Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
  • D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
  • D21F11/14—Making cellulose wadding, filter or blotting paper
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
  • D21H25/005—Mechanical treatment

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to absorbent fibrous paper-based structures such as hand towels, tissues, wipers, and the like, and more specifically, to compressed absorbent fibrous structures.
• Absorbent fibrous structures such as hand towels, wipers, tissues, and the like, as well as various components for other fluid- handling and absorbing materials are well known in the art. These structures may be formed from materials that allow them to be absorbent so that the structures will typically absorb, in varying degrees, liquids from one's body or elsewhere. Such liquids may include water, coffee, milk, cleaning formulations, oil, etc., and various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, nasal discharge and other body exudates. Various natural wood pulp fibers, as well as synthetic fibers, may be useful for making such fibrous structures.
• absorbent fibrous structures such as hand towels (commonly referred to as "paper towels”) will be wound onto various types of paperboard cores.
• paperboard cores with towels wound onto them, may be placed in various types of dispensing mechanisms to allow users to dispense one or more towel at a time from the roll.
• the rolls of towels may be perforated at various points to divide bulk rolls into single sheet towels.
• a user may tear one or more towels along the perforation lines for use.
• teeth may be provided on the dispenser for assisting in tearing the roll into individual towels.
• Some paper towels may be provided in a folded condition with multiple towels stacked on top of one another. In such arrangements, a single towel may be dispensed one at a time. Often, like the roll towel dispensers, the dispensers in which folded towels are stacked and dispensed also may have a limited capacity and must, likewise, be monitored and refilled frequently. Towel run-out occurs when the towels within a dispenser are exhausted and a janitor has not yet replenished the dispenser with a fresh or additional supply of new towels. Towel run-out may be one of the most common complaints from hand towel end users. Preventing towel run-out may require either more frequent visits by the janitor or the addition of more towels in the dispenser.
• the inner core upon which the towels are wound must be disposed of.
• the more towels that can be placed on a roll the less frequent is the disposal of such cores. If additional numbers of towels could be wound onto a roll, conservation and recycling efforts could be enhanced by allowing a core to be used for a longer period of time.
• the present invention addresses some of the needs outlined above and provides an improvement to towel run-out and excessive waste by providing more towels within a standard-sized towel dispenser.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,779,860 to Hollenberg et al. which is commonly owned by the assignee of the present invention is directed to a product and process that utilizes compression techniques to increase the density of and decrease the caliper of various webs so that space-saving towels of the type discussed herein may be obtained.
• the absorbent structures discussed therein are compressed into structures that will have a thickness of less than about 50% of the thickness of the original uncompressed structure.
• the uncompressed webs of Hollenberg et al. are compressed so as to increase their densities at least about 50%.
• an uncompressed web having a density of about 0.2 grams per cubic centimeter may be compressed so that its density is increased to about 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter or greater.
• the webs containing high yield pulps, such as bleached chemithermomechanical pulp may be compressed at such ranges and still maintain their structure and wet strength. In fact, when saturated with water, the density of such compressed webs will decrease about 20 percent or greater.
• the present inventive webs provide certain of the advantages of the webs described in Hollenberg et al., but are formed from different materials and with different processes.
• the resulting paper web may allow more feet of towels to be added to a towel roll (or more towels to be added to a stack of folded towels) without substantially increasing the diameter of the roll (or the thickness of the stack of towels). More sheets on a roll (or more towels in a folded towel stack) may mean fewer roll (or folded towel) changes and replenishings for the end user. Fewer rolls per case and a reduced case size may translate into fewer cores and shipping cases to be disposed of.
• the invention may also allow more towels to be shipped on the same truck or placed into a standard shipping storage compartment.
• a compression force may be applied to the paper web to provide a compressed paper web having a certain reduced caliper.
• the amount of compression applied to the paper web may be expressed as a "caliper compression ratio" as defined herein. Desirably, the caliper compression ratio will be between about 0.1 and about 0.5 in order to meet the requirements of the present invention.
• the compressed webs of the present invention will have a water absorbent capacity of at least about 70% of the water absorbent capacity of the same web prior to compression, desirably at least about 80%, and even more desirably at least about 90%.
• the presently inventive compressed webs have also been found to "spring back", or expand, to a certain extent upon wetting. Such expansion may allow the webs to recover as much as from about 60% to about 150% of their original dry uncompressed caliper when wet after being compressed.
• the sponge-like action of these compressed webs allows them to maintain absorbency characteristics similar to those of the original, uncompressed web.
• the frequency of monitoring the towel supply may be reduced by employing the presently compressed webs.
• the frequency of excessive waste discards may also be reduced by employing the present invention.
• the compression required by the present invention can be imparted by several different processes. For example, an extra calendering step may be utilized or, in one alternative, increased pressure may be imparted to the original calendering rolls utilized in a process for making the fibrous absorbent structure.
• fibers may be employed in forming the webs of the present invention.
• wood pulp fibers in 100% amounts, may be utilized.
• mixtures of wood pulp fibers with other types of fibers, including various synthetic fibers such as meltblown and spunbonded fibers may be used.
• other types of fibers and filaments may be used to provide a desired resiliency to the webs.
• fibers produced from chemical thermal mechanical pulping processes and thermal mechanical pulping processes, or other high yield pulping processes, as well as curled fibers that are produced by various methods such as by high- consistency refining, and fibers that are internally cross-linked may be employed.
• the present invention relates to compressed webs useful in forming absorbent fibrous structures such as paper towels and the like.
• the present compressed webs could be used for other absorbent applications such as components of diapers, bed pads, feminine hygiene products, incontinence products, and the like.
• thinner, less bulky products are available to the consumer. Such thinner, less bulky absorbent products allow for certain advantages in storage space, in dispensing space, and, when the absorbent product is worn by a consumer, in comfort for the wearer.
• the towels and other absorbent structures formed according to the present invention do not substantially lose the necessary absorbent capacity to function as absorbent structures.
• the absorbent structures maintain desirable characteristics such as feel and other qualitative aspects.
• the webs may be made from various fibers, including various cellulosic fibers such as natural wood pulps in conjunction with various additive fibers, including fibers made from synthetic resins.
• the fibers useful for making the sheets of the present invention may be wet resilient fibers that include various high yield pulp fibers, flax, milkweed, abaca, hemp, cotton or any of the like that are naturally wet resilient or any wood pulp fibers that are chemically or physically modified.
• pulp fibers may include fibers that are crosslinked or curled so that they have the capacity to recover after deformation in the wet state, as opposed to non-resilient fibers that may remain deformed and do not recover after deformation in the wet state.
• the absorbent structure must be sufficiently dimensionally stable so that the web will avoid collapsing when the web is contacted with water. Without such resiliency, the compressed web would be relatively useless for the various absorbent end uses contemplated by the present invention.
• wet strength agents are commercially available from a wide variety of sources and some of such agents are generally described in U.S. Patent No. 5,779,860 to Hollenberg et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto. Any material that, when added to a paper or tissue, results in providing a wet strength to dry strength ratio in excess of 0.1 will be considered a suitable wet strength agent. Such agents are generally classified as “permanent" or "temporary" wet strength agents.
• Permanent agents provide a product that retains more than 50% of its original wet strength after exposure to water for a period of at least five minutes; temporary agents provide a product that retains less than 50% of its original wet strength after exposure to water for five minutes.
• Such agents are typically added to pulp fibers in an amount of at least about 0.1 dry weight percent, and usually in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 3 dry weight percent, based on the dry weight of the pulp fibers.
• the absorbent webs of the present invention will be made according to the uncreped through air-dried, heavy wet creped or light dry creped.
• the webs of the present invention after being formed, are then compressed by exerting on them a certain force per linear inch while passing through one or more calendering or supercalendering roll arrangements.
• Mechanisms other than calendering processes may also be employed to supply the necessary compressive forces.
• the term "calender” refers to a process for fabrics or nonwoven webs that reduces the caliper and imparts surface effects, such as increased gloss and smoothness. Generally, the process includes passing the fabric through two or more heavy rollers, sometimes heated, and under high nip pressures.
• a web is prepared by: (1) forming a furnish of cellulosic fibers, water, and a chemical debonder; (2) depositing the furnish on a traveling foraminous belt, thereby forming a fibrous web on top of the traveling foraminous belt; (3) subjecting the fibrous web to noncompressive drying to remove the water from the fibrous web; and (4) removing the dried fibrous web from the traveling foraminous belt.
• the process described therein does not include creping and is, thus, referred to as an uncreped through-air drying process.
• Towels prepared from this uncreped through-air drying process will typically possess relatively high levels of absorbent capacity, absorbent rate, and strength.
• towels produced according to such a process will generally be more economical to produce than creped towels of similar composition and basis weight.
• a process that produces a noncompressed sheet using can drying which may be employed in the present invention is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,336,373 to Scattolino et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto.
• the caliper of the webs prior to compression according to the present process will typically be in the range of from about .005 (.127 mm) to about .030 (.762 mm) inches.
• a compressed web of the present invention will typically have a caliper of from about 50% to about 90% of its original caliper.
• caliper refers to the thickness of a sheet or web. Caliper has been measured in the following examples utilizing an EMVECO Model 200-A with the following specifications: pressure foot lowering speed of 0.8 millimeter/second; surfaces of pressure foot and anvil parallel to within 0.001 millimeter; capability of repeated readings within 0.001 millimeter at zero setting or on the calibrated gage; a flat ground circular fixed face (anvil) of a size that is in contact with the whole area of the pressure foot in the zero position; capacity of 0-12.7 millimeter; sensitivity of 0.025 millimeter; load of 2.0 kiloPascals; anvil area of 2500 square millimeters; and an anvil diameter of 56.4 millimeters.
• the compressed webs may be characterized as having a certain caliper compression ratio.
• the "caliper compression ratio” as used herein is defined by the following equation:
• the caliper compression ratio would be between about 0.1 and about 0.5.
• the compressed web may have an absorbent capacity sufficient to allow it to absorb liquids and function similarly to the same web in an uncompressed state.
• the absorbent capacity refers to the amount of liquid that can be absorbed by the paper web.
• Absorbent capacities discussed herein are defined according to the grams of water (or oil) absorbed by the absorbent structure divided by the weight in grams of the structure absorbing the water (or oil).
• the absorbent capacity of a sheet for oil indicates the internal void volume of the sheet. As the sheet is compressed, the internal void volume decreases.
• the absorption capacity of paper products may be determined according to the following procedure. A pan large enough to hold water to a depth of at least 2 inches (5.08 cm) is filled with distilled water (or oil).
• a balance such as the OHAUS GT480 balance described herein, is utilized in addition to a stopwatch.
• a cutting device such as that sold under the trade designation TMI DGD by Testing Machines, Inc., of Amityville, New York, and a die with dimensions of 4 inches by 4 inches ( ⁇ 0.01 inches) (10.16 cm by 10.16 cm ⁇ 0.25 cm) are also utilized. Specimens of the die size are cut and weighed dry to the nearest 0.01 gram. The stopwatch is started when the specimen is placed in the pan of water (or oil) and soaked for 3 minutes ⁇ 5 seconds.
• the specimen is removed by forceps and attached to a hanging clamp to hang in a "diamond" shaped position to ensure the proper flow of fluid from the specimen.
• the specimen is hung in a chamber having 100 percent relative humidity for 3 minutes + 5 seconds. The specimen is then allowed to fall into the weighing dish upon releasing the clamp. The weight is then recorded to the nearest 0.01 gram.
• the absorbent or absorptive capacity of each specimen is then calculated as follows:
• Absorbent Capacity (g) Wet weight (g) - Dry weight (g)
• the particular absorbent capacity of a web depends on a variety of factors including its basis weight and its composition.
• webs having a variety of absorbent capacities may be utilized in the present invention and often depend largely on the needed capacity for the intended end use of the absorbent structures.
• the present compressed webs will typically have a water absorptive capacity which is at least about 70% of the water absorptive capacity of an uncompressed paper web formed from the same materials by the same process and having an identical basis weight.
• Basis weight refers to the mass per unit area of a web and is reported as grams per square meters or "gsm". Basis weight is measured by cutting a sample portion of a web and then subjecting that sample portion to the following procedure. A balance with a capacity and sensitivity to weigh to about 0.001 gram for specimens weighing under about 10 grams and to about 0.01 grams for specimens weighing about 10 grams and more is utilized. An exemplary balance that may be employed is sold under the trade designation OHAUS GT210 by VWR Scientific Product of South Plainfield, New Jersey. The standard weights for a balance range from about 10 milligram to about 100 grams. If a level is not supplied with the balance, then a sealed glass vial may be utilized.
• the weighing pan should be of a size large enough to hold the specimen without it hanging over the pan. Desirably, the minimum die size for a single specimen will be 4.5 +0.1 inches (114 ⁇ 3 mm) by 4.5 ⁇ 0.1 inches (114 ⁇ 3 mm). If multiple smaller specimens are utilized, then any known size die would be appropriate.
• the ruler will be graduated in 0.1 inches or 1 mm increments.
• Test specimens obtained from the webs would be free of folds, wrinkles, or any distortions. Desirably, all specimens would have a minimum area of at least 20 square inches (130 square centimeters) or a number of smaller die-cut specimens would be taken from different locations in the sample with a minimum total area of at least 20 square inches (130 square centimeters). Each specimen would then be weighed and recorded. Basis weights are then calculated by determining the area of the sample(s) in square inches. Then, the weight of the specimen(s) measured in grams is divided by the area. This value is then multiplied by a factor to obtain the desired units.
• the webs are capable of expanding upon being exposed to water and will return to at least about 60% of their original uncompressed wet caliper, and desirably to at least about 80% of their original uncompressed wet caliper.
• Wet caliper refers to the caliper of a particular web after it is immersed in water for 30 seconds and then allowed to hang for one minute to allow the excess water to be removed therefrom.
• a 22lbs/ream of 2880 square feet basis weight paper web made according to the uncreped through-air drying process described above and made from a pulp furnish of 70% recycled fiber and 30% Mobile pine pulp obtained from the Kimberly- Clark pulp mill in Mobile, Alabama, may be utilized.
• the compressed web having its caliper reduced 22% by compression
• evaluators of the web's characteristics did not perceive a statistically significant difference in the overall quality, drying effectiveness, absorption rate or substantial feel between compressed and uncompressed towels.
• towels in various compressive states were analyzed. For example, a roll that would normally be 800 feet in length in an uncompressed state was compressed so that the same diameter roll would result in a roll having 1000 feet in length (a 25% increase) and in a roll having 1200 feet in length (a 50% increase).
• the average length of uncompressed paper towels used per hand dry was 23.5" while the average length of compressed paper towels (at a compression of 25%) was 24.7" and the average length of compressed paper towels (at a compression of 50%) was 24.3".
• Various processes may be employed to compress the presently inventive webs and the present invention is not limited to the use of any particular compression process. As is known in the art, passing sheets through one or more rollers or nips will compress and smoothen the surfaces of the sheet materials.
• calenders The equipment employed to apply the compressive force are generally referred to as calenders or supercalenders. Obviously, the effect of calendering on a particular structure depends on the temperature, the pressure applied, and the duration of the pressure, with all three factors being variable to obtain the desired calendering results.
• an extra calendering step may be utilized or, in one alternative, increased pressure may be imparted to the original calendering rolls utilized in a process for making the fibrous absorbent structure.
• Various calendering techniques such as hot or steam calendering may be alternatively employed to produce the compressed absorbent webs.
• the webs can be compressed using flat platten presses or fabric nips used to smooth and compact multiwiper products as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,399,412 to Sudall et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto. In this manner, the resulting sheets of the present invention could have areas that are highly compressed and areas that are less compressed or not compressed at all.
• nip pressure is another term used herein and refers to the pressure at the calendering nip. Nip pressure is defined by dividing the force per linear inch by the width of the nip formed between the calendering rollers. The following examples are meant to be exemplary procedures only which aid in the understanding of the present invention. The invention is not meant to be limited thereto.
• Example 1 a roll towel made by a through-air drying process was compared in an uncompressed state of 800' on a roll (Example 1); in a compressed state of 1000' on a roll (Example 2); and in a compressed state of 1200' on a roll (Example 3).
• Example 2 is the same roll of Example 1 that has been compressed to include 25% additional feet and Example 3 is that roll that has been compressed to include 50% additional feet.
• Example 1-3 The webs of Examples 1-3 made from a furnish containing 55% Owensboro recycled fibers, 28% Mobile pine, 7% Fox River recycled fibers and 10% broke. The webs have a basis weight of approximately 16lb/ream.
• Example 5 is the same roll of Example 4 that has been compressed to include 25% additional feet and Example 6 is that roll that has been compressed to include 50% additional feet.
• Examples 4-6 are made from a furnish containing 20% Owensboro recycled fibers, 48% Mobile pine, 12% Fox River recycled fibers, and 11% broke.
• the webs have a basis weight of approximately 23 lb/ream 2880 square feet.
• Tables 1-5 set forth various measurements that were made on the webs formed from Examples 1-6. Basis weight, Emveco caliper determinations, and oil/water absorbent capacities have been explained previously. A "wet" test refers to web samples that have been immersed in water for 30 seconds and then allowed to hang dry for 60 seconds thereafter prior to being analyzed.
• Machine direction refers to the direction of travel of the forming surface onto which fibers are deposited during formation of a material.
• Cross-machine direction refers to the direction that is perpendicular and in the same plane as the machine direction.
• “Drape” is a measure of the stiffness or resistance to bending of a fabric and is computed by determining the bending length of a fabric using the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own weight. Except for the specimen size, the test to measure drape conforms to ASTM Standard Test D 1388. To determine drape, a FRL-Cantilever Bending Tester, Model 79-10 available from Testing Machines, Inc. of Amityville, New York may be utilized. After conditioning as described herein, a 1" x 8" specimen of fabric is cut and then slid on a horizontal surface at a rate of 4.75" per minute in a direction parallel to the specimen's long dimension and toward the edge of the horizontal surface on the tester.
• Drape stiffness is expressed in centimeters and is computed by multiplying the bending length in inches by 2.54.
• Elmendorf Tear is a measure of the force required to tear a sheet in a certain direction. It is calculated by dividing the tearing load by the web sample's basis weight. The tearing load measures the toughness of a material by measuring the work required to propagate a tear when part of a specimen is held in a clamp and an adjacent part is moved by the force of a pendulum freely falling in an arc.
• the Elmendorf Tear of the webs which determines the average force required to propagate a tear starting from a cut slit in the material is measured as follows (with higher numbers indicating the greater force required to tear the sample):
• the Elmendorf-type falling- pendulum instrument is equipped with a pendulum that has a deep cutout (recessed area) on the pendulum sector and pneumatically- activated clamps.
• Such testers may be sold under the trade designation LORENTZEN AND WETTRE BRAND, Model 09ED by Lorentzen Wettre Canada Inc. of Fairfield, New Jersey.
• a specimen cutter is used that is capable of providing a 63.0 + 0.15 mm (2.5 ⁇ 0.006 inches) by 73 ⁇ 1 mm specimen being cut no closer than 15 mm from the edge of the material, without folds, creases or other distortions.
• the 63 mm length of the specimen is run vertically on the tear tester.
• the rotary dial of the tester is set to the number of specimen plies to be torn and then the cutting lever is activated.
• the specimen is placed between the clamps with the specimen edge aligned with the clamp front edge.
• the clamps are then closed and a slit is cut in the specimen by activating the cutting knife lever.
• the pendulum is then released and positioned to the starting position after traveling one full swing.
• the tear value is then recorded unless the tear line deviated more than 10 mm, in which case a new test would be conducted.
• the results are recorded in grams.
• the Tear CD is the tearing force required to tear in the direction perpendicular to the machine direction;
• the Tear MD is the tearing force required to tear in the direction perpendicular to the cross-machine direction.
• tensile strengths peak loads
• elongation % stretch
• TEA tensile energy absorption
• peak energies were determined for the various webs.
• the tensile strength is the maximum tensile stress developed in a test specimen before rupture on a tensile test carried to rupture under prescribed conditions and is the force per unit width of test specimen.
• Stretch or elongation is the maximum tensile strain developed in the test specimen before rupture in a tensile test carried to rupture under prescribed conditions and is expressed as a percentage (100 times the ratio of the increase in length of the test specimen to the original test length).
• Tensile energy absorption is the work done when a specimen is stressed to rupture in tension under prescribed conditions as measured by the integral of the tensile stress over the range of tensile strain from zero to maximum strain and is expressed as energy per unit area of the test specimen.
• the tests are identified in the tables and are shown as being determined for either the MD or the CD directions and for either the dry state or the wet state.
• the following test method was used to perform the various strength tests on the paper sheets.
• the equipment included a tensile testing or constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) unit along with an appropriate load cell and computerized data acquisition system.
• An exemplary CRE unit is sold under the trade designation SINTECH 2 manufactured by Sintech Corporation, whose address is 1001 Sheldon Drive, Gary, North Carolina 27513.
• the type of load cell was chosen for the tensile tester being used and for the type of material being tested.
• the selected load cell had values of interest falling between the manufacturer's recommended ranges of the load cell's full scale value.
• the load cell and the data acquisition system sold under the trade designation TestWorksTM may be obtained from Sintech Corporation as well.
• Additional equipment included pneumatic-actuated jaws, weight hanging brackets, and a precision sample cutter.
• the jaws were designed for a maximum load of 5000 grams and may be obtained from Sintech Corporation.
• the weight hanging brackets included a flat bracket and an "L"-shaped bracket. These brackets were inserted into the jaws during calibration or set-up.
• a precision sample cutter was used to cut samples within 3 _ 0.04 inch (76.2 _ 1 mm) wide.
• An exemplary sample cutter is sold under the trade designation JDC by Thwing-Albert Instrument Co., of Philadelphia, PA.
• Tests were conducted in a standard laboratory atmosphere of 23 ⁇ 2°C (73.4 ⁇ 3.6°F) and 50 ⁇ 5% relative humidity. The two principal directions, machine direction (MD) and cross machine direction (CD) of the material was established.
• the specimens had a width of about 3 in. (7.62 cm) and a length of about 4 in. (10.2 cm).
• the length of the specimen was in the cross or machine direction of the material being tested depending on whether the machine or cross direction tensile was being measured for selecting length direction of specimens. Desirably, the length was cut approximately 1.5 inches longer than the jaw spacing used for the test and the test specimens were free of tears or other defects, and had clean cut, parallel edges.
• the tensile tester was prepared as follows. A load cell was installed for the type for the tensile tester being used and for the type of material being tested. A load cell was selected so the values of interest fell between the manufacturer's recommended ranges of the load cell's full scale value. The separation speed of the jaws was set at 10 + 0.4 inches/minute (25.4 ⁇ 1 cm/minute). The break sensitivity was set at a 65% drop from the peak. Furthermore, the slack compensation was set at 25 grams and the slope preset points were set at 70 and 157 grams. The threshold was set at 2% of the full scale load. Additionally, the jaws were installed on the tester and the tester calibrated by the manufacturer for the particular tensile tester/software being used.
• the testing procedure began by inserting the specimen centered and straight into the jaws. Next, the jaws extending across the specimen's width were closed while simultaneously excessive slack was removed from the specimen. Afterward the machine was started and the jaws separated. The test ended when the specimen ruptured. That being done, the results were recorded.
• "Mullen Burst” measures the toughness of a material by inflating the material with a diaphragm until it ruptures. These tests may be undertaken utilizing conventional testing equipment and techniques. These tests were conducted utilizing a Mullen Burst Strength Tester, such as those manufactured by B. F.
• test procedure included clamping a sample having a length and width of about 12.7 centimeters above a rubber diaphragm, inflating the diaphragm by pressure generated by forcing liquid into a chamber at about 95 milliliters per minute, and recording the pressure at which the sample ruptures. The rupture pressure was reported in pascals.
• the wet mullen burst procedure further includes saturating the sample with purified water and blotting the excess prior to clamping into the apparatus. Mullen burst is expressed in pounds per square inch.
• the "Absorbency Rate" of water or oil is the time required, in seconds, for a specimen of tissue or paper to absorb a specified amount of test fluid. The absorbency of water or oil by a paper web is determined as follows. The absorbency rate is the average of four absorbency readings (two on the air side and two on the dryer side of the material). White mineral (paraffin) oil is typically used for the oil absorbency tests and deionized water is typically used for the water absorbency tests.
• Tests are conducted at a standard laboratory atmosphere of 23 ⁇ 1°C (73.4 + 1.8°F) and 50 ⁇ 2% relative humidity.
• the chosen test fluid is poured into a small stainless-steel beaker.
• a Plexiglas- or stainless-steel template having approximate dimensions of 5 in. by 5 in. (12.7 cm by 12.7 cm) with a two-inch diameter opening is employed to hold the sample in place on the top of the beaker.
• the specimens of fabric to be tested are then conditioned as described herein. After conditioning, the specimens are draped over the top of the stainless-steel beaker and covered with the template to hold the specimen in place.
• a pipette is filled with an amount of test fluid (water or oil) by depressing the button half way down to fill pipette, 1 click.
• the pipette tip is held one inch above the specimen and at a right angle to the specimen.
• Test fluid is then dispensed from the pipette onto the specimen, and the timer is started. After the fluid is completely absorbed onto the specimen, the time is stopped. If the timer/stopwatch was not stopped between specimens then the total number of seconds is divided by four and the number is recorded in seconds.
• Water wicking refers to the rate at which the web absorbs water.
• the test utilized to measure wicking determines the effects of capillary action of a fluid on a fabric which is suspended vertically and partially immersed in the fluid. Wicking is determined by clamping a web portion in a water bath so that the water bath contacts the specimen. Tests are conducted at a standard laboratory atmosphere of 23 ⁇ 2°C (73.4 ⁇ 3.6°F) and 50 ⁇ 5% relative humidity. Specimens of fabric are cut to 1 by 8 _ 0.1 in. (25.4 by 203.2 _ 2.5 mm) in both directions of the material machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD). The test specimens are obtained from areas of the sample that are free of folds, wrinkles, or any distortions.
• the wicking is based upon the amount of water absorbed in the vertical given direction by the specimen within a specified time period.
• the reservoir is filled with test fluid (deionized water) and the test specimen is clamped into the specimen holder which is then positioned so the lower edge of the strip will extend approximately 1 in. (25.4 mm) into the fluid.
• test fluid deionized water
• the stop watch is started and the fluid is observed as it migrates up the specimen.
• the height is recorded in centimeters of the lowest point of the leading edge of the migrating fluid.
• a paper web produced according to the uncreped through-air drying technology having a basis weight of approximately 16 lbs/ream 2880 square feet was subjected to calendering to reduce its uncompressed caliper by 37%.
• the web was subjected to various nip pressures per linear inch.
• the produced webs were then wetted to determine their extent of recovery back to their uncompressed states.
• the webs were formed from a furnish of 61% Owensboro recycled fiber and 31% Mobile Pine with about 20lbs/ton of Kymene wet strength resin.
• the uncompressed web caliper was approximately 0.008". Compression calipers were determined as an average of caliper measurements taken at three different locations on the web. At a pressure of 63 PLI, the dry web was compressed to approximately 0.0048"; and at a pressure of 96 PLI, the dry web was compressed to approximately 0.0042. In each instance, upon saturating the web with water, the caliper returned to approximately 0.0084" after 7 seconds and then settled to approximately 0.0070" after 2 minutes.
• a paper web produced according to the uncreped through-air drying technology having a basis weight of approximately 16lbs/ream 2880 square feet was subjected to calendering described below to reduce its uncompressed caliper.
• the web was subjected to various nip pressures per linear inch.
• the produced webs were then wetted to determine their extent of recovery back to their uncompressed states.
• the webs were formed from a furnish of 61 % Owensboro recycled fiber and 31 % Mobile Pine and 20lbs/ton Kymene wet strength resin. The web had a stretch of approximately 10% with a rush transfer of approximately 15%.
• the uncompressed web caliper was approximately 0.0081".
• the dry web was compressed to approximately 0.0065";
• the dry web was compressed to approximately 0.0055";
• at a pressure of 63 PLI the dry web was compressed to approximately 0.0048".
• the 13 PLI web returned to approximately 0.0089", the 46 PLI web returned to approximately 0.0085", and the 63 PLI web returned to approximately 0.0083" upon wetting after 7 seconds.
• the 13 PLI and 46 PLI webs settled to approximately 0.0070" and 0.0071", respectively, after 2 minutes.
• Examples 18-21 a web made according to the uncreped through-air drying process was compared in an uncompressed state (Example 18); in a compressed state of 86% the original caliper (Example 19); in a compressed state of 84% the original caliper (Example 20); and in a compressed state of 71% the original caliper (Example 21).
• the webs of Examples 18-21 are made from a furnish similar to that utilized in Examples 1-3 and contain 55% Owensboro recycled fibers, 28% Mobile pine, 7% Fox River recycled fibers and 10% broke. The webs have a basis weight of approximately 16lb/ream.
• EXAMPLES 22-25 are made from a furnish similar to that utilized in Examples 1-3 and contain 55% Owensboro recycled fibers, 28% Mobile pine, 7% Fox River recycled fibers and 10% broke. The webs have a basis weight of approximately 16lb/ream.
• Example 22-25 a web made according to the heavy wet crepe process was compared in an uncompressed state (Example 22); in a compressed state of 79% the original caliper (Example 23); in a compressed state of 74% the original caliper (Example 24); and in a compressed state of 63% the original caliper (Example 25).
• the webs of Examples 22-25 are made from a furnish containing 45% Mobile pine, 15% hardwoods, 30% broke, and 10% chemithermomechanical pulp. The webs have a basis weight of between 18 and 19lb/ream.
• Examples 26-29 a web made according to the uncreped through-air drying process was compared in an uncompressed state (Example 26); in a compressed state of 85% the original caliper (Example 27); in a compressed state of 68% the original caliper (Example 28); and in a compressed state of 55% the original caliper (Example 29).
• the webs of Examples 26-29 are made from a furnish containing 80% sulfite softwood pulp (pulp processed chemically with a mixture of sulfurous acid and bisulfite ion), 10% chemithermomechanical softwood pulp, and 10% broke.
• the webs have a basis weight of between 17 and 19lb/ream.
• EXAMPLES 30-35 In Examples 30-32, webs (with basis weights of approximately 16 lbs/ream) made from the furnish utilized in Examples 18-21 having 55% Owensboro recycled fibers, 28% Mobile pine, 7% Fox River recycled fibers and 10% broke were subjected to various calendering or compression steps after normal calendering to determine the amount of bounce back in the dry state. Four samples of each web were compressed at various calender loads and their calipers were determined immediately after being compressed and after 10 minutes, 50 minutes, and 100 minutes. The uncompressed caliper column represents calipers for the webs prior to being subjected to these additional compression steps.
• the uncompressed caliper column shows values for webs that have only been subjected to normal calendering typical in a papermaking process but which have not been subjected to the additional compression calendering forces. An average for each particular web is also shown in the table.
• the calipers of a web with a basis weight of approximately 20 lb/ream formed from 100% Ponderosa recycled fibers with Kymene wet strength agent at a 0.6% by fiber weight add-on were measured in cured and uncured states (i.e., after the sheets were completely dried and after the sheets were only semi-dried).
• the Kymene wet strength agent remains slightly uncured after only 3 minutes at 250 °F.
• the sheets were subjected to certain levels of compression as indicated in Tables 13 and 14.
• the results shown for Example 36 in Table 13 are for a web that is heated in an oven for 3 minutes at 250 °F.
• Examples 37-39 Table 14 are for webs that are heated for 20 minutes at 250 °F.
• sheets that are not completely cured prior to compression show less bounce back after wetting than sheets that are completely cured.
• Examples 36-39 were employed.
• Examples 40-43 in Table 15 show results for a web that is heated in an oven for 3 minutes at 250 °F and then subjected to various compressions.
• Example 40 is an uncompressed web.
• Examples 44-47 in Table 15 show results for a web that is heated for 20 minutes at 250 °F and then subjected to various compressions.
• Example 44 is an uncompressed web. As indicated in the results, the water absorbent capacity for the cured samples was not substantially reduced despite being highly compressed.
• the present sheets have been compressed according to the present invention to have their dry calipers reduced, the sheets exhibit a wet caliper that bounces back when saturated with water.
• the water absorbent capacities of the compressed sheets have not been substantially reduced, contrary to the conventional wisdom in the art.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Paper (AREA)
• Sanitary Thin Papers (AREA)
• Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
• Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
• Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
• Multicomponent Fibers (AREA)
• Cleaning Implements For Floors, Carpets, Furniture, Walls, And The Like (AREA)

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• 1999
  • 1999-11-22 EP EP99957582A patent/EP1147259B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
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  • 1999-11-22 AT AT99957582T patent/ATE330068T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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  • 1999-11-22 AU AU15260/00A patent/AU1526000A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-12-15 EG EG160199A patent/EG22131A/xx active
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