EP1082527A2 - Aluminum muffler and method of manufacture - Google Patents
Aluminum muffler and method of manufactureInfo
- Publication number
- EP1082527A2 EP1082527A2 EP99903887A EP99903887A EP1082527A2 EP 1082527 A2 EP1082527 A2 EP 1082527A2 EP 99903887 A EP99903887 A EP 99903887A EP 99903887 A EP99903887 A EP 99903887A EP 1082527 A2 EP1082527 A2 EP 1082527A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- shell
- muffler
- aluminum
- inner space
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
- F01N13/1838—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly characterised by the type of connection between parts of exhaust or silencing apparatus, e.g. between housing and tubes, between tubes and baffles
- F01N13/1844—Mechanical joints
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
- F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
- F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
- F01N1/10—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling in combination with sound-absorbing materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/26—Tubes being formed by extrusion, drawing or rolling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
- F01N2530/06—Aluminium or alloys thereof
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
- Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
Abstract
An aluminum muffler (110) comprising an extruded aluminum tubular shell defining an inner space, at least one aluminum tube (118, 120) axially connected to said shell within said inner space, and end covers comprising apertures through which the at least one tube (118, 120) extends beyond the tubular shell, and method of making same.
Description
ALUMINUM MUFFLER AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
The present invention relates to a muffler for motor vehicles that is
highly corrosion and wear resistant made of aluminum. More specifically the
invention relates to a muffler made from extruded aluminum profiles that are
easily assembled together and to a method of manufacturing same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Mufflers for motor vehicles are presently made from sheet metal,
particularly mild steel sheet metal. The metal sheets are rolled into
cylindrical form and closed off at the ends with end covers. A tube, which
may be perforated, usually also of mild steel, passes through the cylindrical
form and through the end covers. Alternatively, two parallel tube sections are
contained within the cylinder, each tube entering the cylinder from a different
end, so that gases entering one tube expand into the volume of the cylinder
and exit the cylinder through the other tube. The cylinder volume may also
be filled with absorbing material to reduce sound and/or toxic gas emission.
A major problem of these mufflers is that mild steel corrodes rather quickly
and therefore the mufflers have to be replaced frequently. To use
non-corroding stainless steel would make the mufflers too expensive for
practical purposes.
U.S. Patent No. 3,221,836 suggests one way to overcome this problem of
corrosion by making a muffler from corrosion resistant metal such as
aluminum or stainless steel. The patent thus discloses an aluminum muffler
having a cylindrical body formed from aluminum sheet. A perforated
aluminum tube extends through the center of the cylinder, and cast aluminum
end covers close off the cylinder ends holding the tube in place within the
cylinder. Various means of securing the end covers to the cylinder ends are
disclosed.
U.S. Patent No. 3,115,209 discloses a muffler made of rust proof
material such as aluminum comprising a housing with removable end
members having openings for passage of gases. A self-contained, unitary
cartridge, including a tubular rigid member having open ends and a mass of
shredded material providing an infinite number of surfaces for muffling gases,
is removably contained in the housing.
U.S. Patent No. 4,446,942 claims an aluminum muffler made by deep
drawing a pair of hollow bodies and then joining the bodies together forming
a muffler with a circumferential seam around its middle.
An article in Popular Science vol. 176 No. 1 p. 62, 1960 also refers to a
cast aluminum muffler with thicker metal at heat concentration points.
In spite of all the benefits that would appear to come from using
aluminum mufflers, such as corrosion resistance, lighter weight and possibly
smaller size mufflers, aluminum mufflers, to the best of our knowledge, have
not been commercial.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of this invention to provide an aluminum muffler that is
simple to manufacture and cost competitive with convention sheet metal
mufflers.
Another object is to provide an aluminum muffler that is easy to
assemble and longer lasting.
A further object is to provide an aluminum muffler that is light weight
and smaller in volume than a corresponding conventional muffler.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a method of
manufacturing an aluminum muffler by extrusion.
In accordance with the above objective there is provided an aluminum
muffler comprising an extruded aluminum tubular shell defining an inner
shell wall and an inner shell space, at least one aluminum tube axially
attached to and spaced apart from said inner shell wall within said inner
space, and end covers comprising apertures through which the at least one
tube extends beyond the cylindrical shell.
In a preferred embodiment, the aluminum muffler comprises more than
one tube, for example, two tubes, one tube extending through one end cover
and the other tube extending through the other end cover.
In another preferred embodiment, the tubular shell comprises a double
wall defining an inner shell within an outer shell, with the tube attached to the
inner shell.
The tube inside the shell may be perforated to allow exhaust gas t expand
into the space of the shell. This space and/or the space between the double
tubular walls may also contain sound absorbing material to further reduce
noise.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention there
is provided an aluminum muffler comprising an extruded aluminum tubular
shell defining an inner shell wall and an inner space, at least one tube axially
positioned within that space and slidably engaging the inner wall of the
tubular shell, and end covers closing off the cylinder ends, said end covers
comprising apertures through which the at least one tube extends beyond the
tubular shell.
A preferred method of engaging the tube with the inner wall of the
tubular shell is by rail and track means.
The aluminum muffler of this invention is made by using aluminum
extrusion technology similar to that used in making aluminum profiles such as
for door and window frames. Thus, the tubular inner and outer shells can be
extruded together with the tubes and spacing strips as a single profile or the
shells and tubes can be extruded separately with respective mating rails and
tracks slidably engaging one another. It is obvious that the rails and tracks
may be either on the shell walls or the tubes as long as these slidably engage
one another.
The end covers are preferably also made from aluminum, and may be
cast or punched in any conventional manner known in the art. These end
covers may be welded or folded over the cylinder ends as for example when
sealing of cans, or they may be screwed or bolted to the cylinder. A sealing
ring between the cover and tubular shell edge may also be used.
In another preferred embodiment, each tube is attached to the tubular
shell at more than one point by fixed bridging strips or mating rail and track
in order to hold the tube more firmly and give it greater stability. Similarly, it
is preferred that a double walled tubular shell preferably have the two walls
spaced apart at three points.
The term "tubular shell" as used herein is intended to include any
extruded tubular profile irrespective of the cross-sectional shape. Thus, the
shell may have a cross-section, for example, that is round, oval, hour glass,
rectangular or custom contoured to fit under the motor vehicle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be better understood when considered together with
the following drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a top plan view of an aluminum muffler in accordance with
this invention;
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 1 taken across A-A;
Figures 3 and 4 show cross-sectional views of other embodiments of a
muffler in accordance with this invention;
Figures 5-9 are plan views of various ways of mounting end covers on
the tubular shell;
Figure 10 is a partial cut away perspective view of another embodiment
of a muffler in accordance with the invention;
Figure 11 is a cross-sectional plan view of the muffler of Figure 10;
Figure 12 is a cross-section of the muffler of Figure 10 viewed from the
inlet side; and
Figure 13 is a cross-section of the muffler of Figure 10 viewed from the
outlet side.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to Figures 1 and 2, there is shown an aluminum muffler
10 having an outer shell 12 and inner shell 14. The outer shell 12 has three
rails 16 and the inner shell 14 has three tracks 18 that slidably engage the rails
16, forming an air space between the inner 14 and outer 12 shells. Two tubes
24 and 26 have double rails 28 and 30 that are slidably engaged by tracks 32
and 34 located on the inner surface of cylindrical wall 14. Thus the tubes 24
and 26 can easily be slid axially into the inner cylinder 14 by means of the
rails 28 and 30 and tracks 32 and 34, and the inner cylinder 14 can easily be
slid into the outer cylinder 12 by means of rails 16 and tracks 18. end plates
36 and 38 cloe off the terminal ends of the cylindrical shell 12 leaving the
ends 39 and 41 of tubes 24 and 26 protruding beyond the end plates 36 and 38
respectively, through apertures in these end plates. The tube ends 39 and 41
have the rail section 28 cut away leaving only round tube ends. The interface
between the end plate apertures and the tube ends 39 and 41 can be sealed by
welding so that the entire muffler is sealed with only the tube openings 40 and
42 providing passage for the entrance and exit of exhaust gases. The tubes 24
and 26 may be perforated (not shown) to allow the gases entering through
them to expand in the cavity 44 of the inner shell 14. The air space 45
between the walls 12 and 14 of the muffler provides additional noise
reduction.
In a similar manner, a muffler can be manufactured with only a single
cylindrical wall. In that case, the tubes 24, 26 engage the inner wall surface
of the cylindrical wall directly.
Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, there are shown cross-sections of
alternative mufflers according to the invention.
In Figure 3, all the axial elements of the muffler 50 are extruded as a
single profile, with bridging strips 52 connecting the inner 54 and outer 56
cylindrical walls and bridging strips 58 connecting the tubes 24 and 26 to the
inner wall 54.
In Figure 4 the muffler 60 comprises a cylindrical extrusion having an
inner 64 and outer 66 wall connected by bridging strips 62 and tubes 24, 26
slidably engaged via a rail and track 68 arrangement.
In Figure 5 the end cover 70 is a flat plate through which tube 26
extends. The cover 70 is welded 72 all around the tube 26 and around the
cylinder edge 74.
In Figure 6 the end cover 80 has a bent flange 82 surrounding tube 26
and to which it is welded. Another bent flange 84 covers the outside cylinder
wall 86 and is welded thereto, completely sealing the cylinder.
Figure 7 illustrates another way of sealing the ends of the cylindircal
shell. End cover 90 has a bent flange 92 surrounding tube 26 to which it is
welded. A C-shaped bend 94 on the outer edge of the cover 90 is clamped
over the cylinder wall 96 to form a seal.
In Figure 8 is shown yet another way of mounting the end cover 90 to
seal the cylinder 96. A collar band 98 is placed around the tube 26 and over
bent flange 92 and tightened with bolt 93. End cover 90 is sealed over the
cylinder 96 in the same way as in Figure 7.
In Figure 9 the end cover 100 is tightened around tube 26 in the same
manner as in Figure 8, by means of a collar band 98. The edge of the end
cover 102, however, is sealed against the cylinder wall 96 by means of bolts
104 screwed into the track 106 which is integrally extruded with the
cylindrical wall 96. A sealing gasket 99 assures that the seal between the
cylindrical wall 96 and end plate 100 is complete.
Referring now to Figures 10 to 13, there is shown another preferred
embodiment of a muffler in accordance with the invention. Muffler 110
comprises a double walled shell defining an outer shell 112 and inner shell
114 connected by three equidistantly spaced connecting strips 116. Within
the inner shell 114 there are positioned three axial tubes comprising an inlet
tube 118, an outlet tube 120 and an extension tube 122. The inner shell 114
comprises axial track means 124 and the three tubes comprise axial rail means
126 so that the tubes can be slidably engaged and axially connected to the
inner shell 114. A partition 128, which can be an extruded aluminum profile,
axially connects inlet tube 118 and extension tube 122 by means of track 130
engaging rail 132 thus forming a chamber A. Outlet tube 120 engages
extension tube 122 along their entire length by means of track 134 and rail
136, forming chambers B and C. Thus the tubes 118, 120 and 122 partition
the shell 114 into axial chambers A, B and C. The inlet 118, outlet 120 and
extension 122 tubes comprise perforations 138, 140 and 142 respectively
along sections thereof. In the present embodiment, these perforations are
facing the chamber C, but they could also face different chambers. Inlet tube
118 has a terminal u-shaped cut-out opening 144 opposite the inlet leading to
chamber A, outlet tube 120 has a terminal u-shaped cut-out opening 146
opposite the outlet leading to chamber B, and extension tube 122 has two
terminal u-shaped cut-out openings 148 and 150, the former leading to
chamber A and the latter to chamber B. These openings 144, 146, 148 and
150 do not have to be u-shaped, nor at the terminal ends of the tubes, but can
be anywhere along the tube. As the exhaust gases enter the muffler inlet tube
118 they flow to the end of the tube and enter chamber A through the
u-shaped opening 144 where they expand. From there the gases flow via
u-shaped opening 148 through the expansion tube 122 and exit at the other
end through the other u-shaped opening 150 into chamber B. From chamber
B the gases enter the outlet tube 120 through opening 146 and exit the muffler
to the atmosphere. At the same time the gases expand from the three
respective tubes 118, 120 and 122, into chamber C via the perforations 138,
140 and 142.
The embodiment illustrated in Figures 10-13 encompasses additional
advantages. In this embodiment there are created longitudinal chambers A, B
and C which allow the exhaust gases to pass from all the tubes into chamber
C via perforations 138, 140, 142 and from there to proceed along the pass
from tube to tube through the u-shaped openings 144, 145, 148, 150. This
results in a smooth flow of gases with minimum back pressure and noise.
Mufflers providing longitudinal partitions as in this embodiment can also be
manufactured from regular sheet metal or steel.
Perforations 138, 140 and 142 do not necessarily have to face the same
chamber, but can also face separate chambers.
When extruding an aluminum muffler, it is possible to extrude the
cylindrical shell with a hook shaped axial strip on the outside of the shell
which can then be cut out to leave individual hooks for attaching the muffler
to the underside of a vehicle. Similarly, an adjacent outer length of tube can
be extruded with the shell, which can be cut out sections leaving loops.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention is not
limited to what has been shown and described hereinbefore by way of
example. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined solely by the claims
which follow.
Claims
1. An aluminum muffler comprising an extruded aluminum tubular shell
defining an inner space, at least one aluminum tube axially connected to said
shell within said inner space, and end covers comprising apertures through
which the at least one tube extends beyond the tubular shell.
2. An aluminum muffler as in Claim 1 wherein the tubular shell has a
double wall.
3. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 1 and 2 wherein the at least one tube
is at least partially perforated.
4. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 1 to 3 wherein the inner space of the
muffler contains noise absorbing material.
5. An aluminum muffler as in claims 1 to 4 wherein the at least one tube is
attached to the shell by two aluminum axial bridges.
6. An aluminum muffler as in claims 1-5 comprising an extruded aluminum
tubular shell defining an inner space, at least one tube axially positioned within that space and slidably connected to the tubular shell, and end covers
closing off the tubular shell ends, said end covers comprising inlet and outlet
apertures through which the at least one tube extends beyond the tubular shell.
7. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 1-6 wherein the tubular shell, the at
least one tube and connecting means are extruded as a single profile.
8. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 1-6 wherein the at least one tube is
connected to the tubular shell by sliding engagement.
9. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 1-8 wherein the end covers are
welded on to the tubular shell.
10. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 1-8 wherein the end covers are bolted
on to the tubular shell.
11. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 1-8 wherein a gasket is interposed
between the end covers and the tubular shell.
12. A method for making an aluminum muffler comprising extruding one or
more muffler profiles including an outer tubular shell and at least one tube for
axial positioning within said shell, cutting said profiles to the desired length and covering the ends of the shell with end covers having apertures to allow
protrusion of the tube therethrough.
13. A method as in Claim 12 wherein the outer shell comprising axial rail or
track means and the at least one tube comprising mating axial track or rail
means respectively are extruded separately and assembled by sliding the at
least one tube into the shell via the rail and track means whereby the tube
extends beyond the shell, and covering the ends of the shell with aluminum
covers having openings to allow the tube ends to protrude therethrough.
14. A method as in Claims 12 and 13 wherein the outer shell is a double
layered shell with an air space in between and the tube being connected to the
inner wall of the inner shell.
15. A method as in claim 12 comprising extruding the outer shell and the at
least one tube in a single profile.
16. A method as in Claim 14 comprising extruding separately profiles of
outer shell, optionally inner shell and at least one tube, each with slidable
mating engaging means, and assembling said shell and tube together with end
cover plates.
17. An aluminum muffler as in claims 1 to 11 comprising an inlet tube and
an outlet tube, each axially connected to the shell within the inner space.
18. An aluminum muffler as in Claim 17, further comprising an extension
tube axially connected to the shell and to the inlet and outlet tubes.
19. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 17 and 18, wherein the inlet, outlet
and optionally extension tubes form separate axial chambers within the inner
space of the shell.
20. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 17-19, wherein the tubes comprise
terminal apertures.
21. An aluminum muffler as in Claims 17-20, wherein the tubes further
comprise perforations.
22. An aluminum muffler as in Claim 19, wherein the tubes comprise
perforations facing the same chamber.
23. A muffler comprising -
a tubular shell defining an inner space enclosed by end covers, an inlet tube connected axially to the shell within the inner space and
extending out from one end cover,
an outlet tube connected axially to the shell within the inner space and
extending out from the other end cover, and
openings in the tubes inside the inner space to enable passage of exhaust
gases from one tube to another and to the inner space.
24. A muffler as in Claim 23 comprising an additional extension tube
confined within the inner space and having openings for exhaust gas passage
therethrough from inlet tube to outlet tube.
25. a muffler as in Claims 23-24, wherein the axial tubes partition the inner
space into separate chambers.
26. A muffler as in Claims 23-25, wherein the tubes have perforations on
one side.
27. A muffler as in Claim 26, wherein the perforations on the tubes face the
same chamber.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IL12323098A IL123230A (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Muffler |
IL12323098 | 1998-02-09 | ||
IL12738198 | 1998-12-03 | ||
IL12738198A IL127381A0 (en) | 1998-12-03 | 1998-12-03 | Aluminum muffler and method of manufacture |
PCT/IL1999/000076 WO1999040297A2 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-02-04 | Aluminum muffler and method of manufacture |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1082527A2 true EP1082527A2 (en) | 2001-03-14 |
Family
ID=26323591
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99903887A Withdrawn EP1082527A2 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-02-04 | Aluminum muffler and method of manufacture |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1082527A2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2438899A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999040297A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1451455B1 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2006-02-15 | Norsk Hydro Asa | Exhaust system and a method of producing the same |
US7316292B2 (en) * | 2005-04-15 | 2008-01-08 | Et Us Holdings Llc | Spun extrusion side entry muffler |
CN106089363A (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2016-11-09 | 湖南海特汽车部件有限公司 | The manufacture method of a kind of automotive muffler and silencing apparatus |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2690812A (en) * | 1950-05-09 | 1954-10-05 | Goerlich S | Muffler construction |
CH647302A5 (en) * | 1979-06-06 | 1985-01-15 | Alusuisse | DEVICE FOR DISCHARGING EXHAUST GAS FROM COMBUSTION ENGINES. |
-
1999
- 1999-02-04 WO PCT/IL1999/000076 patent/WO1999040297A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-02-04 EP EP99903887A patent/EP1082527A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-02-04 AU AU24388/99A patent/AU2438899A/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9940297A3 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1999040297A3 (en) | 2000-01-06 |
AU2438899A (en) | 1999-08-23 |
WO1999040297A2 (en) | 1999-08-12 |
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