate, mass concentration or other parameters).
• a particle laden gas stream and a substantially identical but particle free gas stream alternately engage a mass detector during successive measurement time periods.
• a mass detector taking a difference between successive readings provided by the mass detector, in effect adds to the measured mass gain of the collected particulate matter, the mass lost due to volatilization during the measurement time interval thereby providing an accurate measurement of total particulate mass in the gas stream.
• FIG. 5 A first single detector embodiment of the particulate mass measurement instrument of the present invention is schematically illustrated in FIG. 5.
• the instrument 10' includes an inlet 12 in pneumatic communication with a selectively activatable particle remover 14 and a mass detector 16.
• a particle laden gas stream 18 enters the inlet 12, passes through the selectively activatable particle remover 14 and continually engages the mass detector 16.
• Inlet 12 would normally include a separator for pre-separating out of the particle laden gas stream, particles larger than a predetermined "cut-off size.
• Inlets with PM10 and/or PM2.5 separators, for example, are well known and commercially available.
• particle remover 14 removes substantially all particulate matter from the gas stream, without appreciably affecting gas stream temperature, pressure and flow rate.
• Such particle removal can be advantageously implemented using an electrostatic precipitator of the same general type as is commonly used in air cleaning equipment.
• an electrostatic precipitator operating with a positive corona and very low current, e.g. on the order of tens to hundreds of nanoamps, is preferred. The current should be sufficient to cause the precipitator to remove substantially all particulate matter from the gas stream.
• Particle remover 14 is selectively activated during alternate successive measurement time periods to remove particulate matter from gas stream 18 during the alternate successive measurement time periods.
• particle remover 14 may be turned on. During the next measurement time period, particle remover 14 is turned off.
• This alternating activation pattern continues for successive measurement time periods.
• each time period is of relatively short duration, preferably on the order of fifteen minutes or less, more preferably on the order of five minutes or less, and most preferably on the order of one minute or less.
• the gas stream 18 emerging from the particle remover 14 continually engages mass detector 16 throughout the successive measurement time periods.
• mass detector 16 is a tapered hollow element oscillating microbalance. The latter instrument is preferred because of its high mass sensitivity, real-time capability, direct inertia-based mass measurement, and high collection efficiency utilizing filtration.
• High mass sensitivity is important since the amount of mass which needs to be measured is in the microgram and sub-microgram range.
• Real-time measurement is important since mass volatilization can occur in short time frames.
• Direct mass measurement is desirable to avoid ambiguity in what is measured and also allows for a mass standard traceable calibration. Filtration ensures high collection efficiency.
• a suitable tapered element oscillating microbalance is described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent 4,391,338, with further background information provided in U.S. Patent 3,926,271. The teachings of these two patents, in their entirety, are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• a tapered hollow element is made to oscillate in a clamped-free mode.
• a filter is mounted at a free end of the element and serves to collect particulate matter from the particle laden gas stream.
• the frequency of oscillation of the hollow element varies with mass loading of the filter and is readily convertible to a mass reading.
• changes in frequency of oscillation of the oscillating element with respect to each measurement time period is advantageously converted to a mass rate (i.e. change in mass with respect to the measured time interval) to determine a corrected mass concentration, as more fully described hereinafter.
• oscillating elements of other forms or configurations e.g. non-tapered, tuning fork or U-shaped, or one operating in another mode, e.g. clamped-clamped mode, or a collector made to oscillate in a direction generally perpendicular to a plane of the collector, or an impaction plate or other particle collector, may also be employed as the mass detector.
• the mass detector 16 will measure an effective mass, M Aeff , due to frequency changes resulting from mass changes and instrument effects, over a time period, ⁇ t:
• M p non- volatile component of particulate mass
• M pV volatile component of particulate mass
• M G gaseous mass gain or loss due to filter adsorption/desorption and deposited material volatilization
• ⁇ T effective mass equivalent of frequency change due to temperature change
• measurement time intervals ⁇ t are kept relatively short in comparison to the rate of change in particulate concentration and in other mass measurement affecting parameters, e.g. temperature and pressure, so that vaporization effects, the adso ⁇ tion/deso ⁇ tion effects of gases or vapors in the gas stream, and temperature and pressure change effects remain comparable during the 2 successive measurement time periods, allowing an accurate subtraction.
• the mass detector 16 when the particle remover 14 is not activated during a particular measurement time period, provides a mass reading, i.e. mass gain, representative of the mass of particulate matter collected during that time period.
• a mass reading i.e. mass gain
• An effective measure of the mass lost due to volatilization during that same time period is provided by the mass detector during a consecutive measurement time period during which the mass detector 16 is engaged by the particle free (particle remover activated) gas stream. Subtracting the two mass readings, effectively adds the lost mass to the measured mass gain to provide a corrected and accurate measure of the particulate matter mass.
• the measurements can be based on mass rates utilizing the switching time as a convenient time basis. By subtracting mass rates, as opposed to total mass measurements, any slight calibration error in the measurement system will produce only a comparable final error in the results. If mass were strictly used, this error could accumulate to unacceptable levels as monitoring time continues.
• FIG. 6 depicts an example of how mass might vary over four successive measurement time periods as measured by the detector 16 of the instrument of Fig. 5.
• a corrected mass concentration can be calculated in accordance with the following relationships:
• ⁇ t represents a time interval of a measurement time period
• n represents a measurement time period index
• ⁇ m A / ⁇ t represents mass rate measured by the mass detector during an odd n measurement time period
• ⁇ m B / ⁇ t represents mass rate measured by the mass detector during an even n measurement time period
• ⁇ m/ ⁇ t represents corrected mass rate
• ⁇ Vn represents the volume of gas sampled during measurement period n
• F represents flow
• MC represents corrected mass concentration
• FIG. 7 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the single detector differential particulate mass measurement apparatus of the present invention.
• a particle laden gas stream 42 is drawn in through a particle size selective inlet 44, of conventional construction, and then is split into two streams 46A, and 46C.
• Particle laden gas stream 46A flows through an optional dryer or dehumidifier 47 (e.g. a Perma Pure PDTM-Series gas dryer of Nafion® construction available from Perma Pure Inc. of Toms River, New Jersey), then through a selectively activatable particle remover (e.g. electrostatic precipitator) 48, and then engages mass detector (e.g. tapered element oscillating microbalance) 50.
• an optional dryer or dehumidifier 47 e.g. a Perma Pure PDTM-Series gas dryer of Nafion® construction available from Perma Pure Inc. of Toms River, New Jersey
• a selectively activatable particle remover e.g. electrostatic precipitator
• Dryer 47 advantageously serves to reduce, control, or eliminate water vapor in gas stream 46A.
• Stream 46C represents a by-pass flow to allow proper flow rate through inlet 44.
• Flow controllers 52A and 52C serve to maintain a desired constant flow rate in stream 46A and at mass detector 50. For example, if the flow rate out of inlet 44 is 16.7 //min, flow controller 52A can maintain a flow rate of 2.0 Urn in stream 46A, while flow controller 52C maintains a flow rate of 14.7 //min in stream 46C.
• a common vacuum pump 54 working in conjunction with the flow controllers establishes the desired flow.
• a particle remover switch 56 activates particle remover 48 for alternate successive measurement time periods as directed by controller 58.
• Controller 58 which can readily be implemented by a microcomputer or other known processor, also controls a frequency counter data analyzer 60 which receives frequency readings from mass detector 50 and, in known fashion, transforms such frequency readings into mass readings. From these mass readings, a measure of the mass and/or concentration of particulate matter in the particle laden gas stream 42 is determined, as earlier described, by analyzer 60, and then provided to output device 62.
• switch 56, controller 58, data analyzer 60, output device 62 and the other components of this apparatus can take many different forms.
• instrument 40' The operation of instrument 40' is identical to that described earlier for instrument 10'.
• switching of the particle free gas stream and the particle laden gas stream with respect to the mass detector can be accomplished by various alternative approaches including mechanically switching, e.g. with a valve, between a particle laden and a particle free gas stream, or mechanically switching the location of the detector.
• a filter e.g. a low pressure drop electrolet filter or other particle remover can be employed to create the particle free gas stream.
• a denuder to reduce gaseous component(s), temperature and/or humidity control equipment (such as that taught in commonly assigned PCT/US99/00687), and other gas stream and/or particulate matter conditioning apparatus may also be used with the differential particulate mass monitor.
• the readings provided by the mass detector may comprise frequency, mass, mass rate, mass concentration or other parameter(s).

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