Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
  • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
  • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
  • A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
  • A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
  • A61K51/1045—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody against animal or human tumor cells or tumor cell determinants
  • A61K51/1072—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody against animal or human tumor cells or tumor cell determinants the tumor cell being from the reproductive system, e.g. ovaria, uterus, testes or prostate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
  • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
  • A61K47/6851—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell
  • A61K47/6869—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell the tumour determinant being from a cell of the reproductive system: ovaria, uterus, testes, prostate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
  • A61K49/10—Organic compounds
  • A61K49/14—Peptides, e.g. proteins
  • A61K49/16—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
  • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
  • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer

Definitions

• This invention relates, in part, to newly developed assays for detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, staging, prognosticating, imaging and treating cancers, particularly gynecologic cancers including uterine, endometrial, breast and ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• gynecologic cancers account for more than one- fourth of the malignancies .
• endometrial cancer occurs at a rate of approximately 44,500 new cases per year with approximately 10,000 deaths per year. If diagnosed and treated early, when the cancer is still confined to the endo etrium, cure can be achieved in approximately 95% of the cases by hysterectomy. Pap smears can show endometrial cancers but are effective in only 50% of the cases. For the remainder, abnormal vaginal bleeding is typically the first clinical sign of endometrial cancer.
• Sarcoma of the uterus is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells start growing in the muscles or other supporting tissues of the uterus.
• Sarcoma of the uterus is different from cancer of the endometrium, a disease in which cancer cells start growing in the lining of the uterus.
• Women who have received therapy with high-dose x-rays (external beam radiation therapy) to their pelvis are at a higher risk to develop sarcoma of the uterus. These x-rays are sometimes given to women to stop bleeding from the uterus.
• sarcoma of the uterus is best treated when it is found (diagnosed) early.
• Sarcoma of the uterus usually begins after menopause.
• an internal pelvic examination is usually performed to detect any lumps or changes in shape of the pelvic organs .
• a Pap test may also be performed, however because sarcoma of the uterus begins inside the organ, this cancer is not usually detected by the Pap test.
• a dilation and curettage may also be performed and a biopsy sample taken and examined microscopically.
• Carcinoma of the ovary is another very common gynecologic cancer.
• ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system.
• Ovarian cancer often does not cause any noticeable symptoms.
• Possible warning signals include an enlarged abdomen due to an accumulation of fluid or vague digestive disturbances (discomfort, gas or distention) in women over 40. In rare cases abnormal vaginal bleeding also occurs.
• Pap tests do not detect ovarian cancer. Thus, periodic, complete pelvic examinations are important and recommended annually for women over 40.
• a common classification of the spread of prostate cancer was developed by the American Urological Association (AUA) .
• the AUA classification divides prostate tumors into four stages, A to D. Stage A, microscopic cancer within prostate, is further subdivided into stages Al and A2.
• Stage Al is a well-differentiated cancer confined to one site within the prostate. Treatment is generally observation, radical prostatectomy, or radiation.
• Sub-stage A2 is a moderately to poorly differentiated cancer at multiple sites within the prostate. Treatment is radical prostatectomy or radiation. Stage B, palpable lump within the prostate, is further subdivided into stages Bl and B2. In sub-stage Bl, the cancer forms a small nodule in one lobe of the prostate. In sub-stage B2, the cancer forms large or multiple nodules, or occurs in both lobes of the prostate. Treatment for both sub-stages Bl and B2 is either radical prostatectomy or radiation. Stage C is a large cancer mass involving most or all of the prostate and is further subdivided into two stages. In sub-stage Cl, the cancer forms a continuous mass that may have extended beyond the prostate.
• sub-stage C2 the cancer forms a continuous mass that invades the surrounding tissue. Treatment for both these sub-stages is radiation with or without drugs.
• the fourth stage is metastatic cancer and is also subdivided into two stages. In sub-stage Dl, the cancer appears in the lymph nodes of the pelvis. In sub-stage D2, the cancer involves tissues beyond lymph nodes. Treatment for both these sub-stages is systemic drugs to address the cancer as well as pain.
• Steroid binding proteins including uteroglobin and CC10, are a class of proteins which bind steroids along with methylsulfonyl metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls. The exact function of members of this class of protein is uncertain. However, uteroglobin has been shown to inhibit PLA 2 mediated responses.
• hESF I, II, and III Human Endometrial Specific Steroid-Binding Factors I, II and III.
• Methods for utilizing these genes and gene products in research and diagnostic and clinical arts are disclosed.
• methods for detecting mutations in the hESFI, II or III gene or altered protein expression resulting from a mutant gene are indicated to be useful in diagnosing susceptibility to asthma and endometrial cancer.
• BU101 A novel member of the uteroglobin family which is very similar to hESF II, referred to as BU101, is also described in WO 98/07857.
• BU101 is disclosed to be over-expressed in a percentage of breast tumors. Therefore, BU101 is suggested to be useful for the detecting, diagnosing staging, monitoring, prognosticating, preventing, treating and determining the predisposition of an individual to diseases and conditions of the breast such as breast cancer.
• detection of ESBPII is also useful in diagnosing, monitoring, staging, prognosticating, imaging and treating uterine, ovarian and prostate cancer.
• ESBPII refers, among other things, to native protein expressed by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l.
• the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:l is depicted herein as SEQ ID NO:2.
• ESBPII means the native mRNA encoded by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l or levels of the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l.
• a method of diagnosing metastatic prostate cancer or a metastatic gynecologic cancer in a patient which is not known to have metastasized by identifying a human patient suspected of having prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer that has metastasized; analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for ESBPII; and comparing the ESBPII levels in such cells, tissues, or bodily fluid with levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein an increase in ESBPII levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer which has metastasized.
• Also provided by the invention is a method of staging prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer in a human by identifying a human patient having prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer; analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for ESBPII; comparing ESBPII levels in such cells, tissues, or bodily fluid with levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein an increase in ESBPII levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing and a decrease in the levels of ESBPII is associated with a cancer which is regressing or in remission.
• the method comprises identifying a human patient having such cancer that is not known to have metastasized; periodically analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for ESBPII; comparing the ESBPII levels in such cells, tissue, or bodily fluid with levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein an increase in ESBPII levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which has metastasized.
• the method comprises identifying a human patient having prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer; periodically analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for ESBPII; comparing the ESBPII levels in such cells, tissue, or bodily fluid with levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein an increase in ESBPII levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing and a decrease in the levels of ESBPII is associated with a cancer which is regressing or in remission.
• antibodies which specifically bind ESBPII or fragments of such antibodies which can be used to detect or image localization of ESBPII in a patient for the purpose of detecting or diagnosing prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer.
• Such antibodies can be polyclonal, monoclonal, or omnicional or prepared by molecular biology techniques.
• the term "antibody”, as used herein and throughout the instant specification is also meant to include aptamers and single-stranded oligonucleotides such as those derived from an in vi tro evolution protocol referred to as SELEX and well known to those skilled in the art.
• Antibodies can be labeled with a variety of detectable labels including, but not limited to, radioisotopes and paramagnetic metals. These antibodies or fragments thereof can also be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases characterized by expression of a ESBPII. In therapeutic applications, the antibody can be used without or with derivatization to a cytotoxic agent such as a radioisotope, enzyme, toxin, drug or a prodrug.
• a cytotoxic agent such as a radioisotope, enzyme, toxin, drug or a prodrug.
• the present invention relates to diagnostic assays and methods, both quantitative and qualitative for detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, staging and prognosticating cancers by comparing levels of ESBPII with those of ESBPII in a normal human control.
• levels of ESBPII as used herein means levels of the native protein expressed by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO : 1. The polypeptide encoded by this polynucleotide sequence is depicted in SEQ ID NO:2.
• levels of ESBPII mean levels of the native mRNA encoded by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l or levels of the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l. Such levels are preferably measured in at least one of cells, tissues and/or bodily fluids, including determination of normal and abnormal levels.
• a diagnostic assay in accordance with the invention for diagnosing overexpression of ESBPII protein compared to normal control bodily fluids, cells, or tissue samples may be used to diagnose the presence of cancers, including prostate cancer and gynecologic cancers such as uterine, endometrial, breast and ovarian cancer.
• All the methods of the present invention may optionally include measuring levels of other cancer markers as well as ESBPII.
• Other cancer markers, in addition to ESBPII, useful in the present invention will depend on the cancer being tested and are known to those of skill in the art. Diagnostic Assays
• the present invention provides methods for diagnosing the presence of prostate cancer or gynecologic cancers including breast, uterine, ovarian and endometrial cancer by analyzing for changes in levels of ESBPII in cells, tissues or bodily fluids of a human patient compared with levels of ESBPII in cells, tissues or bodily fluids of preferably the same type from a normal human control, wherein an increase in levels of ESBPII in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with the presence of prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer.
• a positive result indicating the patient being tested has cancer is one in which cells, tissues or bodily fluid levels of the cancer marker, such as ESBPII, are at least two times higher, and most preferably are at least five times higher, than in preferably the same cells, tissues or bodily fluid of a normal human control.
• the cancer marker such as ESBPII
• the present invention also provides a method of diagnosing the onset of metastasis in human patients with a gynecologic cancer or prostate cancer.
• a human cancer patient suspected of having a gynecologic cancer or prostate cancer which may have metastasized (but which was not previously known to have metastasized) is identified. This is accomplished by a variety of means known to those of skill in the art.
• determining the presence of ESBPII levels in cells, tissues or bodily fluid is particularly useful for discriminating between prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer which has not metastasized and prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer which has metastasized.
• Existing techniques have difficulty discriminating between prostate cancer or gynecologic cancers which have metastasized and prostate cancer or gynecologic cancers which have not metastasized.
• proper treatment selection is often dependent upon such knowledge.
• the cancer marker level measured in such cells, tissues or bodily fluid is ESBPII.
• Measured ESBPII levels in a human patient are compared with levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissue or bodily fluid type of a normal human control. That is, if the cancer marker being observed is ESBPII in serum, this level is preferably compared with the level of ESBPII in serum of a normal human control.
• An increase in the ESBPII in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer which has metastasized.
• a positive result indicating the cancer in the patient being tested or monitored has metastasized is one in which cells, tissues or bodily fluid levels of a cancer marker, such as ESBPII, are at least two times higher, and most preferably are at least five times higher, than in preferably the same cells, tissues or bodily fluid of a normal patient.
• a cancer marker such as ESBPII
• Normal human control as used herein includes a human patient without cancer and/or non cancerous samples from the patient; in the methods for diagnosing or monitoring for metastasis, normal human control may preferably include samples from a human patient that is determined by reliable methods to have prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer which has not metastasized. Staging
• the invention also provides a method of staging prostate cancer or gynecologic cancers in a human patient .
• the method comprises identifying a human patient having prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer and analyzing cells, tissues or bodily fluid from such human patient for levels of ESBPII.
• the levels of ESBPII in the patient are then compared to levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissues or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein an increase in ESBPII levels in the human patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing and a decrease in the levels of ESBPII is associated with a cancer which is regressing or in remission.
• the method comprises identifying a human patient having prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer that is not known to have metastasized; periodically analyzing cells, tissues or bodily fluid from such human patient for ESBPII; comparing the ESBPII levels in such cells, tissues or bodily fluid with levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissues or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein an increase in ESBPII levels in the human patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which has metastasized.
• the method comprises identifying a human patient having prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer; periodically analyzing cells, tissues or bodily fluid from such human patient for ESBPII; and comparing the ESBPII levels in such cells, tissues or bodily fluid with levels of ESBPII in preferably the same cells, tissues or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein an increase in ESBPII levels in the human patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing in stage and a decrease in the levels of ESBPII is associated with a cancer which is regressing in stage or in remission.
• Assay Techniques Assay techniques that can be used to determine levels of gene expression (including protein levels), such as ESBPII of the present invention, in a sample derived from a patient are well known to those of skill in the art.
• Such assay methods include, without limitation, radioimmunoassays, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays, i munohistochemistry assays, in si tu hybridization assays, competitive-binding assays, Western Blot analyses, ELISA assays and proteomic approaches: two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D electrophoresis ) and non-gel based approaches such as mass spectrometry or protein interaction profiling.
• RT-PCR reverse transcriptase PCR
• i munohistochemistry assays in si tu hybridization assays
• competitive-binding assays Western Blot analyses
• ELISA assays and proteomic approaches two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D electrophoresis ) and non-gel based approaches such as mass spectrometry or protein interaction profiling.
• ELISAs are frequently preferred to diagnose a gene's expressed protein in biological fluids.
• An ELISA assay initially comprises preparing an antibody, if not readily available from a commercial source, specific to ESBPII, preferably a monoclonal antibody.
• a reporter antibody generally is prepared which binds specifically to ESBPII.
• the reporter antibody is attached to a detectable reagent such as radioactive, fluorescent or enzymatic reagent. Examples include, but are not limited to, horseradish peroxidase enzyme and alkaline phosphatase.
• antibody specific to ESBPII is incubated on a solid support, e.g. a polystyrene dish, that binds the antibody. Any free protein binding sites on the dish are then covered by incubating with a non-specific protein such as bovine serum albumin.
• a non-specific protein such as bovine serum albumin.
• the sample to be analyzed is incubated in the dish, during which time ESBPII binds to the specific antibody attached to the polystyrene dish. Unbound sample is washed out with buffer.
• a reporter antibody specifically directed to ESBPII and linked to a detectable reagent such as horseradish peroxidase is placed in the dish resulting in binding of the reporter antibody to any monoclonal antibody bound to ESBPII.
• Unattached reporter antibody is then washed out.
• Reagents for peroxidase activity including a colorimetric substrate are then added to the dish.
• Immobilized peroxidase, linked to ESBPII antibodies produces a colored reaction product.
• the amount of color developed in a given time period is proportional to the amount of ESBPII protein present in the sample.
• Quantitative results typically are obtained by reference to a standard curve.
• a competition assay can also be employed wherein antibodies specific to ESBPII are attached to a solid support and labeled ESBPII and a sample derived from the host are passed over the solid support. The amount of label detected which is attached to the solid support can be correlated to a quantity of ESBPII in the sample.
• Nucleic acid methods can also be used to detect ESBPII mRNA as a marker for prostate cancer and gynecologic cancers .
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other nucleic acid methods such as ligase chain reaction (LCR) and nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASABA) , can be used to detect malignant cells for diagnosis and monitoring of various malignancies.
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• LCR ligase chain reaction
• NASABA nucleic acid sequence based amplification
• RT-PCR reverse-transcriptase PCR
• RT-PCR is a powerful technique which can be used to detect the presence of a specific mRNA population in a complex mixture of thousands of other mRNA species.
• RT-PCR an mRNA species is first reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) with use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase; the cDNA is then amplified as in a standard PCR reaction.
• cDNA complementary DNA
• RT-PCR can thus reveal by amplification the presence of a single species of mRNA. Accordingly, if the mRNA is highly specific for the cell that produces it, RT-PCR can be used to identify the presence of a specific type of cell.
• Hybridization to clones or oligonucleotides arrayed on a solid support can be used to both detect the expression of and quantitate the level of expression of that gene.
• a cDNA encoding the ESBPII gene is fixed to a substrate.
• the substrate may be of any suitable type including but not limited to glass, nitrocellulose, nylon or plastic.
• At least a portion of the DNA encoding the ESBPII gene is attached to the substrate and then incubated with the analyte, which may be RNA or a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of the RNA, isolated from the tissue of interest.
• Hybridization between the substrate bound DNA and the analyte can be detected and quantitated by several means including but not limited to radioactive labeling or fluorescence labeling of the analyte or a secondary molecule designed to detect the hybrid. Quantitation of the level of gene expression can be done by comparison of the intensity of the signal from the analyte compared with that determined from known standards . The standards can be obtained by in vi tro transcription of the target gene, quantitating the yield, and then using that material to generate a standard curve.
• 2D electrophoresis is a technique well known to those in the art. Isolation of individual proteins from a sample such as serum is accomplished using sequential separation of proteins by different characteristics usually on polyacrylamide gels. First, proteins are separated by size using an electric current. The current acts uniformly on all proteins, so smaller proteins move farther on the gel than larger proteins. The second dimension applies a current perpendicular to the first and separates proteins not on the basis of size but on the specific electric charge carried by each protein. Since no two proteins with different sequences are identical on the basis of both size and charge, the result of a 2D separation is a square gel in which each protein occupies a unique spot. Analysis of the spots with chemical or antibody probes, or subsequent protein microsequencing can reveal the relative abundance of a given protein and the identity of the proteins in the sample.
• Bodily fluids useful in the present invention include blood, urine, saliva or any other bodily secretion or derivative thereof.
• Blood can include whole blood, plasma, serum or any derivative of blood.
• Antibodies against ESBPII can also be used in vivo in patients suspected of suffering from prostate cancer or gynecologic cancers such as ovarian, breast, endometrial and uterine cancer. Specifically, antibodies against a ESBPII can be injected into a patient suspected of having prostate cancer or a gynecologic cancer for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes.
• the use of antibodies for in vivo diagnosis is well known in the art.
• antibody-chelators labeled with Indium-Ill have been described for use in the radioimmunoscintographic imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen expressing tumors (Sumerdon et al . Nucl . Med. Biol . 1990 17:247-254).
• these antibody-chelators have been used in detecting tumors in patients suspected of having recurrent colorectal cancer (Griffin et al . J. Clin. One. 1991 9:631-640) .
• Antibodies with paramagnetic ions as labels for use in magnetic resonance imaging have also been described (Lauffer, R.B. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1991 22:339- 342) .
• Antibodies directed against ESBPII can be used in a similar manner. Labeled antibodies against ESBPII can be injected into patients suspected of having a gynecologic cancer or prostate cancer for the purpose of diagnosing or staging of the disease status of the patient. The label used will be selected in accordance with the imaging modality to be used.
• radioactive labels such as Indium-Ill, Technetium-99m or Iodine-131 can be used for planar scans or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
• Positron emitting labels such as Fluorine-19 can be used in positron emission tomography.
• Paramagnetic ions such as Gadlinium (III) or Manganese (II) can be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . Localization of the label permits determination of the spread of the cancer.
• the amount of label within an organ or tissue also allows determination of the presence or absence of cancer in that organ or tissue.
• injection of an antibody against ESBPII can also have a therapeutic benefit.
• the antibody may exert its therapeutic effect alone.
• the antibody is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a drug, toxin or radionuclide to enhance its therapeutic effect.
• a cytotoxic agent such as a drug, toxin or radionuclide to enhance its therapeutic effect.
• Drug monoclonal antibodies have been described in the art for example by Garnett and Baldwin, Cancer Research 1986 46:2407- 2412. The use of toxins conjugated to monoclonal antibodies for the therapy of various cancers has also been described by Pastan et al . Cell 1986 47:641-648. Yttrium-90 labeled monoclonal antibodies have been described for maximization of dose delivered to the tumor while limiting toxicity to normal tissues (Goodwin and Meares Cancer Supplement 1997 80:2675- 2680) .
• Other cytotoxic radionuclides including, but not limited to Copper-67, Iodine-131 and Rhenium-186 can also be used for labeling of antibodies against ESBPII.
• Antibodies which can be used in these in vivo methods include both polyclonal, monoclonal or o niclonal antibodies and antibodies prepared via molecular biology techniques. Antibody fragments and aptamers and single-stranded oligonucleotides such as those derived from an in vi tro evolution protocol referred to as SELEX and well known to those skilled in the art can also be used.
• SELEX single-stranded oligonucleotides
• the present invention is further described by the following examples . These examples are provided solely to illustrate the invention by reference to specific embodiments. These exemplifications, while illustrating certain aspects of the invention, do not portray the limitations or circumscribe the scope of the disclosed invention. EXAMPLES
• the 5' -3' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase releases the reporter, whose fluorescence can then be detected by the laser detector of the Model 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) .
• Amplification of an endogenous control is used to standardize the amount of sample RNA added to the reaction and normalize for Reverse Transcriptase (RT) efficiency.
• Either cyclophilin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) , ATP synthase 6 (ATPsy6) , or 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is used as this endogenous control.
• GPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
• ATPsy6 ATP synthase 6
• rRNA 18S ribosomal RNA
• RNA was extracted from normal tissues, cancer tissues, and from cancers and the corresponding matched adjacent tissues.
• first strand cDNA was prepared with reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction was done using primers and Taqman probe specific to the target gene.
• the results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector.
• the absolute numbers are relative levels of expression of the target gene in a particular tissue compared to the calibrator tissue.
• Table 1 The absolute numbers depicted in Table 1 are relative levels of expression of ESBPII in 12 normal different tissues. All the values are compared to normal lung (calibrator) . These RNA samples are commercially available pools, originated by pooling samples of a particular tissue from different individuals .
• Table 1 The absolute numbers in Table 1 were obtained analyzing pools of samples of a particular tissue from different individuals. They can not be compared to the absolute numbers originated from RNA obtained from tissue samples of a single individual in Table 2.
• the absolute numbers depicted in Table 2 are relative levels of expression of ESBPII in 76 pairs of matching samples, ovarian cancer samples from 15 different individuals, and normal ovarian samples from 15 different individuals. All the values are compared to normal lung (calibrator) .
• a matching pair is formed by mRNA from the cancer sample for a particular tissue and mRNA from the normal adjacent sample for that same tissue from the same individual.
• the level of mRNA expression in cancer samples and the isogenic normal adjacent tissue from the same individual were compared. This comparison provides an indication of specificity for the cancer stage (e.g. higher levels of mRNA expression in the cancer sample compared to the normal adjacent) .
• Table 2 shows overexpression of ESBPII in 4 primary endometrial cancer tissues compared with their respective normal adjacent (endometrium samples #1, 4, 7, and 9) . There was overexpression in the cancer tissue for 36.36% of the endometrial matching samples tested (total of 11 endometrium matching samples) .
• ESBPII is differentially expressed in the four matching samples for uterine cancer.
• Samples #1 and 3 show downregulation for the mRNA of ESBPII in cancer, whereas samples #2 and #4 show overexpression in the cancer samples.
• samples #1 and 3 show underexpression of ESBPII (#2, 6, and 9) in cancer, whereas six had higher levels of ESBPII in cancer compared to the normal adjacent tissue (#1, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8) .
• ESBPII is differentially expressed in the four matching samples for ovarian cancer.
• Samples #1 and 3 showed upregulation for the mRNA of ESBPII in cancer, whereas samples #2 and #4 showed overexpression in the normal adjacent tissue.
• thirty additional ovarian samples were analyzed. Fifteen cancer samples and 15 normal ovary tissue samples from different individuals. The median expression in the ovary cancer samples (629) is four times higher than the median expression in the normal ovary samples (16) .
• ESBPII tissue specificity for gynecological tissues
• mRNA differential expression in several of the primary uterus, endometrial, breast, and ovarian matching samples tested are indicative of ESBPII being a diagnostic marker for gynecologic cancers including uterine, endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancer.
• ESBPII is also differentially expressed in the 13 matching samples for prostate cancer. Samples #1, 4, 6, 8, and 11 showed downregulation of the mRNA of ESBPII in cancer, whereas samples #2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 13 showed overexpression in the cancer tissue.
• the median expression in the prostate cancer samples (1279) is higher than the median expression in the normal prostate samples (972) .

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