EP1069244B1 - Method for monitoring a downhole vibrator - Google Patents

Method for monitoring a downhole vibrator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1069244B1
EP1069244B1 EP00114397A EP00114397A EP1069244B1 EP 1069244 B1 EP1069244 B1 EP 1069244B1 EP 00114397 A EP00114397 A EP 00114397A EP 00114397 A EP00114397 A EP 00114397A EP 1069244 B1 EP1069244 B1 EP 1069244B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vibrator
rotation
deep
leader
pipe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00114397A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1069244A2 (en
EP1069244A3 (en
Inventor
Joachim Dipl.-Ing. Berg
Johannes Dr. Köcher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Keller Grundbau GmbH
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Keller Grundbau GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Keller Grundbau GmbH filed Critical Keller Grundbau GmbH
Publication of EP1069244A2 publication Critical patent/EP1069244A2/en
Publication of EP1069244A3 publication Critical patent/EP1069244A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1069244B1 publication Critical patent/EP1069244B1/en
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/046—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil
    • E02D3/054—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil involving penetration of the soil, e.g. vibroflotation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for compacting soils by means of a deep vibrator, that of a circulating about a vertical longitudinal axis imbalance mass energized lowered into the ground and pulled out of this again.
  • deep vibrator for carrying out the method are with an elongated bomb-shaped housing with a longitudinal axis and a coaxially mounted in the housing motor-driven Rotary axis and equipped with the rotation axis circulating imbalance mass.
  • the compacting of rolling soil (gravels and sands) by means of deep vibrators in large Depths and in any thickness is tested.
  • the application of the procedure to depths of 50 meters is already running. Depths of 70 meters are desired.
  • the vibrator work is done by driving an imbalance mass in vertically suspended Vibrator housing by an electric or hydraulic motor located above is driven.
  • the deep vibrator is by screwing a pipe string, in which the supply lines run (electricity, water, hydraulic oil), for the desired depth prepared.
  • the aggregate thus formed is on an excavator or a special carrying device with a vertical broker held by a steel cable and guided.
  • the swinging and rotating suspension point is located at the top End of the tubing.
  • the deep vibrator At the lower end of the tubing is the deep vibrator means articulated a joint coupling.
  • the deep vibrator should be at the point of articulation stay calm and with the bottom Haittlerspitze a circular oscillation exercise.
  • the movement of the vibrator is thus of a cone with overhead Lace shrouded.
  • the movement of the vibrator is determined by the orbital frequency and the size of the unbalanced mass determines and does not necessarily correspond to the aforementioned ideal case.
  • Due to the rotation of the imbalance mass it comes to a reverse rotational moment on the vibrator housing, resulting in a twist the vibrator and the pipe string and thus leads to the leader.
  • twist the supply lines, which are thereby disconnected can or can tear out of their fittings.
  • This phenomenon is so far by attaching longitudinal external swords to the housing of the deep vibrator or at least by longitudinally guided outside piping only insufficiently counteracted. Incidentally, such agents increase the penetration resistance of the deep vibrator disadvantageously.
  • the compaction of the soil takes place from bottom to top. After lowering the deep vibrator on the intended final depth, he is either continuously upward pulled or in stages in increments of 20 to 100 cm, taking on each Step for a while from 20 to 60 seconds.
  • the compaction of the soil is naturally associated with a volume reduction, which is due to a funnel formation and concentric risers around the funnel on the terrain surface and at an inclination of the terrain surface further towards the funnel points.
  • it is customary with a set rotational frequency to work and control the power absorbed by the vibrator motor. This is to be avoided on the one hand unacceptable burdens, on the other Compaction steps are interrupted with only low power consumption and the deep vibrator pulled to the next level.
  • DE 26 29 485 A1, DE 29 48 403 A1 and DE 32 05 099 A1 are deep vibrators in which there are agents with which the effective imbalance mass be changed by changing the direction of rotation of the imbalance mass can.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a method with which the mentioned malfunctions prevented and the penetration of the deep vibrator can be improved.
  • the solution to this consists in a method according to which the imbalance mass with alternating direction of rotation is driven, the direction of rotation depending is changed by the rotation of the deep vibrator against the broker.
  • the corresponding rotation can be detected with suitable contactless sensors become.
  • a suitable deep vibrator for carrying out the method is characterized in that that he a housing of purely rotationally symmetrical outer shape and a rotationally switchable drive for the imbalance mass has. With this purely rotationally symmetric Outside shape of the deep vibrator receives an improved penetration.
  • monitoring means for the twist angle of the deep vibrator opposite the broker are provided and a preferably automated reversal the damage-free Operation secures. Changes with the change of the direction of rotation of the imbalance mass the direction of rotation of the return torque, so that the twist occurred is canceled again and the then entering twist in the opposite direction in itself repeatedly controlled and limited.
  • the effective imbalance mass remains unchanged.
  • FIG. 1 shows a torpedo-shaped deep vibrator 11 whose cross-section is pure is circular cylindrical and which reveals a conical tip 12. At the upper end a movable coupling 13 is provided, to which a linkage section 14 followed.
  • FIG. 2 a deep vibrator 21 according to the prior art is shown in comparison to FIG. in addition to the matching features of a conical tip 22, a coupling 23 and a linkage section 24, lateral cable guides 25, 26 and overlying radially projecting swords 27, 28 can be seen, the Counteract a twisting of the vibrator in the ground.
  • the swords 27, 28 have the shape of radially projecting fins.

Abstract

The method involves using a depth vibrator (11), which is inserted and withdrawn in the ground from an unbalanced mass vibrating about a vertical longitudinal axis. The unbalanced mass is suspended by a pipe screwed to a joint coupling and by a steel cable running in the pipe, which is guided through the pipe. The unbalanced mass is driven with alternating rotation directions, and is varied with time. An Independent claim is included for a depth vibrator for use with the method.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Verdichten von Böden mittels eines Tiefenrüttlers, der von einer um eine vertikale Längsachse umlaufenden Unwuchtmasse erregt in den Boden abgesenkt und aus diesem wieder gezogen wird. Tiefenrüttler zur Durchführung des Verfahrens sind mit einem länglich bombenförmigen Gehäuse mit einer Längsachse und einer koaxial im Gehäuse gelagerten motorisch antreibbaren Drehachse sowie einer mit der Drehachse umlaufenden Unwuchtmasse ausgestattet.The invention relates to a method for compacting soils by means of a deep vibrator, that of a circulating about a vertical longitudinal axis imbalance mass energized lowered into the ground and pulled out of this again. deep vibrator for carrying out the method are with an elongated bomb-shaped housing with a longitudinal axis and a coaxially mounted in the housing motor-driven Rotary axis and equipped with the rotation axis circulating imbalance mass.

Das Verdichten von rolligen Böden (Kiese- und Sande) mittels Tiefenrüttlern in großen Tiefen und in beliebiger Mächtigkeit ist erprobt. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens bis in Tiefen von 50 Meter ist bereits ausgeführt. Tiefen von 70 Metern sind angestrebt. Die Rüttlerarbeit erfolgt durch Antrieb einer Unwuchtmasse im vertikal aufgehängten Rüttlergehäuse, die von einem darüber angeordneten Elektro- oder Hydraulikmotor angetrieben wird. Der Tiefenrüttler wird durch Anschrauben eines Rohrstranges, in dem die Versorgungsleitungen verlaufen (Strom, Wasser, Hydrauliköl), für die gewünschte Tiefe hergerichtet. Das so gebildete Aggregat wird an einem Bagger oder einem speziellen Traggerät mit vertikalem Mäkler über ein Stahlseil gehalten und geführt. Der pendelnde und drehbare Aufhängepunkt befindet sich am oberen Ende des Rohrstranges. Am unteren Ende des Rohrstranges ist der Tiefenrüttler mittels einer Gelenkupplung angelenkt. Idealerweise soll der Tiefenrüttler am Anlenkpunkt in Ruhe bleiben und mit der unten liegenden Rüttlerspitze eine Kreisschwingung ausüben. Die Bewegung des Rüttlers wird somit von einem Kegel mit obenliegender Spitze eingehüllt. Die Bewegung des Rüttlers wird von der Umlauffrequenz und der Größe der Unwuchtmasse bestimmt und entspricht nicht notwendig dem vorgenannten Idealfall. Aufgrund der Rotation der Unwuchtmasse kommt es zu einem rückdrehenden Rotationsmoment auf das Rüttlergehäuse, das zu einer Verdrehung des Rüttlers und des Rohrstranges und damit gegenüber dem Mäkler führt. Hierdurch verdrehen sich die Versorgungsleitungen, die dadurch abgeklemmt werden können oder aus ihren Fittings ausreißen können. Dieser Erscheinung ist bisher durch das Anbringen von längsverlaufenden Außenschwertern am Gehäuse des Tiefenrüttlers oder zumindest durch längsverlaufende außengeführte Rohrleitungen nur unzureichend entgegengewirkt worden. Derartige Mittel erhöhen im übrigen den Eindringwiderstand des Tiefenrüttlers in nachteiliger Weise.The compacting of rolling soil (gravels and sands) by means of deep vibrators in large Depths and in any thickness is tested. The application of the procedure to depths of 50 meters is already running. Depths of 70 meters are desired. The vibrator work is done by driving an imbalance mass in vertically suspended Vibrator housing by an electric or hydraulic motor located above is driven. The deep vibrator is by screwing a pipe string, in which the supply lines run (electricity, water, hydraulic oil), for the desired depth prepared. The aggregate thus formed is on an excavator or a special carrying device with a vertical broker held by a steel cable and guided. The swinging and rotating suspension point is located at the top End of the tubing. At the lower end of the tubing is the deep vibrator means articulated a joint coupling. Ideally, the deep vibrator should be at the point of articulation stay calm and with the bottom Rüttlerspitze a circular oscillation exercise. The movement of the vibrator is thus of a cone with overhead Lace shrouded. The movement of the vibrator is determined by the orbital frequency and the size of the unbalanced mass determines and does not necessarily correspond to the aforementioned ideal case. Due to the rotation of the imbalance mass it comes to a reverse rotational moment on the vibrator housing, resulting in a twist the vibrator and the pipe string and thus leads to the leader. As a result, twist the supply lines, which are thereby disconnected can or can tear out of their fittings. This phenomenon is so far by attaching longitudinal external swords to the housing of the deep vibrator or at least by longitudinally guided outside piping only insufficiently counteracted. Incidentally, such agents increase the penetration resistance of the deep vibrator disadvantageously.

Die Verdichtung des Bodens erfolgt von unten nach oben. Nach Absenken des Tiefenrüttlers auf die vorgesehene Endteufe wird er entweder kontinuierlich nach oben gezogen oder aber stufenweise in Schritten von 20 bis 100 cm, wobei er auf jeder Stufe eine Weile von 20 bis 60 Sekunden verharrt. Die Verdichtung des Bodens ist naturgemäß mit einer Volumenverminderung verbunden, die sich an einer Trichterbildung und an konzentrischen Setzrissen um den Trichter an der Geländeoberfläche sowie an einer Neigung der Geländeoberfläche im weiteren zum Trichter hin zeigt. Im bisher bekannten Rüttlerbetrieb ist es üblich, mit einer eingestellten Umlauffrequenz zu arbeiten und die vom Rüttlermotor aufgenommene Leistung zu kontrollieren. Hiermit sollen zum einen unzulässige Belastungen vermieden werden, zum anderen werden Verdichtungsschritte bei nur noch geringer Leistungsaufnahme abgebrochen und der Tiefenrüttler auf die nächste Stufe gezogen.The compaction of the soil takes place from bottom to top. After lowering the deep vibrator on the intended final depth, he is either continuously upward pulled or in stages in increments of 20 to 100 cm, taking on each Step for a while from 20 to 60 seconds. The compaction of the soil is naturally associated with a volume reduction, which is due to a funnel formation and concentric risers around the funnel on the terrain surface and at an inclination of the terrain surface further towards the funnel points. In the previously known vibrator operation, it is customary with a set rotational frequency to work and control the power absorbed by the vibrator motor. This is to be avoided on the one hand unacceptable burdens, on the other Compaction steps are interrupted with only low power consumption and the deep vibrator pulled to the next level.

Aus der DE 26 29 485 A1, der DE 29 48 403 A1 und der DE 32 05 099 A1 sind Tiefenrüttler bekannt, bei denen Mittel vorhanden sind, mit denen die wirksame Unwuchtmasse durch Wechsel der Drehrichtung der Unwuchtmasse verändert werden kann.DE 26 29 485 A1, DE 29 48 403 A1 and DE 32 05 099 A1 are deep vibrators in which there are agents with which the effective imbalance mass be changed by changing the direction of rotation of the imbalance mass can.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren bereitzustellen, mit dem die genannten Betriebsstörungen verhindert und das Eindringverhalten des Tiefenrüttlers verbessert werden können. The present invention has for its object to provide a method with which the mentioned malfunctions prevented and the penetration of the deep vibrator can be improved.

Die Lösung hierfür besteht in einem Verfahren, gemäß dem die Unwuchtmasse mit abwechselnder Drehrichtung angetrieben wird, wobei die Drehrichtung in Abhängigkeit von der Verdrehung des Tiefenrüttlers gegenüber dem Mäkler geändert wird. Die entsprechende Verdrehung kann mit geeigneten kontaktlosen Aufnehmern erfaßt werden. Mit diesen Maßnahmen ist sichergestellt, daß die Versorgungsleitungen immer nur in einem so geringen Maße verdreht werden, daß es weder durch die erzeugten Verkürzungen infolge des Ineinanderverdrehens noch durch die Abscherkräfte infolge der Verdrehung als solcher zu Beschädigungen der Versorgungsleitungen kommen kann. Die wirksame Unwuchtmasse bleibt hierbei unverändert.The solution to this consists in a method according to which the imbalance mass with alternating direction of rotation is driven, the direction of rotation depending is changed by the rotation of the deep vibrator against the broker. The corresponding rotation can be detected with suitable contactless sensors become. These measures ensure that the supply lines always be twisted only to such a small extent that it is not generated by the Shortening as a result of the twisting of one another or the shearing forces as a result of the twist as such to damage the supply lines can come. The effective imbalance mass remains unchanged.

Ein geeigneter Tiefenrüttler zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er ein Gehäuse von rein rotationssymmetrischer Außenform und einen drehumschaltbaren Antrieb für die Unwuchtmasse aufweist. Mit dieser rein rotationssymmetrischen Außenform erhält der Tiefenrüttler ein verbessertes Eindringverhalten. Die Tatsache, daß es aufgrund des Reaktionsmomentes nun zu einem schnelleren Verdrehen im Bohrloch kommen kann, ist unkritisch, da Überwachungsmittel für den Verdrehungswinkel des Tiefenrüttlers gegenüber dem Mäkler vorgesehen sind und eine vorzugsweise automatisierte Umsteuerung den schadensfreien Betrieb sichert. Mit der Änderung der Drehrichtung der Unwuchtmasse ändert sich die Drehrichtung des Rückdrehmomentes, so daß die aufgetretene Verdrehung wieder aufgehoben wird und die dann eintretende Verdrehung im Gegensinn in sich wiederholender Weise kontrolliert und begrenzt wird. Die wirksame Unwuchtmasse bleibt hierbei unverändert.A suitable deep vibrator for carrying out the method is characterized in that that he a housing of purely rotationally symmetrical outer shape and a rotationally switchable drive for the imbalance mass has. With this purely rotationally symmetric Outside shape of the deep vibrator receives an improved penetration. The fact that it now due to the reaction torque to a faster twisting downhole is uncritical because monitoring means for the twist angle of the deep vibrator opposite the broker are provided and a preferably automated reversal the damage-free Operation secures. Changes with the change of the direction of rotation of the imbalance mass the direction of rotation of the return torque, so that the twist occurred is canceled again and the then entering twist in the opposite direction in itself repeatedly controlled and limited. The effective imbalance mass remains unchanged.

Zeichnungen, die eine zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens geeignete Vorrichtung verdeutlichen, sind nachfolgend beschrieben.

Figur 1
zeigt einen Tiefenrüttler in Seitenansicht und im Querschnitt.
Figur 2
zeigt einen Tiefenrüttler nach dem Stand der Technik in Seitenansicht und im Querschnitt.
Figur 3
zeigt einen Tiefenrüttler mit eingeschraubtem Gestänge, angehängt an einem Kranfahrzeug.
Drawings which illustrate a device suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention are described below.
FIG. 1
shows a deep vibrator in side view and in cross section.
FIG. 2
shows a deep vibrator according to the prior art in side view and in cross section.
FIG. 3
shows a deep vibrator with screwed rod, attached to a crane vehicle.

In Figur 1 ist ein torpedoförmiger Tiefenrüttler 11 gezeigt, dessen Querschnitt rein kreiszylindrisch ist und der eine konische Spitze 12 erkennen läßt. Am oberen Ende ist eine bewegliche Kupplung 13 vorgesehen, an die sich ein Gestängeabschnitt 14 anschließt.FIG. 1 shows a torpedo-shaped deep vibrator 11 whose cross-section is pure is circular cylindrical and which reveals a conical tip 12. At the upper end a movable coupling 13 is provided, to which a linkage section 14 followed.

In Figur 2 ist im Vergleich dazu ein Tiefenrüttler 21 nach dem Stand der Technik gezeigt, der zusätzlich zu den übereinstimmenden Merkmalen einer konischen Spitze 22, einer Kupplung 23 und eines Gestängeabschnitts 24, seitliche Leitungsführungen 25, 26 und darübergesetzte radial abstehende Schwerter 27, 28 erkennen läßt, die einem Verdrehen des Rüttlers im Boden entgegenwirken. Die Schwerter 27, 28 haben die Form radial abstehender Leitflächen.In FIG. 2, a deep vibrator 21 according to the prior art is shown in comparison to FIG. in addition to the matching features of a conical tip 22, a coupling 23 and a linkage section 24, lateral cable guides 25, 26 and overlying radially projecting swords 27, 28 can be seen, the Counteract a twisting of the vibrator in the ground. The swords 27, 28 have the shape of radially projecting fins.

In Figur 3 ist der Tiefenrüttler 11 nach Figur 1 mit den dort bereits genannten Einzelheiten mit einem viergliedrigen Gestänge 14 verbunden, das über zumindest eine Umlenkrolle 15 mit dem Seil 16 eines raupenbestückten Kranfahrzeugs 17 verbunden ist. Das Seil 16 ist zurückgeführt und am Ausleger 18 fest angeschlagen. Die zumindest eine Umlenkrolle 15 ist verdrehfest mit dem Gestänge 14 verbunden. Ein weiteres Seil 19 dient nur dem Aufrichten des Auslegers 18.In Figure 3, the deep vibrator 11 of Figure 1 with the details already mentioned there connected to a four-membered linkage 14, which has at least one Deflection pulley 15 is connected to the cable 16 of a crane truck 17 equipped with a caterpillar is. The rope 16 is returned and struck firmly on the boom 18. The at least one guide roller 15 is rotationally connected to the linkage 14. One another rope 19 serves only the erection of the boom 18th

Claims (1)

  1. A method of compacting soils by means of a depth vibrator (11) which, while being excited by an out-of-balance mass rotating around a vertical longitudinal axis, is lowered into the soil and lifted therefrom, which is suspended at a leader or the like (18) by means of pipeline (14) screwed on via a jointed coupling (13) and by means of a steel rope (16) running in the leader (18) and which is connected to at least one cable or hose line extending as far as the pipeline (14), wherein the out-of-balance mass is driven in alternating directions of rotation,
    characterised in that the direction of rotation is changed as a function of the rotation of the depth vibrator (11) relative to the leader (18).
EP00114397A 1999-07-05 2000-07-05 Method for monitoring a downhole vibrator Expired - Lifetime EP1069244B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19930885A DE19930885C2 (en) 1999-07-05 1999-07-05 Method for controlling a deep vibrator
DE19930885 1999-07-05

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1069244A2 EP1069244A2 (en) 2001-01-17
EP1069244A3 EP1069244A3 (en) 2002-07-03
EP1069244B1 true EP1069244B1 (en) 2005-09-28

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EP00114397A Expired - Lifetime EP1069244B1 (en) 1999-07-05 2000-07-05 Method for monitoring a downhole vibrator

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP1069244B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE305537T1 (en)
DE (1) DE19930885C2 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104358248A (en) * 2014-11-13 2015-02-18 中国水电基础局有限公司 Telescopic guide rod of vibroflotation gravel pile machine

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10232314A1 (en) * 2002-07-17 2004-02-05 Bauer Spezialtiefbau Gmbh Vibrating boring tool for hard ground layers has an additional axial vibrator in the driving tip
NL1033865C2 (en) * 2007-05-16 2008-11-18 Van Leeuwen Harmelen Bv Geb Foundation by vibrating and vibrating.
DE102010029010A1 (en) * 2010-04-16 2011-10-20 Alexander Degen Deep vibrator arrangement with cutting plate
US9494006B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2016-11-15 Smith International, Inc. Pressure pulse well tool
CN103439909A (en) * 2013-06-23 2013-12-11 四川海普工控技术有限公司 Monitoring method for preventing repeated shutdowns of vibroflots
DE102016120382A1 (en) 2016-10-26 2018-04-26 Gmb Gmbh Method, principle, control and equipment for carrying out the automatic compression of multiphase grain mixtures

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NL7508079A (en) * 1975-07-07 1977-01-11 Kooten Bv V SOIL VIBRATOR AND METHOD OF INSERTING A SOIL VIBRATOR.
DE2948403A1 (en) * 1979-12-01 1981-06-04 Fritz Pollems KG Spezialtiefbau, 1000 Berlin Vibrator for ground compaction - with variable operational frequency obtained by varying eccentric rotation and adjusting its centre of gravity
DE3105611C2 (en) * 1981-02-16 1984-03-29 Zoltan Thomas Dipl.-Ing. 7640 Kehl Egey Method and device for deep compaction
DE3205099C2 (en) * 1981-11-28 1984-04-05 Bilfinger + Berger Bauaktiengesellschaft, 6800 Mannheim Deep vibrator for compacting the subsoil
EP0436954B1 (en) * 1990-01-11 1994-10-05 Seiko Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Double-tube boring and kneading machine and method of improving foundation ground by employing said double-tube type boring and kneading machine
DE19628769C2 (en) * 1996-07-17 1998-06-10 Bul Sachsen Gmbh Method and device for deep compaction of binding and non-binding compaction material

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104358248A (en) * 2014-11-13 2015-02-18 中国水电基础局有限公司 Telescopic guide rod of vibroflotation gravel pile machine
CN104358248B (en) * 2014-11-13 2016-04-27 中国水电基础局有限公司 The telescopic guide rod of vibro replacement stone column machine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE305537T1 (en) 2005-10-15
DE19930885A1 (en) 2001-02-01
DE19930885C2 (en) 2003-04-24
EP1069244A2 (en) 2001-01-17
EP1069244A3 (en) 2002-07-03

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