EP1092819A1 - Concealed gutter bracket - Google Patents
Concealed gutter bracket Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1092819A1 EP1092819A1 EP99203326A EP99203326A EP1092819A1 EP 1092819 A1 EP1092819 A1 EP 1092819A1 EP 99203326 A EP99203326 A EP 99203326A EP 99203326 A EP99203326 A EP 99203326A EP 1092819 A1 EP1092819 A1 EP 1092819A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gutter
- roof
- support
- edge
- pin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001335 Galvanized steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008397 galvanized steel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001256 stainless steel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
- E04D13/04—Roof drainage; Drainage fittings in flat roofs, balconies or the like
- E04D13/064—Gutters
- E04D13/072—Hanging means
- E04D13/0725—Hanging means situated above or inside the gutter
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a discrete support for the fixing at the edge of the roof of a building with a gutter intended for the recovery of rainwater.
- support discreet here we designate a support that is not provided with a support located under the gutter and which is placed just at the above the gutter, either inside the gutter. It is therefore almost invisible from the ground.
- Discreet supports have been developing gradually since a few years for aesthetic reasons at the expense of traditional supports that are arched and support the gutter body from below.
- the supports known discrete have as disadvantage either a relatively heavy or complex construction, i.e. construction which requires a lowered placement of the gutter in relation to the roof.
- plastic supports are not recommended: their outdoor life is good shorter than that of zinc, the preferred material for gutters.
- the object of the invention is therefore the development of a support discreet gutter overcoming the drawbacks mentioned above.
- the invention relates to a system of rainwater harvesting comprising a gutter body (1) provided with a fold forming a clamp (2) on its most edge close to the roof and a stiffening device (3) on its edge farthest from the roof, and with that at least one discreet support for fixing the gutter at the edge of roof.
- This system is characterized in that said support is shaped from a single metal sheet and includes minus a hole (4, 4 ') for fixing it to the edge of the roof, a pin (5) cooperating with said clamp (2) allowing the maintaining the gutter along its closest edge of the roof and offering play-free support (6) on the inside of the gutter, a straight section (7) crossing the gutter going from said backlash without play (6) located on the side closer to the roof towards said stiffening device (3) on the edge furthest from the roof on a slope substantially rising, an element (8) placed at the end of the rectilinear section (7) cooperating with said device stiffening (3) and allowing the maintenance of the gutter along its edge furthest from the roof.
- the invention also relates to the gutter support itself.
- the solidity of the support according to the invention lies in the recovery the weight of the gutter and its content per section straight (7) working in compression and placed across of the gutter.
- the wall side base of this straight section must lean without play on the inside of the gutter in one relatively lower point (6); the far side end of the wall of this section must be fixed to the edge of the gutter in a relatively higher point (8).
- the straight section must rise towards the edge opposite of the gutter on a sufficient slope, otherwise the straight section will work in bending and not in compression. A climb angle of 10 to 25 degrees is recommended.
- Such a support allows sliding movement of the gutter in its longitudinal direction since neither the support nor the means of fixing do not pierce it.
- the system thus protects the free thermal expansion of the metal, which ensures durability of the gutter and its fixing.
- the support can be shaped from a steel sheet galvanized, stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
- FIG. 1 An example of embodiment of the gutter support according to the invention is shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- Figure 1 shows a side view of the support and its placement in relation to a gutter.
- Figure 2 shows a perspective view of the support.
- the support is fixed to the wall simply by providing at least one orifice (4, 4 ') for the passage of screws or nails.
- the gutter is held on the wall side support by a pin (5) allowing the passage of the clamp of the gutter (2).
- This passage can be closed by the flap of minus one ear (9, 9 ') placed to provide support for the pliers.
- a rib may be provided on the pin for allow provisional mounting by clipping the gutter on the supports before the final assembly by flap of the ears.
- the presence of two ears, placed symmetrically on both sides of the pin and perforated so as to be folding more easily is particularly useful.
- the pin offers, after ear flaps, support without play (6) on the interior wall of the gutter at the base of the straight section (7) which rises towards the device stiffening (3) of the gutter on its side furthest from Wall.
- This device can be a clip, a hem or a bead.
- Maintaining the gutter on its side furthest from the wall is achieved by matching shapes between an element (8) to the end of the straight section (7) and the stiffening (3) of the gutter. It is important that the effort of compression is transmitted without deformation and without play to straight section (7).
- the element (8) can be a hook adapting firmly around said bead.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un support discret pour la fixation en bordure de toit d'un bâtiment d'une gouttière destinée à la récupération des eaux pluviales. Par support discret, on désigne ici un support qui n'est pas muni d'un appui situé sous la gouttière et qui se place soit juste au dessus de la gouttière, soit à l'intérieur même de la gouttière. Il est donc quasiment invisible à partir du sol.The present invention relates to a discrete support for the fixing at the edge of the roof of a building with a gutter intended for the recovery of rainwater. By support discreet, here we designate a support that is not provided with a support located under the gutter and which is placed just at the above the gutter, either inside the gutter. It is therefore almost invisible from the ground.
Les supports discrets se développent progressivement depuis quelques années pour des raisons esthétiques au détriment des supports traditionnels qui sont en forme d'arceau et supportent le corps de gouttière par le bas. Cependant, les supports discrets connus présentent comme désavantage soit une construction relativement lourde ou complexe, soit une construction qui requiert un placement surbaissé de la gouttière par rapport au toit.Discreet supports have been developing gradually since a few years for aesthetic reasons at the expense of traditional supports that are arched and support the gutter body from below. However, the supports known discrete have as disadvantage either a relatively heavy or complex construction, i.e. construction which requires a lowered placement of the gutter in relation to the roof.
Un tel support est décrit dans le brevet US-5,004,191. Toutefois, le porte à faux important exige un support extrêmement solide, de préférence en aluminium extrudé. Ceci est relativement lourd et coûteux. De plus, ce support ne permet aucun mouvement dans le sens longitudinal de la gouttière: ceci engendrera la déformation et la dégradation des matériaux suite à l'expansion thermique.Such a support is described in US Pat. No. 5,004,191. However, the significant overhang requires support extremely strong, preferably made of extruded aluminum. This is relatively heavy and expensive. In addition, this support does not allows no movement in the longitudinal direction of the gutter: this will cause deformation and degradation of materials following thermal expansion.
Un autre support est décrit dans le brevet US-4,910,926. Ce support se fixe au mur bien au dessus du niveau supérieur de la gouttière, ce qui implique un placement surbaissé de la gouttière. Le montage est léger et solide car le support travaille en traction et pas en flexion. Mais le placement surbaissé de la gouttière n'est pas toujours désiré. Ce support reste donc malgré tout quelque peu visible. Il est constitué d'un assemblage encombrant de plusieurs pièces et requiert un montage relativement complexe. Another support is described in US Pat. No. 4,910,926. This support attaches to the wall well above the upper level of the gutter, which implies a lowered placement of the gutter. The assembly is light and solid because the support works in traction and not in bending. But the placement a lowered gutter is not always desired. This support therefore remains somewhat visible. It consists a bulky assembly of several parts and requires a relatively complex assembly.
Remarquons que l'emploi de supports en matière synthétique n'est pas recommandé: leur durée de vie en extérieur est bien plus courte que celle du zinc, matériau de prédilection pour gouttières.Note that the use of plastic supports is not recommended: their outdoor life is good shorter than that of zinc, the preferred material for gutters.
Remarquons aussi que nous ne considérons pas les crochets munis d'un appui situé sous la gouttière, ceux-ci n'étant ici pas considérés comme discrets.Note also that we do not consider the hooks provided a support located under the gutter, these not being here considered discreet.
Le but de l'invention est donc le développement d'un support discret de gouttière palliant les inconvénients cités ci-dessus.The object of the invention is therefore the development of a support discreet gutter overcoming the drawbacks mentioned above.
Plus particulièrement, l'invention concerne un système de récolte des eaux pluviales comprenant un corps de gouttière (1) muni d'un repli formant pince (2) sur son bord le plus rapproché du toit et d'un dispositif de raidissement (3) sur son bord le plus éloigné du toit, et avec cela au moins un support discret pour la fixation de la gouttière en bordure de toit. Ce système est caractérisé en ce que ledit support est façonné à partir d'une tôle métallique unique et comporte au moins un orifice (4, 4') pour sa fixation en bordure de toit, une épingle (5) coopérant avec ladite pince (2) permettant le maintien de la gouttière le long de son bord le plus rapproché du toit et offrant un appui sans jeu (6) sur la face intérieure de la gouttière, un tronçon rectiligne (7) traversant la gouttière en allant dudit appui sans jeu (6) situé du côté le plus rapproché du toit vers ledit dispositif de raidissement (3) sur le bord le plus éloigné du toit selon une pente sensiblement montante, un élément (8) placé à l'extrémité du tronçon rectiligne (7) coopérant avec ledit dispositif de raidissement (3) et permettant le maintien de la gouttière le long de son bord le plus éloigné du toit.More particularly, the invention relates to a system of rainwater harvesting comprising a gutter body (1) provided with a fold forming a clamp (2) on its most edge close to the roof and a stiffening device (3) on its edge farthest from the roof, and with that at least one discreet support for fixing the gutter at the edge of roof. This system is characterized in that said support is shaped from a single metal sheet and includes minus a hole (4, 4 ') for fixing it to the edge of the roof, a pin (5) cooperating with said clamp (2) allowing the maintaining the gutter along its closest edge of the roof and offering play-free support (6) on the inside of the gutter, a straight section (7) crossing the gutter going from said backlash without play (6) located on the side closer to the roof towards said stiffening device (3) on the edge furthest from the roof on a slope substantially rising, an element (8) placed at the end of the rectilinear section (7) cooperating with said device stiffening (3) and allowing the maintenance of the gutter along its edge furthest from the roof.
L'invention concerne aussi le support de gouttière lui-même. The invention also relates to the gutter support itself.
La solidité du support selon l'invention réside dans la reprise du poids de la gouttière et de son contenu par un tronçon rectiligne (7) travaillant en compression et placé au travers de la gouttière. La base côté mur de ce tronçon rectiligne doit s'appuyer sans jeu sur la face intérieure de la gouttière en un point relativement plus bas (6); l'extrémité côté éloigné du mur de ce tronçon doit se fixer au bord de gouttière en un point relativement plus haut (8). Il faut toutefois s'assurer que la base du tronçon rectiligne ne descend pas trop bas à l'intérieur de la gouttière car cela favoriserait son colmatage par accumulation de débris tels que des feuilles mortes. D'autre part, le tronçon rectiligne doit monter vers le bord opposé de la gouttière selon une pente suffisante, sinon le tronçon rectiligne travaillera en flexion et non pas en compression. Un angle de montée allant de 10 à 25 degrés est préconisé.The solidity of the support according to the invention lies in the recovery the weight of the gutter and its content per section straight (7) working in compression and placed across of the gutter. The wall side base of this straight section must lean without play on the inside of the gutter in one relatively lower point (6); the far side end of the wall of this section must be fixed to the edge of the gutter in a relatively higher point (8). However, you must make sure that the base of the straight section does not go too low at the inside of the gutter as this would encourage its clogging by accumulation of debris such as dead leaves. On the other hand, the straight section must rise towards the edge opposite of the gutter on a sufficient slope, otherwise the straight section will work in bending and not in compression. A climb angle of 10 to 25 degrees is recommended.
Cette configuration augmente très sensiblement la rigidité et donc l'efficacité dudit support: tout mouvement descendant de la gouttière sur son côté le plus éloigné du mur tend à comprimer le tronçon rectiligne. Ce tronçon résiste bien à ce type d'effort, d'autant plus qu'il peut être muni d'une nervure de renforcement.This configuration significantly increases the rigidity and therefore the effectiveness of said support: any downward movement of the gutter on its side furthest from the wall tends to compress the straight section. This section resists well to this type of effort, especially since it can be provided with a rib reinforcement.
La simplicité réside dans la projection des différentes fonctions du support sur une languette métallique unique, adéquatement découpée et pliée. Ces fonctions sont:
- (a) fixation du support au mur;
- (b) maintien de la gouttière côté mur;
- (c) présentation d'un appui sans jeu à la base du tronçon rectiligne;
- (d) maintien de la gouttière côté éloigné du mur à l'extrémité du tronçon rectiligne.
- (a) fixing the support to the wall;
- (b) maintenance of the gutter on the wall side;
- (c) presentation of a backlash without play at the base of the straight section;
- (d) maintaining the gutter away from the wall at the end of the straight section.
Il n'y a de plus aucun risque de dé-clipsage ou de déboítement des parties formant le support puisque celui-ci est façonné d'une seule pièce.There is also no risk of unclipping or dislocation parts forming the support since it is shaped in one piece.
Un tel support permet un mouvement coulissant de la gouttière dans son sens longitudinal puisque ni le support, ni les moyens de fixation ne la transpercent. Le système ménage ainsi la libre dilatation thermique du métal, ce qui assure la pérennité de la gouttière et de sa fixation.Such a support allows sliding movement of the gutter in its longitudinal direction since neither the support nor the means of fixing do not pierce it. The system thus protects the free thermal expansion of the metal, which ensures durability of the gutter and its fixing.
Le support peut être façonné à partir d'une tôle d'acier galvanisé, d'acier inoxydable ou d'alliage d'aluminium.The support can be shaped from a steel sheet galvanized, stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
Il est particulièrement adapté pour supporter des gouttières en zinc.It is particularly suitable for supporting gutters in zinc.
Un exemple de réalisation du support de gouttière selon l'invention est montré aux figures 1 et 2.An example of embodiment of the gutter support according to the invention is shown in Figures 1 and 2.
La figure 1 montre une vue latérale du support ainsi que de son placement par rapport à une gouttière.Figure 1 shows a side view of the support and its placement in relation to a gutter.
La figure 2 montre une vue en perspective du support.Figure 2 shows a perspective view of the support.
La fixation du support au mur est simplement réalisée en prévoyant au moins un orifice (4, 4') pour le passage de visses ou de clous.The support is fixed to the wall simply by providing at least one orifice (4, 4 ') for the passage of screws or nails.
Le maintien de la gouttière au support côté mur est réalisé par une épingle (5) permettant le passage de la pince de la gouttière (2). Ce passage peut être refermé par le rabat d'au moins une oreille (9, 9') placée pour offrir un appui à la pince. Une nervure peut être prévue sur l'épingle pour permettre un montage provisoire par clipsage de la gouttière sur les supports avant le montage définitif par rabat des oreilles. La présence de deux oreilles, placées symétriquement de part et d'autre de l'épingle et ajourées de façon à se rabattre plus aisément, est particulièrement utile.The gutter is held on the wall side support by a pin (5) allowing the passage of the clamp of the gutter (2). This passage can be closed by the flap of minus one ear (9, 9 ') placed to provide support for the pliers. A rib may be provided on the pin for allow provisional mounting by clipping the gutter on the supports before the final assembly by flap of the ears. The presence of two ears, placed symmetrically on both sides of the pin and perforated so as to be folding more easily is particularly useful.
L'épingle offre, après rabat des oreilles, un appui sans jeu (6) sur la paroi intérieure de la gouttière à la base du tronçon rectiligne (7) qui remonte vers le dispositif de raidissement (3) de la gouttière de son côté le plus éloigné de mur. Ce dispositif peut être une pince, un ourlet ou un bourrelet.The pin offers, after ear flaps, support without play (6) on the interior wall of the gutter at the base of the straight section (7) which rises towards the device stiffening (3) of the gutter on its side furthest from Wall. This device can be a clip, a hem or a bead.
Le maintient de la gouttière de son côté le plus éloigné du mur est réalisé par l'adéquation de formes entre un élément (8) à l'extrémité du tronçon rectiligne (7) et le dispositif de raidissement (3) de la gouttière. Il importe que l'effort de compression soit transmis sans déformation et sans jeu au tronçon rectiligne (7). Au cas ou ledit dispositif de raidissement (3) est formé par un bourrelet tourné vers l'extérieur, l'élément (8) peut être un crochet s'adaptant fermement autour dudit bourrelet.Maintaining the gutter on its side furthest from the wall is achieved by matching shapes between an element (8) to the end of the straight section (7) and the stiffening (3) of the gutter. It is important that the effort of compression is transmitted without deformation and without play to straight section (7). In the event that said stiffening (3) is formed by a bead facing the outside, the element (8) can be a hook adapting firmly around said bead.
Grâce au placement légèrement surélevé du ou des orifices de fixation (4, 4'), l'accès aux moyens de fixation est constamment préservé. Les supports peuvent donc être montés sur un tronçon de gouttière avant sa pose en bordure de toit. Ce faisant, on améliore grandement la rigidité de l'ensemble lors des manipulations de montage.Thanks to the slightly raised placement of the opening (s) fixing (4, 4 '), access to the fixing means is constantly preserved. The supports can therefore be mounted on a section of gutter before installation at the edge of the roof. This doing so, we greatly improve the rigidity of the assembly during assembly manipulations.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99203326A EP1092819A1 (en) | 1999-10-12 | 1999-10-12 | Concealed gutter bracket |
| BE200000633A BE1014010A6 (en) | 1999-10-12 | 2000-10-05 | DISCRETE GUTTER SUPPORT. |
| FR0013009A FR2799483B1 (en) | 1999-10-12 | 2000-10-11 | DISCRETE GUTTER SUPPORT |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99203326A EP1092819A1 (en) | 1999-10-12 | 1999-10-12 | Concealed gutter bracket |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1092819A1 true EP1092819A1 (en) | 2001-04-18 |
Family
ID=8240733
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99203326A Withdrawn EP1092819A1 (en) | 1999-10-12 | 1999-10-12 | Concealed gutter bracket |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1092819A1 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE1014010A6 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2799483B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1253261A1 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2002-10-30 | Etablissements Frenehard et Michaux | Roof gutter bracket |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2536704A (en) * | 1949-09-01 | 1951-01-02 | James B Shea | Support and hanger for eaves trough and gutters |
| US3189304A (en) * | 1961-12-26 | 1965-06-15 | Louis M Vranyosovics | Gutter hanger |
| US3295803A (en) * | 1964-07-06 | 1967-01-03 | Aluminum Co Of America | Rigid one-piece gutter hanger |
| US4000587A (en) * | 1975-02-05 | 1977-01-04 | Weber William H | Gutter structure |
| AU496136B2 (en) * | 1974-11-21 | 1977-05-26 | Northern Builders Supplies Ltd | Fascia support bracket and assembly of fascia support bracket and fascia board |
| US4241548A (en) * | 1979-11-27 | 1980-12-30 | Rowe Lacy A | Gutter hanger |
| AU567164B2 (en) * | 1983-05-26 | 1987-11-12 | Stramit Corporation Limited | Gutter bracket,fascia and gutter |
| US4910926A (en) | 1986-05-15 | 1990-03-27 | Ab Siba - Verken | Arrangement in eave gutters |
| US5004191A (en) | 1989-10-10 | 1991-04-02 | Durrell Corry | Rain gutter support and mounting bracket |
-
1999
- 1999-10-12 EP EP99203326A patent/EP1092819A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-10-05 BE BE200000633A patent/BE1014010A6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-10-11 FR FR0013009A patent/FR2799483B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2536704A (en) * | 1949-09-01 | 1951-01-02 | James B Shea | Support and hanger for eaves trough and gutters |
| US3189304A (en) * | 1961-12-26 | 1965-06-15 | Louis M Vranyosovics | Gutter hanger |
| US3295803A (en) * | 1964-07-06 | 1967-01-03 | Aluminum Co Of America | Rigid one-piece gutter hanger |
| AU496136B2 (en) * | 1974-11-21 | 1977-05-26 | Northern Builders Supplies Ltd | Fascia support bracket and assembly of fascia support bracket and fascia board |
| US4000587A (en) * | 1975-02-05 | 1977-01-04 | Weber William H | Gutter structure |
| US4241548A (en) * | 1979-11-27 | 1980-12-30 | Rowe Lacy A | Gutter hanger |
| AU567164B2 (en) * | 1983-05-26 | 1987-11-12 | Stramit Corporation Limited | Gutter bracket,fascia and gutter |
| US4910926A (en) | 1986-05-15 | 1990-03-27 | Ab Siba - Verken | Arrangement in eave gutters |
| US5004191A (en) | 1989-10-10 | 1991-04-02 | Durrell Corry | Rain gutter support and mounting bracket |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1253261A1 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2002-10-30 | Etablissements Frenehard et Michaux | Roof gutter bracket |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE1014010A6 (en) | 2003-02-04 |
| FR2799483A1 (en) | 2001-04-13 |
| FR2799483B1 (en) | 2003-04-11 |
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