EP1150997A1 - Compounds which inhibit leukocyte adhesion mediated by vla-4 - Google Patents
Compounds which inhibit leukocyte adhesion mediated by vla-4Info
- Publication number
- EP1150997A1 EP1150997A1 EP00911618A EP00911618A EP1150997A1 EP 1150997 A1 EP1150997 A1 EP 1150997A1 EP 00911618 A EP00911618 A EP 00911618A EP 00911618 A EP00911618 A EP 00911618A EP 1150997 A1 EP1150997 A1 EP 1150997A1
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- Prior art keywords
- benzyl
- substimted
- nhc
- group
- heterocyclic
- Prior art date
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- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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- C07K5/06—Dipeptides
- C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
- C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
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Definitions
- This invention relates to compounds which inhibit leukocyte adhesion and, in particular, leukocyte adhesion mediated by VLA-4.
- VLA-4 (also referred to as 4 ⁇ , integrin and CD49d/CD29), first identified by Hemler and Takada 1 is a member of the ⁇ l integrin family of cell surface receptors, each of which comprises two subunits, an ⁇ chain and a ⁇ chain.
- VLA-4 contains an ⁇ 4 chain and a ⁇ l chain.
- VLA-4 for example, binds to fibronectin.
- VLA-4 also binds non-matrix molecules that are expressed by endothelial and other cells. These non-matrix molecules include VCAM-1, which is expressed on cytokine-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. Distinct epitopes of VLA- 4 are responsible for the fibronectin and VCAM-1 binding activities and each activity has been shown to be inhibited independently. 2
- Intercellular adhesion mediated by VLA-4 and other cell surface receptors is associated with a number of inflammatory responses.
- activated vascular endothelial cells express molecules that are adhesive for leukocytes.
- the mechanics of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells involves, in part, the recognition and binding of cell surface receptors on leukocytes to the corresponding cell surface molecules on endothelial cells. Once bound, the leukocytes migrate across the blood vessel wall to enter the injured site and release chemical mediators to combat infection.
- adhesion receptors of the immune system see, for example, Springer 3 and Osborn 4 .
- Inflammatory brain disorders such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and meningitis, are examples of central nervous system disorders in which the endothelium/leukocyte adhesion mechanism results in destruction to otherwise healthy brain tissue.
- EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- MS multiple sclerosis
- M multiple sclerosis
- meningitis are examples of central nervous system disorders in which the endothelium/leukocyte adhesion mechanism results in destruction to otherwise healthy brain tissue.
- BBB blood brain barrier
- the leukocytes release toxic mediators that cause extensive tissue damage resulting in impaired nerve conduction and paralysis.
- tissue damage also occurs via an adhesion mechanism resulting in migration or activation of leukocytes.
- tissue damage also occurs via an adhesion mechanism resulting in migration or activation of leukocytes.
- the initial insult following myocardial ischemia to heart tissue can be further complicated by leukocyte entry to the injured tissue causing still further insult (Vedder et al. 5 ).
- inflammatory conditions mediated by an adhesion mechanism include, by way of example, asthma 6"8 , Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis 9"10 , AIDS dementia 11 , diabetes 12"14 (including acute juvenile onset diabetes), inflammatory bowel disease 15 (including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), multiple sclerosis 16"17 , rheumatoid arthritis 1821 , tissue transplantation 22 , tumor metastasis 23 ' 28 , meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, and other cerebral traumas, nephritis, retinitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, myocardial ischemia and acute leukocyte-mediated lung injury such as that which occurs in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
- This invention provides compounds which bind to NLA-4. Such compounds can be used, for example, to assay for the presence of NLA-4 in a sample and in pharmaceutical compositions to inhibit cellular adhesion mediated by VLA-4, for example, binding of VCAM-1 to VLA-4.
- the compounds of this invention have a binding affinity to VLA-4 as expressed by an IC 50 of about 15 ⁇ M or less (measured as described in Example A below) which compounds are defined by formula I below:
- R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substituted heterocylic,;
- R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, and R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 and the SO 2 group can form a heterocyclic or a substituted heterocyclic group;
- R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substimted heterocyclic, and, when R 2 does not form a heterocyclic group with R 1 , R 2 and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 and the carbon atom bound to R 3 can form a heterocyclic group or a substituted heterocyclic group;
- R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substimted heterocyclic, and, when R 3 does not form a heterocyclic or a substimted heterocyclic group with R 2 , then R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached can form a cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic group;
- R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl
- R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl; or R 7 and R 8 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 7 and the carbon bound to R 8 can form a heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic ring; (i ⁇ )
- R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl
- R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl
- R 9 and R 10 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 9 , the carbon atom bound to R 10 and the -C(X)- group can form a heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic group
- X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and NH;
- R 13 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and substituted alkyl
- R 14 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and substimted alkyl; X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and NH; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
- the compounds of this invention can also be provided as prodrugs which convert (e.g., hydrolyze, metabolize, etc.) in vivo to a compound of formula I above.
- the carboxylic acid in the compound of formula I is modified into a group which, in vivo, will convert to the carboxylic acid (including salts thereof)-
- prodrugs are represented by compounds of formula I A:
- R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substimted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substimted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substimted heterocylic,;
- R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substimted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substimted heterocyclic, and R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 and the SO 2 group can form a heterocyclic or a substimted heterocyclic group;
- R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substimted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substimted heterocyclic, and, when R 2 does not form a heterocyclic group with R 1 , R 2 and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 and the carbon atom bound to R 3 can form a heterocyclic group or a substituted heterocyclic group;
- R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substimted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic
- R 6 is selected from the group consisting of amino, alkoxy, substimted alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, substimted cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, substimted aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, substituted heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, substimted heterocyclyloxy, -NHOY where Y is hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl, and -NH(CH 2 ) p COOY' where Y' is hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, aryl, or substimted aryl, and /? is an integer of from 1 to 8;
- Q is selected from the group consisting of: (i)
- X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and NH;
- R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl
- R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl
- R 7 and R 8 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 7 and the carbon bound to R 8 can form a heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic ring
- R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl
- R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and substimted alkyl; or R 9 and R 10 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 9 , the carbon atom bound to R 10 and the -C(X)- group can form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group;
- X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and NH;
- R 13 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and substimted alkyl
- R 14 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and substimted alkyl; X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and NH; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
- R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substimted alkyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heterocyclic, substimted heterocylic, heteroaryl and substimted heteroaryl.
- R 1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, isopropyl, /i-butyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenyl, 4- methylphenyl, 4-t-butylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3- fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5- difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4- dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4- bromophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 3,4- dimethoxyphenyl, 4-t-butoxyphenyl, 4-(3 '-dimethylamino-
- R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, benzyl, -(CH 2 ) 2 -2-thienyl, and -(CH 2 ) 2 - ⁇ .
- R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 and the SO 2 group bound to R 1 are joined to form a heterocyclic group or substimted heterocyclic group.
- Preferred heterocyclic and substimted heterocyclic groups include those having from 5 to 7 ring atoms having 2 to 3 heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which ring is optionally fused to another ring such as a phenyl or cyclohexyl ring to provide for a fused ring heterocycle of from 10 to 14 ring atoms having 2 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
- R'/R 2 joined groups include, by way of example, benzisothiazolonyl (saccharin-2-yl), N-2,10-camphorsultamyl and l,l-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-3,3- dimethyl-l,2-benzisothiazol-2-yl.
- R 2 and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 substituent and the carbon bound to the R 3 substituent form a heterocyclic group or a substimted heterocyclic group of 4 to 6 ring atoms having 1 to 2 heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which ring is optionally substimted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, methyl, hydroxy, oxo ( O), amino, phenyl, thiophenyl, thiobenzyl, (thiomorpholin- 4-yl)C(O)O- , CH 3 S(O) 2 - and CH 3 S(O) 2 O-, or can be fused to another ring such as a phenyl or cycloalkyl ring to provide for a fused ring heterocycle of from 10 to 14 ring atoms having 1 to 2 heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
- heterocyclic rings include azetidinyl (e.g., L-azetidinyl), thiazolidinyl (e.g., L-thiazolidinyl), piperidinyl (e.g., L-piperidinyl), piperazinyl (e.g., L-piperazinyl), dihydroindolyl (e.g., L-2,3-dihydroindol-2-yl), tetrahydroquinolinyl (e.g., L-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-yl), thiomorpholinyl (e.g., L-thiomorpholin-
- pyrrolidinyl e.g., L-pyrrolidinyl
- substimted pyrrolidinyl such as 4-hydroxypyrrolidinyl (e.g., 4- ⁇ -(or ⁇ -)hydroxy-L-pyrrolidinyl), 4- oxopyrrolidinyl (e.g., 4-oxo-L-pyrolidinyl), 4-fluoropyrrolidinyl (e.g., 4- ⁇ - (or ⁇ -)fluoro-L-pyrrolidinyl), 4,4-difluoropyrrolidinyl (e.g., 4,4-difluoro-L- pyrrolidinyl), 4-(thiomorpholin-4-ylC(O)O-)pyrrolidinyl (e.g., 4- ⁇ -(or ⁇ -)- (thiomorpholin-4-ylC(O)O-)-L-pyrrolidinyl, 4-(CH 3 S(O) 2 O
- R 3 includes all of the isomers arising by substitution with hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, -CH 2 CH 2 -COOH, -CH 2 -COOH, 2-amidoethyl, iso- butyl, t-butyl, -CH 2 O-benzyl and hydroxymethyl.
- R 3 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 can form a heterocyclic group or substimted heterocyclic group.
- R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenyl and where R 3 and R 4 are joined together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a cycloalkyl group of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms or a heterocyclic group of from 3 to 8 ring atoms.
- Preferred cycloalkyl alkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
- Q is preferably -C(O)N(O)-, -CH 2 NH-, -CH(OH)C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)NH-, or tetrazol-l,5-diyl.
- R 5 is preferably selected from all possible isomers arising by substitution with the following groups:
- R 5 is preferably selected from all possible isomers arising by substimtion with the following groups: 3-[(CH 3 ) 2 NC(O)O-]benzyl,
- R 6 is preferably 2,4-dioxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-yl (3,4-enol), methoxy, ethoxy, wo-propoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, cyclopentoxy, ne ⁇ -pentoxy, 2- ⁇ - 1 s , ⁇ -propyl-4- ⁇ - methylcyclohexoxy, 2- ⁇ -isopropyl-4- ⁇ -methylcyclohexoxy, -NH 2 , benzyloxy, -NHCH 2 COOH, -NHCH 2 CH 2 COOH, -NH-adamantyl,
- R 8 is hydrogen, methyl, w ⁇ -propyl or benzyl, O-(N-succinimidyl), -O-cholest-5-en-3- ⁇ -yl, -OCH 2 -OC(O)C(CH 3 ) 3 , -O(CH 2 ) z NHC(O)W where z is 1 or 2 and W is selected from the group consisting of pyrid-3-yl, N- methy Ipyridyl, and N-methyl-l,4-dihydro-pyrid-3-yl, -NR"C(O)-R' where R' is aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic and R" is hydrogen or -CH 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 .
- This invention also provides methods for binding VLA-4 in a biological sample which method comprises contacting the biological sample with a compound of formula I or IA above under conditions wherein said compound binds to VLA-4.
- Certain of the compounds of formula I and I A above are also useful in reducing VLA-4 mediated inflammation in vivo.
- compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of formula I or IA above with the exception that R 3 and R 5 are derived from L-amino acids or other similarly configured starting materials. Alternatively, racemic mixtures can be used.
- the pharmaceutical compositions may be used to treat VLA-4 mediated disease conditions.
- disease conditions include, by way of example, asthma, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, AIDS dementia, diabetes (including acute juvenile onset diabetes), inflammatory bowel disease (including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, tissue transplantation, tumor metastasis, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, and other cerebral traumas, nephritis, retinitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, myocardial ischemia and acute leukocyte-mediated lung injury such as that which occurs in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
- this invention also provides methods for the treatment of an inflammatory disease in a patient mediated by VLA-4 which methods comprise administering to the patient the pharmaceutical compositions described above.
- Preferred compounds of formula I and IA above include those set forth in Table I below:
- this invention relates to compounds which inhibit leukocyte adhesion and. in particular, leukocyte adhesion mediated by VLA- 4.
- VLA- 4 leukocyte adhesion mediated by VLA- 4.
- alkyl refers to alkyl groups preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, t-butyl, n-heptyl, octyl and the like.
- Substimted alkyl refers to an alkyl group, preferably of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, having from 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substimted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, thiocarbonylamino, acyloxy, amino, amidino, alkyl amidino,thioamidino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, substimted aryl, aryloxy, substimted aryloxy, aryloxylaryl, substimted aryloxyaryl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, carboxyl-substituted alkyl, carboxyl-cycloalkyl, carboxyl-substimted cycloalkyl, carboxylaryl, carboxyl-substituted aryl, carboxyl,
- Alkoxy refers to the group “alkyl-O-" which includes, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, w ⁇ -propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, /z-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.
- Substimted alkoxy refers to the group “substimted alkyl-O-”.
- Acyl refers to the groups H-C(O)-, alkyl-C(O)-, substituted alkyl-
- Acylamino refers to the group -C(O)NRR where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, aryl, substimted aryl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substimted heterocyclic and where each R is joined to form together with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic ring wherein alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substituted heterocyclic are as defined
- Thiocarbonylamino refers to the group -C(S)NRR where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, aryl, substimted aryl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substimted heterocyclic and where each R is joined to form, together with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring wherein alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substimted heterocyclic are as
- Aloxy refers to the groups alkyl-C(O)O-, substimted alkyl- C(O)O-, alkenyl-C(O)O-, substimted alkenyl-C(O)O-, alkynyl-C(O)O-, substituted alkynyl-C(O)O-, aryl-C(O)O-, substimted aryl-C(O)O-, cycloalkyl-C(O)O-, substimted cycloalkyl-C(O)O-, heteroaryl-C(O)O-, substimted heteroaryl-C(O)O-, heterocyclic-C(O)O-, and substimted heterocyclic-C(O)O- wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, subs
- Alkenyl refers to alkenyl group preferably having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1-2 sites of alkenyl unsaturation.
- Substimted alkenyl refers to alkenyl groups having from 1 to 5 substiments selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substimted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, thiocarbonylamino, acyloxy, amino, amidino, alkylamidino, thioamidino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, substimted aryl, aryloxy, substimted aryloxy, aryloxyaryl, substimted aryloxyaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, carboxyl-substituted alkyl, carboxyl- cycloalkyl, carboxyl-substimted cycloalkyl, carboxylaryl, carboxyl- substimted aryl, carboxylheteroaryl, carboxyl-sub
- Alkynyl refers to alkynyl group preferably having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and more preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1-2 sites of alkynyl unsaturation.
- Substimted alkynyl refers to alkynyl groups having from 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substimted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, thiocarbonylamino, acyloxy, amino, amidino, alkylamidino, thioamidino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonylamino, amino thiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, substimted aryl, aryloxy, substimted aryloxy, aryloxyaryl, substimted aryloxyaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, carboxyl-substimted alkyl, carboxyl- cycloalkyl, carboxyl-substimted cycloalkyl, carboxylaryl, carboxyl- substimted aryl, carboxylheteroaryl, carboxyl
- R is hydrogen or alkyl, mono- and di-alkylamino, mono- and di-(substituted alkyl)amino, mono- and di-arylamino, mono- and di- substimted arylamino, mono- and di-heteroarylamino, mono- and di- substimted heteroarylamino, mono- and di-heterocyclic amino, mono- and di
- aminoacyl refers to the groups -NRC(O)alkyl
- R is hydrogen or alkyl and wherein alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, -NRC(O)alkenyl, -NRC(O)substituted alkenyl, -NRC(O)alkynyl, -NRC(O)substimted alkynyl, -NRC(O)aryl, -NRC(O)substimted aryl, -NRC(O)heteroaryl, -NRC(O)substimted heteroaryl, -NRC(O)heterocyclic, and -NRC(O)substimted heterocyclic where R is hydrogen or alkyl and wherein alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, sub
- Aminocarbonyloxy refers to the groups -NRC(O)O-alkyl, -NRC(O)O-substituted alkyl, -NRC(O)O-alkenyl, -NRC(O)O-substituted alkenyl, -NRC(O)O-alkynyl, -NRC(O)O-substituted alkynyl, -NRC(O)O- cycloalkyl, -NRC(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl, -NRC(O)O-aryl, -NRC(O)O- substimted aryl, -NRC(O)O-heteroaryl, -NRC(O)O-substituted heteroaryl, -NRC(O)O-heterocyclic, and -NRC(O)O-substituted heterocyclic where R is hydrogen or alkyl and where
- Oxycarbonylamino refers to the groups -OC(O)NH 2 , -OC(O)NRR, -OC(O)NR-alkyl, -OC(O)NR-substituted alkyl, -OC(O)NR-alkenyl, -OC(O)NR-substituted alkenyl, -OC(O)NR-alkynyl, -OC(O)NR-substituted alkynyl, -OC(O)NR-cycloalkyl, -OC(O)NR-substimted cycloalkyl, -OC(O)NR-aryl, -OC(O)NR-substimted aryl, -OC(O)NR-heteroaryl, -OC(O)NR-substimted heteroaryl,- OC(O)NR-heterocyclic, and -OC(O)NR-substimted heterocyclic where R is hydrogen, alkyl
- Oxy thiocarbonylamino refers to the groups -OC(S)NH 2 ,
- R is hydrogen, alkyl or where each R is joined to form together with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic ring and wherein alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substimted heterocyclic are as defined herein.
- Aminocarbonylamino refers to the groups -NRC(O)NRR, -NRC(O)NR-alkyl, -NRC(O)NR-substimted alkyl, -NRC(O)NR-alkenyl, -NRC(O)NR-substimted alkenyl, -NRC(O)NR-alkynyl, -NRC(O)NR-substimted alkynyl, -NRC(O)NR-aryl, -NRC(O)NR-substituted aryl, -NRC(O)NR-cycloalkyl, -NRC(O)NR-substituted cycloalkyl, --NRC(O)NR-substituted cycloalkyl, -
- NRC(O)NR-heteroaryl, and -NRC(O)NR-substimted heteroaryl, - NRC(O)NR-heterocyclic, and -NRC(O)NR-substituted heterocyclic where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl or where each R is joined to form together with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic ring as well as where one of the amino groups is blocked by conventional blocking groups such as Boc, Cbz, formyl, and the like and wherein alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substimted cycloalkyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substimted heterocyclic are as defined herein.
- Aminothiocarbonylamino refers to the groups -NRC(S)NRR, -NRC(S)NR-alkyl, -NRC(S)NR-substituted alkyl, -NRC(S)NR-alkenyl, -NRC(S)NR-substimted alkenyl, -NRC(S)NR-alkynyl, -NRC(S)NR- substimted alkynyl, -NRC(S)NR-aryl, -NRC(S)NR-substituted aryl,
- each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl or where each R is joined to form together with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic or substimted heterocyclic ring as well as where one of the amino groups is blocked by conventional blocking groups such as Boc, Cbz, formyl, and the like and wherein alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and
- Aryl or “Ar” refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic (e.g., 2-benzoxazolinone, 2H-l,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)- one-7yl, and the like).
- Preferred aryls include phenyl and naphthyl.
- Substimted aryl refers to aryl groups which are substimted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyl, acylamino, thiocarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkoxy, substimted alkoxy, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, amidino, alkylamidino, thioamidino, amino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonyloxy, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aryl, substimted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, substimted cycloalkoxy, heteroaryloxy, substimted heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, substituted heterocyclyloxy, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, carboxyl-substimted alkyl
- R is hydrogen or alkyl, mono- and di-alkylamino, mono- and di-(substimted alkyl)amino, mono- and di-arylamino, mono- and di- substituted arylamino, mono- and di-heteroarylamino, mono- and di- substituted heteroarylamino, mono- and di-heterocyclic amino, mono- and di-substimted heterocyclic amino, unsymmetric di-substimted amines having different substiments selected from alkyl, substimted alkyl, aryl, substimted aryl, heteroaryl, substimted
- Aryloxy refers to the group aryl-O- which includes, by way of example, phenoxy, naphthoxy, and the like.
- Substimted aryloxy refers to substimted aryl-O- groups.
- Aryloxyaryl refers to the group -aryl-O-aryl.
- Substituted aryloxyaryl refers to aryloxyaryl groups substimted with from 1 to 3 substiments on either or both aryl rings selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyl, acylamino, thiocarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkoxy, substimted alkoxy, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, amidino, alkylamidino, thioamidino, amino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonyloxy, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aryl, substimted aryl, aryloxy, substimted aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, substimted cycloalkoxy, heteroaryloxy, substimted heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, substimted heterocyclyloxy, carboxyl,
- Cycloalkyl refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring including, by way of example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl and the like. Excluded from this definition are multi-ring alkyl groups such as adamantanyl, etc.
- Cycloalkenyl refers to cyclic alkenyl groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms having single or multiple unsaturation but which are not aromatic.
- R is hydrogen or alkyl, mono- and di-alkylamino, mono- and di-(substituted alkyl)amino, mono- and di-arylamino, mono- and di- substimted arylamino, mono- and di-heteroarylamino, mono- and di- substimted heteroarylamino, mono- and di-heterocyclic amino, mono- and di-substimted heterocyclic amino, unsymmetric di-substituted amines having different substiments selected from alkyl, substimted alkyl, aryl, substimted ary
- Cycloalkoxy refers to -O-cycloalkyl groups.
- Substimted cycloalkoxy refers to -O-substituted cycloalkyl groups.
- Halo or halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo and preferably is either chloro or bromo.
- Heteroaryl refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and "SO- sulfur within the ring.
- Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl or benzothienyl).
- Preferred heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl and furyl.
- Substimted heteroaryl refers to heteroaryl groups which are substimted with from 1 to 3 substiments selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyl, acylamino, thiocarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkyl, substimted alkyl, alkoxy, substimted alkoxy, alkenyl, substimted alkenyl, alkynyl, substimted alkynyl, amidino, alkylamidino, thioamidino, amino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonyloxy, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aryl, substimted aryl, aryloxy, substimted aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, substimted cycloalkoxy, heteroaryloxy, substimted heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, substituted heterocyclyloxy, carboxyl, carboxy lalkyl, carboxyl-substimted
- Heteroaryloxy refers to the group -O-heteroaryl and "substimted heteroaryloxy” refers to the group -O-substituted heteroaryl.
- Heterocycle or “heterocyclic” refers to a saturated or unsaturated group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen within the ring wherein, in fused ring systems, one or more of the rings can be aryl or heteroaryl.
- heterocycles and heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azetidine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, dihydroindole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indoline, phthalimide, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 4,5,6,
- Heterocyclyloxy refers to the group -O-heterocyclic and “substimted heterocyclyloxy” refers to the group -O-substimted heterocyclic.
- Thiol refers to the group -SH.
- Thioalkyl refers to the groups -S-alkyl
- Substimted thioalkyl refers to the group -S-substituted alkyl.
- Thiocycloalkyl refers to the groups -S-cycloalkyl.
- Substimted thiocycloalkyl refers to the group -S-substituted cycloalkyl.
- Thioaryl refers to the group -S-aryl and "substimted thioaryl” refers to the group -S-substimted aryl.
- Thioheteroaryl refers to the group -S-heteroaryl and "substimted thioheteroaryl” refers to the group -S-substituted heteroaryl.
- Thioheterocyclic refers to the group -S-heterocyclic
- substituted thioheterocyclic refers to the group -S-substimted heterocyclic.
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound of Formula I which salts are derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the molecule contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
- the compounds of this invention can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures. Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1991, and references cited therein.
- the compounds of this invention will typically contain one or more chiral centers. Accordingly, if desired, such compounds can be prepared or isolated as pure stereoisomers, i.e., as individual enantiomers or diastereomers, or as stereoisomer-enriched mixmres. All such stereoisomers (and enriched mixmres) are included within the scope of this invention, unless otherwise indicated. Pure stereoisomers (or enriched mixmres) may be prepared using, for example, optically active starting materials or stereoselective reagents well-known in the art. Alternatively, racemic mixmres of such compounds can be separated using, for example, chiral column chromatography, chiral resolving agents and the like.
- the compounds of formula I and IA wherein Q is a tetrazol-l,5-diyl moiety are readily prepared by contacting the corresponding amide, i.e., where Q is -C(O)NH-, with an equimolar amount of phosphorus pentachloride (PC1 5 ) in an anhydrous inert solvent, such as benzene, followed by treatment of the resulting imino chloride with hydrazoic acid (HN 3 ). Typically, this reaction is conducted by contacting the amide with PC1 5 at ambient temperature for about 90 minutes.
- PC1 5 phosphorus pentachloride
- HN 3 hydrazoic acid
- the resulting imino chloride is typically not isolated, but is reacted in situ with an equimolar amount of hydrazoic acid at ambient temperature for about 2 hours to afford the tetrazole.
- the amide intermediates, i.e. where Q is -C(O)NH-, employed in this reaction are readily prepared by first coupling an amino acid of formula II:
- R 2 and R 3 are as defined herein (e.g., in formula I and II A), with a sulfonyl chloride of formula III:
- R 1 is as defined herein, to provide an N-sulfonyl amino acid of formula IV:
- R -R 3 are as defined herein.
- This reaction is typically conducted by reacting the amino acid of formula II with at least one equivalent, preferably about 1.1 to about 2 equivalents, of sulfonyl chloride III in an inert diluent such as dichloromethane and the like. Generally, the reaction is conducted at a temperature ranging from about -70 °C to about 40 °C for about 1 to about 24 hours. Preferably, this reaction is conducted in the presence of a suitable base to scavenge the acid generated during the reaction. Suitable bases include, by way of example, tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmo ⁇ holine and the like.
- reaction can be conducted under Schotten-Baumann-type conditions using aqueous alkali, such as sodium hydroxide and the like, as the base.
- aqueous alkali such as sodium hydroxide and the like
- the resulting N-sulfonyl amino acid IV is recovered by conventional methods including neutralization, extraction, precipitation, chromatography, filtration, and the like.
- amino acids of formula II employed in the above reaction are either known compounds or compounds that can be prepared from known compounds by conventional synthetic procedures.
- suitable amino acids for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to, L- proline, trat ⁇ s-4-hydroxyl-L-proline, -4-hydroxyl-L-proline, trans-3- phenyl-L-proline, c/s-S-phenyl-L-proline, L-(2-methyl)proline, L-pipecolinic acid, L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, L-indoline-2-carboxylic acid, L-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid,
- the corresponding carboxylic acid esters of the amino acids of formula II can be employed in the above reaction with the sulfonyl chloride III.
- the sulfonyl chlorides of formula III employed in the above reaction are either known compounds or compounds that can be prepared from known compounds by conventional synthetic procedures.
- Such compounds are typically prepared from the corresponding sulfonic acid, i.e., from compounds of the formula R 1 -SO 3 H where R 1 is as defined above, using phosphorous trichloride and phosphorous pentachloride.
- This reaction is generally conducted by contacting the sulfonic acid with about 2 to 5 molar equivalents of phosphorous trichloride and phosphorous pentachloride, either neat or in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, at temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 80 °C for about 1 to about 48 hours to afford the sulfonyl chloride.
- the sulfonyl chlorides of formula III can be prepared from the corresponding thiol compound, i.e., from compounds of the formula R'-SH where R 1 is as defined herein, by treating the thiol with chlorine (Cl 2 ) and water under conventional reaction conditions.
- sulfonyl chlorides suitable for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, methanesulfonyl chloride, 2-propanesulfonyl chloride, 1-butanesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, 1- naphthalenesulfonyl chloride, 2-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride, p- toluenesulfonyl chloride, ⁇ -toluenesulfonyl chloride, 4- acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 4-amidinobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 4- tert-buty lbenzenesulfonyl chloride, 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 2- carboxybenzenesulfonyl chloride, 4-cyanobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 3,4- dichlorobenzenesulfonyl
- a sulfonyl fluoride, sulfonyl bromide or sulfonic acid anhydride may be used in place of the sulfonyl chloride in the above reaction to form the N-sulfonyl amino acids of formula IV.
- the intermediate N-sulfonyl amino acids of formula IV can also be prepared by reacting a sulfonamide of formula V:
- R 1 and R 2 are as defined herein, with a carboxylic acid derivative of the formula L(R 3 )CHCOOR where L is a leaving group, such as chloro, bromo, iodo, mesylate, tosylate and the like, R 3 is as defined herein and R is hydrogen or an alkyl group.
- This reaction is typically conducted by contacting the sulfonamide V with at least one equivalent, preferably 1.1 to 2 equivalents, of the carboxylic acid derivative in the presence of a suitable base, such as triethylamine, in an inert diluent, such as DMF, at a temperature ranging from about 24°C to about 37°C for about 0.5 to about 4 hours.
- carboxylic acid derivatives for use in this reaction are ⁇ -chloro and ⁇ -bromocarboxylic acid esters such as tert-butyl bromoacetate and the like.
- carboxylic acid ester is employed in this reaction, the ester group is subsequently hydrolyzed using conventional procedures to afford an N-sulfonyl amino acid of formula IV.
- the amide intermediates where Q is -C(O)NH- are then prepared by coupling the intermediate N-sulfonyl amino acid of formula IV with an amino acid derivative of formula VI:
- R 5 and R 6 are as defined herein.
- This coupling reaction is typically conducted using well-known coupling reagents such as carbodiimides, BOP reagent (benzotriazol- 1 -yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphonate) and the like.
- Suitable carbodiimides include, by way of example, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), l-(3-dimethylamino- propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and the like.
- polymer supported forms of carbodiimide coupling reagents may also be used including, for example, those described in Tetrahedron Letters, 34(48), 7685 (1993).
- well-known coupling promoters such as ⁇ - hydroxysuccinimide, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and the like, may be used to facilitate the coupling reaction.
- This coupling reaction is typically conducted by contacting the N- sulfonylamino acid IV with about 1 to about 2 equivalents of the coupling reagent and at least one equivalent, preferably about 1 to about 1.2 equivalents, of amino acid derivative VI in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, N,N- dimethylformamide and the like. Generally, this reaction is conducted at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to about 37 °C for about 12 to about 24 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, the amide is recovered by conventional methods including neutralization, extraction, precipitation, chromatography, filtration, and the like.
- an inert diluent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, N,N- dimethylformamide and the like.
- the N-sulfonyl amino acid IV can be converted into an acid halide and the acid halide coupled with amino acid derivative VI to provide an amide.
- the acid halide of VI can be prepared by contacting VI with an inorganic acid halide, such as thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous tribromide or phosphorous penta-chloride, or preferably, with oxalyl chloride under conventional conditions.
- this reaction is conducted using about 1 to 5 molar equivalents of the inorganic acid halide or oxalyl chloride, either neat or in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane or carbon tetrachloride, at temperamre in the range of about 0°C to about 80°C for about 1 to about 48 hours.
- a catalyst such as DMF, may also be used in this reaction.
- the acid halide of N-sulfonyl amino acid IN is then contacted with at least one equivalent, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.5 equivalents, of amino acid derivative NI in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperamre ranging from about -70 °C to about 40 °C for about 1 to about 24 hours.
- this reaction is conducted in the presence of a suitable base to scavenge the acid generated during the reaction.
- Suitable bases include, by way of example, tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmo ⁇ holine and the like.
- the reaction can be conducted under Schotten-Baumann-type conditions using aqueous alkali, such as sodium hydroxide and the like.
- aqueous alkali such as sodium hydroxide and the like.
- the amide is recovered by conventional methods including neutralization, extraction, precipitation, chromatography, filtration, and the like.
- the amide intermediates where Q is -C(O) ⁇ H- can be prepared by first forming a diamino acid derivative of formula Nil:
- diamino acid derivatives of formula Nil can be readily prepared by coupling an amino acid of formula II with an amino acid derivative of formula VI using conventional amino acid coupling techniques and reagents, such carbodiimides, BOP reagent and the like, as described above.
- amino acid derivatives of formula VI employed in the above reactions are either known compounds or compounds that can be prepared from known compounds by conventional synthetic procedures.
- amino acid derivatives of formula VI can be prepared by C- alkylating commercially available diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) with an alkyl or substimted alkyl halide. This reaction is typically conducted by treating the diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate with at least one equivalent of sodium ethoxide and at least one equivalent of an alkyl or substituted alkyl halide in refluxing ethanol for about 6 to about 12 hours.
- the resulting C-alkylated malonate is then deacetylated, hydrolyzed and decarboxylated by heating in aqueous hydrochloric acid at reflux for about 6 to about 12 hours to provide the amino acid, typically as the hydrochloride salt.
- amino acid derivatives of formula VI suitable for use in the above reactions include, but are not limited to, L-tyrosine methyl ester, L-3,5-diiodotyrosine methyl ester, L-3-iodotyrosine methyl ester, ⁇ -(4- hydroxy-naphth-l-yl)-L-alanine methyl ester, ⁇ -(6-hydroxy-naphth-2-yl)-L- alanine methyl ester, and the like. If desired, of course, other esters or amides of the above-described compounds may also be employed.
- the compounds of formula I/IA wherein Q is -CH(OH)C(O)NH- are readily prepared by coupling an ⁇ - hydroxy carboxylic acid of formula IVa:
- ⁇ -hydroxy carboxylic acids of formula IVa are either commercially available or can be prepared from readily available starting materials using conventional reagents and reaction conditions well-known to those skilled in the art.
- the compounds of formula I/IA where Q is -C(O)N(O)- are readily prepared by coupling an N- sulfonyl amino acid of formula IV with an N-hydroxy amino acid of formula
- N-hydroxy amino acids of formula IVb can be prepared from the corresponding amino acid derivative of formula IV, where R 6 is OH, by reaction with sodium nitrite and potassium bromide in dilute aqueous sulfuric acid (typically 2.5 ⁇ ), followed by treatment with hydroxylamine. Typically, this reaction is conducted by first contacting a solution IV and excess potassium bromide in 2.5 N sulfuric acid with excess sodium nitrite at 0°C for about 0.25 to 0.5 hours and then at ambient temperature for 1 hour. The product is then esterified using thionyl chloride and methanol under standard conditions to form the methyl ester. The methyl ester is then immediately contacted with hydroxylamine in methanol and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 6 to 24 hours to afford the N- hydroxy amino acid of formula IVb.
- I/IA where Q is -NHC(O)NH- are readily prepared by contacting an N- sulfonyl amino acid of formula IV with an equimolar amount of diphenylphosphoryl azide in an inert solvent, such as toluene, followed by treatment with a trialkylamine, such as triethylamine, to form the corresponding isocyanate.
- the intermediate isocyanate is generally not isolated, but is reacted in situ with an amino acid derivative of formula VI to afford the urea. This reaction is typically conducted at about 80 °C for about 6 to about 24 hours to provide the urea.
- the compounds of formula I/IA where Q is -CH(R 8 ) ⁇ R 7 - are conveniently prepared by reductive alkylation of an amino acid derivative of formula VI using a carbonyl compound of formula IVc:
- this reaction is conducted by contacting the amino acid derivative VI with an excess of IVc, preferably with 1.1 to 2 equivalents of IVc, and an excess, preferably 1.1 to 1.5 equivalents, of a reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohydride.
- a reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride.
- this reaction is conducted in an essentially inert diluent, such as methanol, at a temperamre ranging from about 0°C to about 50 °C, preferably at ambient temperamre, for about 0.5 to 3 hours to afford the desired product.
- the compounds of formula I are typically prepared as an ester, i.e., where R 6 is an alkoxy or substituted alkoxy group and the like.
- the ester group can be hydrolysed using conventional conditions and reagents to provide the corresponding carboxylic acid.
- this reaction is conducted by treating the ester with at least one equivalent of an alkali metal hydroxide, such as lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide, in an inert diluent, such as methanol or mixmres of methanol and water, at a temperature ranging about 0°C to about 24 °C for about 1 to about 12 hours.
- benzyl esters may be removed by hydrogenolysis using a palladium catalyst, such as palladium on carbon.
- the resulting carboxylic acids may be coupled, if desired, to amines such as ⁇ -alanine ethyl ester, hydroxyamines such as hydroxylamine and N-hydroxysuccinimide, alkoxyamines and substimted alkoxyamines such as 0-methylhydroxylamine and O-benzylhydroxylamine, and the like, using conventional coupling reagents and conditions as described above.
- a nitro group present on a substituent of a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof may be readily reduced by hydrogenation in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as palladium on carbon, to provide the corresponding amino group.
- a palladium catalyst such as palladium on carbon
- This reaction is typically conducted at a temperamre of from about 20 °C to about 50 °C for about 6 to about 24 hours in an inert diluent, such as methanol.
- Compounds having a nitro group on the R 5 substituent can be prepared, for example, by using a 4- nitrophenylalanine derivative and the like in the above-described coupling reactions.
- a pyridyl group can be hydrogenated in the presence of a platinum catalyst, such as platinum oxide, in an acidic diluent to provide the corresponding piperidinyl analogue.
- a platinum catalyst such as platinum oxide
- this reaction is conducted by treating the pyridine compound with hydrogen at a pressure ranging from about 20 psi to about 60 psi, preferably about 40 psi, in the presence of the catalyst at a temperamre of about 20 °C to about 50 °C for about 2 to about 24 hours in an acidic diluent, such as a mixture of methanol and aqueous hydrochloric acid.
- R 5 substituent of a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof contains a primary or secondary amino group
- such amino groups can be further derivatized either before or after the above coupling reactions to provide, by way of example, amides, sulfonamides, ureas, thioureas, carbamates, secondary or tertiary amines and the like.
- Compounds having a primary amino group on the R 5 substituent may be prepared, for example, by reduction of the corresponding nitro compound as described above.
- such compounds can be prepared by using an amino acid derivative of formula VI derived from lysine, 4- aminophenylalanine and the like in the above-described coupling reactions.
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof having a substituent containing a primary or secondary amino group such as where R 5 is a (4-aminophenyl)methyl group
- R 5 is a (4-aminophenyl)methyl group
- This acylation reaction is typically conducted by treating the amino compound with at least one equivalent, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.2 equivalents, of a carboxylic acid in the presence of a coupling reagent such as a carbodiimide, BOP reagent (benzotriazol-1-yloxy- tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphonate) and the like, in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide and the like, at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to about 37 °C for about 4 to about 24 hours.
- a coupling reagent such as a carbodiimide, BOP reagent (benzotriazol-1-yloxy- tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphonate) and the like
- a promoter such as N-hydroxysuccinimide, 1-hydroxy- benzotriazole and the like, is used to facilitate the acylation reaction.
- carboxylic acids suitable for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to, N-tert-butyloxycarbonylglycine, N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L- phenylalanine, N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartic acid benzyl ester, benzoic acid, N-rert-butyloxycarbonylisonipecotic acid, N-methylisonipecotic acid,
- N-te/T-butyloxycarbonylnipecotic acid N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L- tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, N-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-L-proline and the like.
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof containing a primary or secondary amino group can be N-acylated using an acyl halide or a carboxylic acid anhydride to form the corresponding amide.
- This reaction is typically conducted by contacting the amino compound with at least one equivalent, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.2 equivalents, of the acyl halide or carboxylic acid anhydride in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperamre ranging from about of about -70 °C to about 40 °C for about 1 to about 24 hours.
- an acylation catalyst such as 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine may be used to promote the acylation reaction.
- the acylation reaction is preferably conducted in the presence of a suitable base to scavenge the acid generated during the reaction.
- suitable bases include, by way of example, tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmo ⁇ holine and the like.
- the reaction can be conducted under Schotten-Baumann-type conditions using aqueous alkali, such as sodium hydroxide and the like.
- acyl halides and carboxylic acid anhydrides suitable for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to, 2-methylpropionyl chloride, trimethylacetyl chloride, phenylacetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, 2-bromobenzoyl chloride, 2-methylbenzoyl chloride, 2-trifluoro- methylbenzoyl chloride, isonicotinoyl chloride, nicotinoyl chloride, picolinoyl chloride, acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, and the like.
- Carbamyl chlorides such as N,N-dimethylcarbamyl chloride, N,N- diethylcarbamyl chloride and the like, can also be used in this reaction to provide ureas.
- dicarbonates such as di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, may be employed to provide carbamates.
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof containing a primary or secondary amino group may be N-sulfonated to form a sulfonamide using a sulfonyl halide or a sulfonic acid anhydride.
- Sulfonyl halides and sulfonic acid anhydrides suitable for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to, methanesulfonyl chloride, chloromethanesulfonyl chloride, -toluenesulfonyl chloride, trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, and the like.
- sulfamoyl chlorides such as dimethylsulfamoyl chloride, can be used to provide sulfamides (e.g., > ⁇ -SO 2 - ⁇ ⁇ ).
- a primary and secondary amino group present on a substituent of a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof can be reacted with an isocyanate or a thioisocyanate to give a urea or thiourea, respectively.
- This reaction is typically conducted by contacting the amino compound with at least one equivalent, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.2 equivalents, of the isocyanate or thioisocyanate in an inert diluent, such as toluene and the like, at a temperamre ranging from about 24 °C to about 37°C for about 12 to about 24 hours.
- the isocyanates and thioisocyanates used in this reaction are commercially available or can be prepared from commercially available compounds using well-known synthetic procedures.
- isocyanates and thioisocyanates are readily prepared by reacting the appropriate amine with phosgene or thiophosgene.
- isocyanates and thioisocyanates suitable for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to, ethyl isocyanate, n-propyl isocyanate, 4-cyanophenyl isocyanate, 3-methoxyphenyl isocyanate, 2-phenylethyl isocyanate, methyl thioisocyanate, ethyl thioisocyanate, 2-phenylethyl thioisocyanate, 3- phenylpropyl thioisocyanate, 3-(N,N-diethylamino)propyl thioisocyanate, phenyl thioisocyanate, benzyl thioisocyanate, 3 -pyridyl thioisocyanate, fluorescein isothiocyanate (isome
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof contains a primary or secondary amino group
- the amino group can be reductively alkylated using aldehydes or ketones to form a secondary or tertiary amino group.
- This reaction is typically conducted by contacting the amino compound with at least one equivalent, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.5 equivalents, of an aldehyde or ketone and at least one equivalent based on the amino compound of a metal hydride reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohydride, in an inert diluent, such as methanol, tetrahydrofuran, mixmres thereof and the like, at a temperamre ranging from about 0°C to about 50 °C for about 1 to about 72 hours.
- Aldehydes and ketones suitable for use in this reaction include, by way of example, benzaldehyde, 4- chlorobenzaldehyde, valeraldehyde and the like.
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof has a substituent containing a hydroxyl group
- the hydroxyl group can be further modified or derivatized either before or after the above coupling reactions to provide, by way of example, ethers, carbamates and the like.
- Compounds having a hydroxyl group on the R 5 substituent can be prepared using an amino acid derivative of formula VI derived from tyrosine and the like in the above-described reactions.
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof having a substituent containing a hydroxyl group can be readily 0-alkylated to form ethers.
- This O-alkylation reaction is typically conducted by contacting the hydroxy compound with a suitable alkali or alkaline earth metal base, such as potassium carbonate, in an inert diluent, such as acetone, 2-butanone and the like, to form the alkali or alkaline earth metal salt of the hydroxyl group.
- This salt is generally not isolated, but is reacted in situ with at least one equivalent of an alkyl or substimted alkyl halide or sulfonate, such as an alkyl chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate or tosylate, to afford the ether.
- an alkyl or substimted alkyl halide or sulfonate such as an alkyl chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate or tosylate
- this reaction is conducted at a temperamre ranging from about 60°C to about 150°C for about 24 to about 72 hours.
- a catalytic amount of sodium or potassium iodide is added to the reaction mixture when an alkyl chloride or bromide is employed in the reaction.
- alkyl or substimted alkyl halides and sulfonates suitable for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to, tert-butyl bromoacetate, N-tert-butyl chloroacetamide, 1-bromoethylbenzene, ethyl ⁇ - bromophenylacetate, 2-(N-ethyl-N-phenylamino)ethyl chloride, 2-(N,N- ethylamino)ethyl chloride, 2-(N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl chloride, 2-(N,N- dibenzylamino)ethyl chloride, 3-(N,N-ethylamino)propyl chloride, 3-(N- benzyl-N-methylamino)propyl chloride, N-(2-chloroethyl)mo ⁇ holine, 2- (hexamethyleneimino)ethyl chloride
- a hydroxyl group present on a substituent of a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof can be O-alkylating using the Mitsunobu reaction.
- an alcohol such as 3-(N,N- dimethylamino)-l-propanol and the like, is reacted with about 1.0 to about 1.3 equivalents of triphenylphosphine and about 1.0 to about 1.3 equivalents of diethyl azodicarboxylate in an inert diluent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at a temperamre ranging from about -10°C to about 5°C for about 0.25 to about 1 hour.
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof containing a aryl hydroxy group can be reacted with an aryl iodide to provide a diaryl ether.
- this reaction is conducted by forming the alkali metal salt of the hydroxyl group using a suitable base, such as sodium hydride, in an inert diluent such as xylenes at a temperamre of about -25 °C to about 10 °C.
- the salt is then treated with about 1.1 to about 1.5 equivalents of cuprous bromide dimethyl sulfide complex at a temperamre ranging from about 10°C to about 30 °C for about 0.5 to about 2.0 hours, followed by about 1.1 to about 1.5 equivalents of an aryl iodide, such as sodium 2-iodobenzoate and the like.
- the reaction is then heated to about 70 °C to about 150°C for about 2 to about 24 hours to provide the diaryl ether.
- a hydroxy-containing compound can also be readily derivatized to form a carbamate.
- a hydroxy compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof is contacted with about 1.0 to about 1.2 equivalents of 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperamre ranging from about -25 °C to about 0°C for about 0.5 to about 2.0 hours.
- an inert diluent such as dichloromethane
- Treatment of the resulting carbonate with an excess, preferably about 2 to about 5 equivalents, of a trialkylamine, such as triethylamine, for about 0.5 to 2 hours, followed by about 1.0 to about 1.5 equivalents of a primary or secondary amine provides the carbamate.
- amines suitable for using in this reaction include, but are not limited to, piperazine, 1- methylpiperazine, 1-acetylpiperazine, mo ⁇ holine, thiomo ⁇ holine, pyrrolidine, piperidine and the like.
- a hydroxy-containing compound is contacted with about 1.0 to about 1.5 equivalents of a carbamyl chloride in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperamre ranging from about 25 °C to about 70 °C for about 2 to about 72 hours.
- this reaction is conducted in the presence of a suitable base to scavenge the acid generated during the reaction.
- suitable bases include, by way of example, tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmo ⁇ holine and the like.
- At least one equivalent (based on the hydroxy compound) of 4- (N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine is preferably added to the reaction mixture to facilitate the reaction.
- carbamyl chlorides suitable for use in this reaction include, by way of example, dimethylcarbamyl chloride, diethylcarbamyl chloride and the like.
- hydroxyl groups can be readily converted into a leaving group and displaced to form, for example, amines, sulfides and fluorides.
- derivatives of 4- hydroxy-L-proline can be converted into the corresponding 4-amino, 4-thio or 4-fluoro-L-proline derivatives via nucleophilic displacement of the derivatized hydroxyl group.
- the stereochemistry at the carbon atom attached to the derivatized hydroxyl group is typically inverted. These reactions are typically conducted by first converting the hydroxyl group into a leaving group, such as a tosylate.
- the resulting tosylate can then be readily displaced with sodium azide, for example, by contacting the tosylate with at least one equivalent of sodium azide in an inert diluent, such as a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide and water, at a temperamre ranging from about 0°C to about 37 °C for about 1 to about 12 hours to provide the corresponding azido compound.
- the azido group can then be reduced by, for example, hydrogenation using a palladium on carbon catalyst to provide the amino (- ⁇ H 2 ) compound.
- a tosylate group can be readily displaced by a thiol to form a sulfide.
- This reaction is typically conducted by contacting the tosylate with at least one equivalent of a thiol, such as thiophenol, in the presence of a suitable base, such as l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), in an inert diluent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, at a temperamre of from about 0°C to about 37 °C for about 1 to about 12 hours to provide the sulfide.
- a suitable base such as l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)
- DBU l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
- a compound of formula I or an intermediate thereof having a substiment containing an iodoaryl group for example, when R 5 is a (4-iodophenyl)methyl group, can be readily converted either before or after the above coupling reactions into a biaryl compound.
- this reaction is conducted by treating the iodoaryl compound with about 1.1 to about 2 equivalents of an arylzinc iodide, such as 2- (methoxycarbony l)phenylzinc iodide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as palladium tetra(triphenylphosphine), in an inert diluent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature ranging from about 24 °C to about 30 °C until reaction completion.
- a palladium catalyst such as palladium tetra(triphenylphosphine
- an inert diluent such as tetrahydrofuran
- the compounds of formula I or intermediates thereof may contain substiments having one or more sulfur atoms.
- sulfur atoms will be present, for example, when the amino acid of formula II employed in the above reactions is derived from L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, L-(5,5-dimethyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, L-thiamo ⁇ holine-3- carboxylic acid and the like.
- sulfur atoms can be oxidized either before or after the above coupling reactions to provide a sulfoxide or sulfone compound using conventional reagents and reaction conditions.
- Suitable reagents for oxidizing a sulfide compound to a sulfoxide include, by way of example, hydrogen peroxide, 3- chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA), sodium periodate and the like.
- MCPBA 3- chloroperoxybenzoic acid
- the oxidation reaction is typically conducted by contacting the sulfide compound with about 0.95 to about 1.1 equivalents of the oxidizing reagent in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperamre ranging from about -
- the resulting sulfoxide can then be further oxidized to the corresponding sulfone by contacting the sulfoxide with at least one additional equivalent of an oxidizing reagent, such as hydrogen peroxide, MCPBA, potassium permanganate and the like.
- an oxidizing reagent such as hydrogen peroxide, MCPBA, potassium permanganate and the like.
- the sulfone can be prepared directly by contacting the sulfide with at least two equivalents, and preferably an excess, of the oxidizing reagent. Such reactions are described further in March, "Advanced Organic Chemistry", 4th Ed., pp. 1201-1202, Wiley Publisher, 1992.
- the compounds of formula I having an R 2 substituent other an hydrogen can be prepared using an N-substituted amino acid of formula II, such as sarcosine, N-methyl-L-phenylalanine and the like, in the above-described coupling reactions.
- N-substituted amino acid of formula II such as sarcosine, N-methyl-L-phenylalanine and the like
- such compounds can be prepared by N-alkylation of a sulfonamide of formula I or IN (where R 2 is hydrogen) using conventional synthetic procedures.
- this N- alkylation reaction is conducted by contacting the sulfonamide with at least one equivalent, preferably 1.1 to 2 equivalents, of an alkyl or substituted alkyl halide in the presence of a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate, in an inert diluent, such as acetone, 2-butanone and the like, at a temperamre ranging from about 25 °C to about 70°C for about 2 to about 48 hours.
- a suitable base such as potassium carbonate
- an inert diluent such as acetone, 2-butanone and the like
- alkyl or substimted alkyl halides suitable for use in this reaction include, but are not limited to, methyl iodide, and the like.
- the sulfonamides of formula I or IN wherein R 2 is hydrogen and R 1 is a 2-alkoxycarbonylaryl group can be intramolecularly cyclized to form 1 ,2-benzisothiazol-3-one derivatives or analogues thereof.
- This reaction is typically conducted by treating a sulfonamide, such as N-(2- methoxycarbonylphenylsulfonyl)glycine-L-phenylalanine benzyl ester, with about 1.0 to 1.5 equivalents of a suitable base, such as an alkali metal hydride, in a inert diluent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at a temperamre ranging from about 0°C to about 30 °C for about 2 to about 48 hours to afford the cyclized l,2-benzisothiazol-3-one derivative.
- a sulfonamide such as N-(2- methoxycarbonylphenylsulfonyl)glycine-L-phenylalanine benzyl ester
- a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydride
- a inert diluent such as tetrahydrofuran
- amino thionoacid derivatives can be prepared by the procedures described in Shalaky, et al., J. Org. Chem., 61:9045-9048 (1996) and Brain, et al., J. Org. Chem., 62:3808-3809 (1997) and references cited therein.
- compositions When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of formula I and IA are usually administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. These compounds can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. These compounds are effective as both injectable and oral compositions. Such compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound.
- compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, one or more of the compounds of formula I and IA above associated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
- the active ingredient is usually mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
- the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi- solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient.
- compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.
- the active compound In preparing a formulation, it may be necessary to mill the active compound to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it ordinarily is milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size is normally adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh.
- suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose.
- the formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy- benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents.
- lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil
- wetting agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil
- emulsifying and suspending agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy- benzoates
- preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy- benzoates
- sweetening agents and flavoring agents.
- compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 100 mg, more usually about 10 to about 30 mg, of the active ingredient.
- unit dosage forms refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.
- the active compound is effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It, will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
- the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention.
- a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention.
- the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.
- This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, 0.1 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.
- the tablets or pills of the present invention may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action.
- the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
- the two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
- enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixmres of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
- liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be inco ⁇ orated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
- compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixmres thereof, and powders.
- the liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra.
- the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect.
- Compositions in preferably pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a face masks tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered, preferably orally or nasally, from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
- the above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 340 mg quantities.
- a tablet formula is prepared using the ingredients below:
- Colloidal silicon dioxide 10.0 Stearic acid 5.0 The components are blended and compressed to form tablets, each weighing 240 mg.
- Formulation Example 3 A dry powder inhaler formulation is prepared containing the following components:
- the active mixmre is mixed with the lactose and the mixture is added to a dry powder inhaling appliance.
- Formulation Example 4 Tablets, each containing 30 mg of active ingredient, are prepared as follows:
- the active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly.
- the solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders, which are then passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve.
- the granules so produced are dried at 50° to 60°C and passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve.
- the sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc previously passed through a No. 30 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 150 mg.
- Capsules each containing 40 mg of medicament are made as follows:
- Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule)
- the active ingredient, cellulose, starch, an magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 150 mg quantities.
- Suppositories each containing 25 mg of active ingredient are made as follows:
- the medicament, sucrose and xanthan gum are blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of the microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in water.
- the sodium benzoate, flavor, and color are diluted with some of the water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.
- Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule)
- composition Example 9 An intravenous formulation may be prepared as follows: Ingredient Quantity
- a topical formulation may be prepared as follows: Ingredient Quantity
- the white soft paraffin is heated until molten.
- the liquid paraffin and emulsifying wax are inco ⁇ orated and stirred until dissolved.
- the active ingredient is added and stirring is continued until dispersed.
- the mixmre is then cooled until solid.
- transdermal delivery devices Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the compounds of the present invention in controlled amounts.
- the construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g. , U.S. Patent 5,023,252, issued June 11, 1991, herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.
- Direct or indirect placement techniques may be used when it is desirable or necessary to introduce the pharmaceutical composition to the brain.
- Direct techniques usually involve placement of a drug delivery catheter into the host's ventricular system to bypass the blood-brain barrier.
- a drug delivery catheter into the host's ventricular system to bypass the blood-brain barrier.
- One such implantable delivery system used for the transport of biological factors to specific anatomical regions of the body is described in U.S. Patent 5,011,472 which is herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- Indirect techniques usually involve formulating the compositions to provide for drug latentiation by the conversion of hydrophilic drugs into lip id-soluble drugs.
- Latentiation is generally achieved through blocking of the hydroxy, carbonyl, sulfate, and primary amine groups present on the drug to render the drug more lipid soluble and amenable to transportation across the blood-brain barrier.
- the delivery of hydrophilic drugs may be enhanced by intra-arterial infusion of hypertonic solutions which can transiently open the blood-brain barrier.
- the compounds of this invention can be employed to bind NLA-4 ( ⁇ 4 ⁇ , integrin) in biological samples and, accordingly have utility in, for example, assaying such samples for NLA-4.
- the compounds can be bound to a solid support and the NLA-4 sample added thereto.
- the amount of NLA-4 in the sample can be determined by conventional methods such as use of a sandwich ELISA assay.
- labeled NLA-4 can be used in a competitive assay to measure for the presence of VLA-4 in the sample.
- Other suitable assays are well known in the art.
- certain of the compounds of this invention inhibit, in vivo, adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells mediated by VLA-4 and, accordingly, can be used in the treatment of diseases mediated by VLA-4.
- diseases include inflammatory diseases in mammalian patients such as asthma, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, AIDS dementia, diabetes (including acute juvenile onset diabetes), inflammatory bowel disease (including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, tissue transplantation, tumor metastasis, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, and other cerebral traumas, nephritis, retinitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, myocardial ischemia and acute leukocyte-mediated lung injury such as that which occurs in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
- the biological activity of the compounds identified above may be assayed in a variety of systems.
- a compound can be immobilized on a solid surface and adhesion of cells expressing VLA-4 can be measured. Using such formats, large numbers of compounds can be screened.
- Cells suitable for this assay include any leukocytes known to express VLA-4 such as T cells, B cells, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
- a number of leukocyte cell lines can also be used, examples include Jurkat and U937.
- test compounds can also be tested for the ability to competitively inhibit binding between VLA-4 and VCAM-1, or between VLA-4 and a labeled compound known to bind VLA-4 such as a compound of this invention or antibodies to VLA-4.
- the VCAM-1 can be immobilized on a solid surface.
- VCAM-1 may also be expressed as a recombinant fusion protein having an Ig tail (e.g., IgG) so that binding to VLA-4 may be detected in an immunoassay.
- VCAM-1 expressing cells such as activated endothelial cells or VCAM-1 transfected fibroblasts can be used.
- the labelling systems can be in a variety of forms.
- the label may be coupled directly or indirectly to the desired component of the assay according to methods well known in the art.
- a wide variety of labels may be used.
- the component may be labelled by any one of several methods. The most common method of detection is the use of autoradiography with 3 H, 125 1, 35 S, 14 C, or 32 P labelled compounds or the like.
- Non-radioactive labels include ligands which bind to labelled antibodies, fluorophores, chemiluminescent agents, enzymes and antibodies which can serve as specific binding pair members for a labelled ligand.
- the choice of label depends on sensitivity required, ease of conjugation with the compound, stability requirements, and available instrumentation.
- EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- Compounds having the desired biological activity may be modified as necessary to provide desired properties such as improved pharmacological properties (e.g., in vivo stability, bio-availability), or the ability to be detected in diagnostic applications.
- desired properties e.g., in vivo stability, bio-availability
- inclusion of one or more D-amino acids in the sulfonamides of this invention typically increases in vivo stability.
- Stability can be assayed in a variety of ways such as by measuring the half-life of the proteins during incubation with peptidases or human plasma or serum. A number of such protein stability assays have been described (see, e.g., Verhoef et al., Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 1990, 15i2 ⁇ :83-93).
- the compounds of the subject invention may be modified in a variety of ways for a variety of end pu ⁇ oses while still retaining biological activity.
- various reactive sites may be introduced at the terminus for linking to particles, solid substrates, macromolecules, or the like.
- Labeled compounds can be used in a variety of in vivo or in vitro applications.
- a wide variety of labels may be employed, such as radionuclides (e.g., gamma-emitting radioisotopes such as technetium-99 or indium-Il l), fluorescers (e.g., fluorescein), enzymes, enzyme substrates, enzyme cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, chemiluminescent compounds, bioluminescent compounds, and the like.
- radionuclides e.g., gamma-emitting radioisotopes such as technetium-99 or indium-Il l
- fluorescers e.g., fluorescein
- enzymes enzyme substrates
- enzyme cofactors enzyme inhibitors
- chemiluminescent compounds chemiluminescent compounds
- bioluminescent compounds bioluminescent compounds
- In vitro uses include diagnostic applications such as monitoring inflammatory responses by detecting the presence of leukocytes expressing VLA-4.
- the compounds of this invention can also be used for isolating or labeling such cells.
- the compounds of the invention can be used to assay for potential inhibitors of VLA-4/VCAM-1 interactions.
- radioisotopes are typically used in accordance with well known techniques.
- the radioisotopes may be bound to the peptide either directly or indirectly using intermediate functional groups.
- chelating agents such as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTP A) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and similar molecules have been used to bind proteins to metallic ion radioisotopes.
- the complexes can also be labeled with a paramagnetic isotope for pu ⁇ oses of in vivo diagnosis, as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or electron spin resonance (ESR), both of which are well known.
- MRI magnetic resonance imaging
- ESR electron spin resonance
- any conventional method for visualizing diagnostic imaging can be used.
- gamma- and positron-emitting radioisotopes are used for camera imaging and paramagnetic isotopes are used for MRI.
- the compounds can be used to monitor the course of amelioration of an inflammatory response in an individual. By measuring the increase or decrease in lymphocytes expressing VLA-4 it is possible to determine whether a particular therapeutic regimen aimed at ameliorating the disease is effective.
- the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used to block or inhibit cellular adhesion associated with a number of diseases and disorders.
- a number of inflammatory disorders are associated with integrins or leukocytes.
- Treatable disorders include, e.g., transplantation rejection (e.g., allograft rejection), Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, AIDS dementia, diabetes (including acute juvenile onset diabetes), retinitis, cancer metastases, rheumatoid arthritis, acute leukocyte-mediated lung injury (e.g., adult respiratory distress syndrome), asthma, nephritis, and acute and chronic inflammation, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, myocardial ischemia, and inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).
- the pharmaceutical compositions are used to treat inflammatory brain disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), viral meningitis and encephalitis.
- Crohn's disease is an idiopathic, chronic ulceroconstrictive inflammatory disease characterized by sha ⁇ ly delimited and typically transmural involvement of all layers of the bowel wall by a granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Any segment of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus, may be involved, although the disease most commonly affects the terminal ileum and/or colon.
- Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory response limited largely to the colonic mucosa and submucosa. Lymphocytes and macrophages are numerous in lesions of inflammatory bowel disease and may contribute to inflammatory injury.
- Asthma is a disease characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli potentiating paroxysmal constriction of the bronchial airways.
- the stimuli cause release of various mediators of inflammation from IgE-coated mast cells including histamine, eosinophilic and neutrophilic chemotactic factors, leukotrines, prostaglandin and platelet activating factor. Release of these factors recruits basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils, which cause inflammatory injury.
- Atherosclerosis is a disease of arteries (e.g., coronary, carotid, aorta and iliac).
- the basic lesion, the atheroma consists of a raised focal plaque within the intima, having a core of lipid and a covering fibrous cap.
- Atheromas compromise arterial blood flow and weaken affected arteries.
- Macrophages and leukocytes are recruited to atheromas and contribute to inflammatory injury.
- Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disease that primarily causes impairment and destruction of joints. Rheumatoid arthritis usually first affects the small joints of the hands and feet but then may involve the wrists, elbows, ankles and knees. The arthritis results from interaction of synovial cells with leukocytes that infiltrate from the circulation into the synovial lining of the joints. See e.g., Paul, Immunology
- Another indication for the compounds of this invention is in treatment of organ or graft rejection mediated by VLA-4.
- organs such as skin, kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas and bone marrow.
- the principal outstanding problem is the lack of satisfactory agents for inducing immunotolerance in the recipient to the transplanted allograft or organ.
- the host immune system is likely to mount an immune response to foreign antigens in the transplant (host-versus-graft disease) leading to destruction of the transplanted tissue.
- CD8 + cells, CD4 cells and monocytes are all involved in the rejection of transplant tissues.
- Compounds of this invention which bind to alpha-4 integrin are useful, inter alia, to block alloantigen- induced immune responses in the donee thereby preventing such cells from participating in the destruction of the transplanted tissue or organ. See, e.g., Paul et al., Transplant International 9, 420-425 (1996); Georczynski et al., Immunology 87, 573-580 (1996); Georcyznski et al., Transplant. Immunol. 3, 55-61 (1995); Yang et al., Transplantation
- GVHD graft versus host disease
- the therapeutic agents of the present invention are used, inter alia, to block activation of the donor T-cells thereby interfering with their ability to lyse target cells in the host.
- a further use of the compounds of this invention is inhibiting tumor metastasis.
- Several tumor cells have been reported to express VLA-4 and compounds which bind VLA-4 block adhesion of such cells to endothelial cells. Steinback et al., Urol. Res. 23, 175-83 (1995); Orosz et al., Int. J. Cancer 60, 867-71 (1995); Freedman et al., Leuk. Lymphoma 13, 47-52
- a further use of the compounds of this invention is in treating multiple sclerosis.
- Multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurological autoimmune disease that affects an estimated 250,000 to 350,000 people in the United States. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be the result of a specific autoimmune reaction in which certain leukocytes attack and initiate the destruction of myelin, the insulating sheath covering nerve fibers.
- murine monoclonal antibodies directed against VLA-4 have been shown to block the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium, and thus prevent inflammation of the central nervous system and subsequent paralysis in the animals 16 .
- compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985).
- the compounds may be encapsulated, introduced into the lumen of liposomes, prepared as a colloid, or other conventional techniques may be employed which provide an extended serum half-life of the compounds.
- a variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes, as described in, e.g., Szoka, et al., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728 and 4,837,028 each of which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
- the amount administered to the patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the pu ⁇ ose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration, and the like.
- compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications.
- An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as “therapeutically effective dose. " Amounts effective for this use will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the inflammation, the age, weight and general condition of the patient, and the like.
- compositions administered to a patient are in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions may be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered.
- the resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration.
- the pH of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11 , more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.
- the therapeutic dosage of the compounds of the present invention will vary according to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.
- the dose will typically be in the range of about 20 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g per kilogram body weight, preferably about 100 ⁇ g to about 300 ⁇ g per kilogram body weight.
- Suitable dosage ranges for intranasal administration are generally about 0.1 pg to 1 mg per kilogram body weight.
- Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
- N-Tosylation of the appropriate amino acid was conducted via the method of Cupps, Boutin and Rapoport J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 3972.
- the desired dipeptide ester was prepared by the reaction of a suitable ⁇ - protected amino acid (1 equivalent) with the appropriate amino acid ester or amino acid ester hydrochloride (1 equivalent), benzotriazol-1-yloxy- tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate [BOP] (2.0 equivalent), triethylamine (1.1 equivalent), and DMF.
- BOP benzotriazol-1-yloxy- tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
- BOP triethylamine
- the solution was allowed to warm to room temperamre and was stirred for 48 hr.
- the reaction solution was transferred to a 250 mL separatory funnel with methylene chloride (100 mL) and extracted with IN HC1 (50 mL x 3), brine (50 mL), and water (100 mL).
- the organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent concentrated to yield the desired product.
- the aqueous phase was made acidic with 0.2 N HC1 and the product was extracted with EtOAc.
- the combined organic phase was washed with brine (1 x 5 mL), dried (MgSO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to yield the acid as approximately a 1 : 1 mixmre of diastereomers.
- N-(Toluene-4-sulfonyl)-L-prolinol (358 mg, 1.41 mmol) was taken into 7 mL of dry DMSO, with Et 3 ⁇ (3.0 eq, 590 mL) at room temperamre, under N 2 .
- Et 3 ⁇ 3.0 eq, 590 mL
- pyridine sulfur trioxide complex 3.0 eq, 660 mg
- the prolinol solution was syringed into the latter reaction mixmre and allowed to warm up to room temperamre.
- the reaction after a couple of hours, was poured into cold brine (10 mL), then extracted with ether (2x 50 mL). The organic layer was washed with 10% citric acid (25 mL), water, samrated NaHCO 3 (25 mL), and brine. Upon filtration and evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the desired prolinal was isolated as a fluffy solid. This was then taken up in MeOH (4 mL) with L-phenylalanine benzyl ester, and NaCNBH 3 (1.0 eq). The pH was maintained at 6.0, with 1 drop of AcOH. The reaction mixmre was stirred overnight at room temperamre. EtOAc was added as well as water and brine.
- Powdered sodium nitrite (1.27 g) was added portion- wise at 0°C to a solution of potassium bromide (4.896 g) and D-phenylalanine (2 g) in 2.5 N sulfuric acid (24.2 mL).
- the reaction mixture was stirred 20 minutes at 0°C followed by 1 hour at ambient temperamre.
- the product was extracted with ether (3 x 15 mL), the combined organic extract washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to dryness in vacuo.
- the product (2.4 g) was used without further purification in the next reaction.
- the methyl ester was prepared using thionyl chloride and methanol.
- Example 4 The product from Example 4 was deprotected by hydrogenation over Pd/C in ethanol for 4 hours. The catalyst was filtered and the filtrate was taken up in water and lyophilized to give 240 mg of a white solid.
- N-(Toluene-4-sulfonyl-L-prolyl-L-(4-nitro)phenylalanine methyl ester was mixed with an equimolar amount of PC1 5 in dry benzene and stirred for 90 minutes.
- the yellow solution was treated with a solution of hydrazoic acid in benzene and the mixmre was stirred at room temperamre for 2 hours, then it was diluted with benzene and washed with satd. NaHCO 3 and brine.
- the organic layer was dried and evaporated to give a light yellow foam.
- the title compound was prepared from the product of the last reaction using standard basic hydrolysis techniques, yielding an off-white fluffy solid, mp 150-160°C.
- Example 6 The nitro intermediate described in Example 6 was reduced, dissolved in methylene chloride and mixed with N-Boc-isonipecotic acid, HOBT, chilled to 5 °C and treated with DCC. The reaction mixmre was allowed to reach ambient temperamre overnight, filtered, evaporated to dryness and the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed as usual, dried and evaporated to provide the title compound, mp 92-102 °C. Physical data were as follows: MS (+)FAB [M+H] + 682.
- An in vitro assay was used to assess binding of candidate compounds to ⁇ 4 ⁇ t integrin.
- Compounds which bind in this assay can be used to assess VCAM-1 levels in biological samples by conventional assays (e.g., competitive assays). This assay is sensitive to IC 50 values as low as about
- the activity of 4 ⁇ , integrin was measured by the interaction of soluble VCAM-1 with Jurkat cells (e.g., American Type Culture Collection Nos. TIB 152, TIB 153, and CRL 8163), a human T-cell line which expresses high levels of c ⁇ , integrin.
- VCAM-1 interacts with the cell surface in an ⁇ 4 ⁇ j integrin-dependent fashion (Yednock, et al. J. Biol. Chem., 1995,
- VCAM-1 fusion protein containing the seven extracellular domains of VCAM-1 on the N- terminus and the human IgG ! heavy chain constant region on the C-terminus.
- the VCAM-1 fusion protein was made and purified by the manner described by Yednock, supra.
- Jurkat cells were grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin and glutamine as described by Yednock, supra.
- VCAM-1 fusion protein was then added to Jurkat cells and incubated for 30 minutes on ice. (Yednock et al., supra.).
- each of the compounds in Examples 1-9 has an IC 50 of 15 ⁇ M or less.
- EAE Encephalomyelitis
- Log-growth Jurkat cells are washed and resuspended in normal animal plasma containing 20 ⁇ g/ml of the 15/7 antibody (described in the above example).
- the Jurkat cells are diluted two-fold into either normal plasma samples containing known candidate compound amounts in various concentrations ranging from 66 ⁇ M to 0.01 ⁇ M, using a standard 12 point serial dilution for a standard curve, or into plasma samples obtained from the peripheral blood of candidate compound-treated animals.
- Cells are then incubated for 30 minutes at room temperamre, washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline ("PBS") containing 2% fetal bovine serum and ImM each of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride (assay medium) to remove unbound 15/7 antibody.
- PBS phosphate-buffered saline
- the cells are then exposed to phycoerythrin-conjugated goat F(ab') 2 anti-mouse IgG Fc (Immunotech, Westbrook, ME), which has been adsorbed for any non-specific cross-reactivity by co-incubation with 5 % serum from the animal species being studied, at 1:200 and incubated in the dark at 4°C for 30 minutes.
- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorter
- the data is then graphed as fluorescence versus dose, e.g., in a normal dose-response fashion.
- dose levels that result in the upper plateau of the curve represent the levels needed to obtain efficacy in an in vivo model.
- This assay may also be used to determine the plasma levels needed to samrate the binding sites of other integrins, such as the ⁇ integrin, which is the integrin most closely related a ⁇ , (Palmer et al, 1993, J. Cell Bio., 123:1289).
- Such binding is predictive of in vivo utility for inflammatory conditions mediated by ⁇ 9 ⁇ j integrin, including by way of example, airway hyper-responsiveness and occlusion that occurs with chronic asthma, smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerosis, vascular occlusion following angioplasty, fibrosis and glomerular scarring as a result of renal disease, aortic stenosis, hypertrophy of synovial membranes in rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammation and scarring that occur with the progression of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
- the above-described assay may be performed with a human colon carcinoma cell line, SW 480 (ATTC #CCL228) transfected with cDNA encoding 9 integrin (Yokosaki et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem., 269:26691), in place of the Jurkat cells, to measure the binding of the ⁇ 9 ⁇ j integrin.
- SW 480 cells which express other and ⁇ j subunits may be used.
- another aspect of this invention is directed to a method for treating a disease in a mammalian patient, which disease is mediated by ⁇ 9 ⁇ , and which method comprises administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention.
- Such compounds are preferably administered in a pharmaceutical composition described herein above. Effective daily dosing will depend upon the age, weight, condition of the patient which factors can be readily ascertained by the attending clinician. However, in a preferred embodiment, the compounds are administered from about 20 to 500 ⁇ g/kg per day.
- EAE Experimental Autoimmune (or Allergic) Encephalomyelitis
- Brains and spinal cords of adult Hartley guinea pigs were homogenized in an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline.
- An equal volume of Freund 's complete adjuvant (100 mg mycobacterium tuberculosis plus 10 ml Freund 's incomplete adjuvant) was added to the homogenate.
- the mixmre was emulsified by circulating it repeatedly through a 20 ml syringe with a peristaltic pump for about 20 minutes.
- Female Lewis rats (2-3 months old, 170-220 g) or Hartley guinea pigs (20 day old. 180-200 g) were anesthetized with isoflurane and three injections of the emulsion, 0.1 ml each, were made in each flank. Motor impairment onset is seen in approximately 9 days.
- Candidate compound treatment began on Day 8, just before onset of symptoms.
- Compounds were administered subcutaneously ("SC"), orally ("PO”) or intraperitoneally ("IP”). Doses were given in a range of lOmg/kg to 200 mg/kg, bid, for five days, with typical dosing of 10 to 100 mg/kg SC, 10 to 50 mg/kg PO, and 10 to 100 mg/kg IP.
- Antibody GG5/3 against ⁇ 4 ⁇ , integrin (Keszthelyi et al., Neurology, 1996, 47:1053-1059), which delays the onset of symptoms, was used as a positive control and was injected subcutaneously at 3 mg/kg on Day 8 and 11.
- a candidate compound was considered active if it delayed the onset of symptoms, e.g., produced clinical scores no greater than 2 or slowed body weight loss as compared to the control.
- Example D Asthma Model -Ill- Inflammatory conditions mediated by ⁇ integrin include, for example, airway hyper-responsiveness and occlusion that occurs with chronic asthma.
- the following describes an asthma model which can be used to smdy the in vivo effects of the compounds of this invention for use in treating asthma.
- compounds of this invention are formulated into an aerosol and administered to sheep which are hypersensitive to Ascaris suum antigen.
- Allergic sheep which are shown to develop both early and late bronchial responses to inhaled Ascaris suum antigen are used to smdy the airway effects of the candidate compounds.
- a balloon catheter is advanced through one nostril into the lower esophagus.
- the animals are then intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube through the other nostril with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope as a guide.
- Pleural pressure is estimated according to Abraham (1994). Aerosols (see formulation below) are generated using a disposable medical nebulizer that provides an aerosol with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 3.2 ⁇ m as determined with an Andersen cascade impactor.
- the nebulizer is connected to a dosimeter system consisting of a solenoid valve and a source of compressed air (20 psi).
- the output of the nebulizer is directed into a plastic T-piece, one end of which is connected to the inspiratory port of a piston respirator.
- the solenoid valve is activated for 1 second at the beginning of the inspiratory cycle of the respirator. Aerosols are delivered at V ⁇ of 500 ml and a rate of 20 breaths/minute. A 0.5 % sodium bicarbonate solution only is used as a control.
- Bronchial biopsies can be taken prior to and following the initiation of treatment and 24 hours after antigen challenge. Bronchial biopsies can be preformed according to Abraham (1994).
- An in vitro adhesion smdy of alveolar macrophages can also be performed according to Abraham (1994), and a percentage of adherent cells is calculated.
- a solution of the candidate compound in 0.5% sodium bicarbonate/saline (w/v) at a concentration of 30.0 mg/mL is prepared using the following procedure:
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JP2005022976A (en) * | 2001-07-18 | 2005-01-27 | Ajinomoto Co Inc | Carboxylic acid derivative |
AU2002357137A1 (en) | 2001-12-10 | 2003-06-23 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | (1-phenyl-2-heteroaryl)ethyl-guanidine compounds as inhibitors of mitochondrial f1f0 atp hydrolase |
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JP2006522835A (en) | 2003-04-10 | 2006-10-05 | アムジェン インコーポレイテッド | Cyclic amine derivatives and their use in the treatment of inflammation-related disorders mediated by bradykinin |
JP2019530678A (en) | 2016-09-18 | 2019-10-24 | エイチ リー モフィット キャンサー センター アンド リサーチ インスティテュート インコーポレイテッド | YAP1 inhibitor targeting the interaction of YAP1 with OCT4 |
WO2019178401A1 (en) | 2018-03-14 | 2019-09-19 | H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center And Research Institute, Inc. | Yap1 inhibitors that target the interaction of yap1 with oct4 |
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