Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
  • C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
  • C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07H13/06—Fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/48—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives

Definitions

• This invention relates to low-temperature atmospheric pressure processes for the purification of polyol fatty acid polyesters or other nondigestible fats that have a digestible fat, such as a triglyceride or polyol polyester derived from a parially alkoxylated polyol that contains one or more non-alkoxylated hydroxyl groups, in the final product. More particularly, this invention relates to processes for purifying nondigestible fats from a crude reaction mixture by use of an aqueous solution comprising lipase.
• Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) constitute about 90% of the total fat consumed in the average diet.
• One method by which the caloric value of edible fat could be lowered would be to decrease the amount of triglycerides that is absorbed in the human system, since the usual edible triglyceride fats are almost completely absorbed (see Lipids, 2, H. J. Deuel, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1955, page 215).
• Low calorie fats which can replace triglycerides are described in Mattson, et al., U.S. Patent No. 3,600,186. Mattson, et al.
• low calorie, fat-containing food composition in which at least a portion of the triglyceride content is replaced with a polyol fatty acid ester having at least four fatty acid ester groups, with each fatty acid having from eight to twenty-two carbon atoms.
• Volpenhein U.S. Patent No. 4,517,360 and U.S. Patent No. 4,518,772 discloses a solvent-free transesterification process in which a mixture of a polyol (such as sucrose), a fatty acid ester selected from the group consisting of methyl esters, 2-methoxy ethyl esters, and benzyl esters, an alkali metal fatty acid soap, and a basic catalyst is heated to form a homogenous melt, to which is added excess fatty acid ester to form the higher polyol fatty acid polyesters.
• the polyesters are then separated from the reaction mixture by any of the routinely used separation procedures; distillation, water washing, conventional refining techniques or solvent extraction are preferred.
• Bossier III U.S. Patent No. 4,334, 061 discloses a process for recovering polyol fatty acid polyesters from crude reaction product by contacting the crude reaction product with an aqueous washing medium while maintaining the resulting mixture at a pH of from 7 to about 12, in the presence of an emulsion decreasing organic solvent.
• the alkali metal fatty acid soaps and the color-forming bodies are dissolved in the aqueous phase.
• the polyol fatty acid polyester is recovered from the organic phase by solvent extraction to remove excess fatty acid lower alkyl esters and steam stripping to remove trace amounts of residual fatty acid lower alkyl esters and solvent.
• Masuda et al. disclose the use of lipid-decomposing enzymes and optional reducing agents to treat crude fatty acid glycol esters.
• the method selectively decomposes fatty acid esters of aliphatic low- molecular monohydric alcohols, aliphatic low-molecular dihydric alcohols, and Carbitol (diethylene glycol low-molecular monoalkyl ethers).
• Masuda et al. disclose examples in which some digestible fats are decomposed while other digestible fats, such as sucrose lower polyesters (sucrose mono- and di-esters), are not decomposed.
• the fat compositions are treated with lipase and the liberated free fatty acid level is determined by base titration.
• Triglycerides and other digestible lipids must be removed from nondigestible fat substitutes to render them "fat-free".
• removal of triglycerides from polyol esters can be difficult and expensive because of extreme temperatures and pressures often involved.
• Human lipase will hydrolyze acylglycerols but not higher polyol fatty acid polyesters; therefore, it would be advantageous if improved processes for the removal of triglycerides from polyol fatty acid polyesters utilizing lipases were developed.
• nondigestible fats e.g., polyol fatty acid polyesters, in particular nondigestible fat selected from the group consisting of esterified linked alkoxylated glycerins, esterified epoxide-extended polyols and mixtures thereof.
• Such processes for purification can be either batch processes or continuous processes.
• processes for removing digestible fat from a crude reaction mixture comprising nondigestible fat and at least one digestible fat selected from the group consisting of digestible fats having fatty acid chains comprising the steps of: (1) treating the crude reaction mixture with an aqueous solution comprising lipase at a pH sufficient to form free fatty acids from the fatty acid chains and/or or soaps from the fatty acid chains; and (2) removing the free fatty acids and/or the soaps of the fatty acids.
• batch or continuous processes for synthesizing polyol fatty acid polyesters comprising the steps of: (1) mixing ingredients comprising (a) unesterified first polyol having hydroxyl groups, (b) second polyol esterified with fatty acids, (c) basic catalyst, and (d) emulsifying agent to form a mixture of ingredients; (2) reacting the mixture of ingredients at a temperature sufficient to obtain a crude reaction mixture comprising ingredients, reaction products and by-products; (3) removing at least a portion of the by-products from the crude reaction mixture; (4) further reacting the reaction products and ingredients from step (3) at a temperature and for a time sufficient to esterify at least about 50% of the hydroxyl groups of the first polyol; and (5) treating the resulting product of step (4) with an aqueous solution comprising lipase at a pH sufficient to form soaps from the fatty acid chains of the esterified second polyol and by-products.
• batch or continuous processes for synthesizing polyol fatty acid polyesters comprising the steps of: (1) mixing ingredients comprising (a) unesterified first polyol having hydroxyl groups, (b) second polyol esterified with fatty acids, (c) basic catalyst, and (d) emulsifying agent to form a mixture of ingredients; (2) reacting the mixture of ingredients at a temperature sufficient to obtain a crude reaction mixture comprising ingredients, reaction products and by-products; (3) removing at least a portion of the by-products from the crude reaction mixture; (4) further reacting the reaction products and ingredients from step (3) at a temperature and for a time sufficient to esterify at least about 50% of the hydroxyl groups of the first polyol; and (5) treating the resulting product of step (4) with an aqueous solution comprising lipase at a pH sufficient to form fatty acids from the fatty acid chains of the esterified second polyol and by-products.
• fatty acids When the digestible fats having fatty acid chains are treated with lipases which are active at lower pH values, fatty acids are obtained.
• the fatty acids can be 5
• nondigestible fats is intended to include fats substitutes that are not digested by animals or humans. Preferably at least 75% of the material is undigested.
• nondigestible fats include polyol polyesters, silicone esters, and related compositions.
• polyol is intended to include any aliphatic or aromatic compound containing at least two free hydroxyl groups. Suitable polyols can be selected from the following classes: saturated and unsaturated straight and branch chain linear aliphatics that contain more than one hydroxy group; saturated and unsaturated cyclic compounds, including heterocyclic compounds, that contain more than one hydroxy group; and mononuclear or polynuclear aromatics, including heterocyclic aromatics, that contain more than one hydroxy group. Carbohydrates and non-toxic glycols are preferred polyols.
• Monosaccharides suitable for use herein include, for example, mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, apiose, rhamnose, psicose, fructose, sorbose, tagatose, ribulose, xylulose, and erythrulose.
• Oligosaccharides suitable for use herein include, for example, maltose, kojibiose, nigerose, cellobiose, lactose, melibiose, gentiobiose, turanose, rutinose, trehalose, sucrose and raffinose.
• Polysaccharides suitable for use herein include, for example, amylose, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, inulin, agarose, zylans, mannan and galactans.
• sugar alcohols are not carbohydrates in a strict sense, the naturally occurring sugar alcohols are so closely related to the carbohydrates that they are also preferred for use herein.
• the sugar alcohols most widely distributed in nature and suitable for use herein are sorbitol, mannitol, and galactitol. 6
• Preferred unesterified polyols include alkoxylated polyols.
• Suitable alkoxylated polyols include alkoxylated glycerol, alkoxylated polyglycerols, sorbitol alkoxylated glycerins, alkoxylated polysaccharides, and linked alkoxylated polyols such as linked alkoxylated glycerins.
• Polyols may be alkoxylated with C3- C epoxides, such as propylene oxide, butylene oxide, isobutylene oxide, and pentene oxide, to produce epoxide-extended polyols having an epoxylation index minimum of at least about 2, preferably in the range of from about 2 to about 8, as described in U. S. Patent No. 4,816,613, incorporated herein by reference.
• Polyols may be also alkoxylated with an epoxide, preferably a C3-C10 1,2-alkylene oxide, in the presence of a ring-opening polymerization catalyst, as described in U. S. Patent Nos. 5,399,729 and 5,512,313, incorporated herein by reference.
• Suitable alkoxylated polyols are also described in U. S. Patent Nos. 4,983,329; 5,175,323; 5,288,884; 5,298,637; 5,362,894; 5,387,429; 5,446,843; 5,589,217; 5,597,605; 5,603,978 and 5,641,534, all incorporated herein by reference.
• Suitable alkoxylated polyols include alkoxylated sugar alcohols, alkoxylated monosaccharides, alkoxylated disaccharides, alkoxylated polysaccharides, alkoxylated C2 - CI Q aliphatic diols, and alkoxylated C3 -C12 aliphatic triols.
• Preferred alkoxylated C3 -C12 aliphatic triols are alkoxylated glycerols, more preferred are propoxylated glycerols, and particularly preferred are propoxylated glycerols having from about 3 to about 21 moles of propylene oxide per mole glycerol.
• Preferred alkoxylated polysaccharides are alkoxylated polysaccharides containing anhydromonosaccharide units, more preferred are propoxylated polysaccharides containing anhydromonosaccharide units, as described in U. S. Patent No. 5,273,772, incorporated herein by reference.
• Preferred linked alkoxylated glycerins include those comprising polyether glycol linking segments, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,374,446, incorporated herein by reference, and those comprising polycarboxylate linking segments, as described in U. S. Patent Nos. 5,427,815 and 5,516,544, incorporated herein by reference; more preferred are those described in U. S. Patent No. 5,516,544.
• polyol fatty acid polyesters is intended to include fatty acid esters of polyols, in which the hydroxyl groups are replaced with esters of fatty acids.
• Suitable fatty acid esters can be derived from either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids.
• Suitable preferred fatty acids include, for example, capric, lauric, palmitic, stearic, behenic, isomyristic, isomargaric, myristic, caprylic, and anteisoarachadic.
• Suitable preferred unsaturated fatty acids include, for example, maleic, linoleic, licanic, oleic, elaidic, linolenic, erythrogenic acids.
• the fatty acid chains of the esterified polyols have from 7
• Polyol fatty acid polyesters obtained from naturally occurring oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, rapeseed oil, high erucic acid rapeseed oil, canola oil, tallow oil, peanut oil and corn oil are preferred.
• the oils can be fully hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oils.
• Preferred polyol fatty acid polyesters are those in which the fatty acid chains have from about eight to about twenty-four carbon atoms.
• Suitable polyol fatty acid polyesters are esterified linked alkoxylated glycerins, including those comprising polyether glycol linking segments, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,374,446, incorporated herein by reference, and those comprising polycarboxylate linking segments, as described in U. S. Patent Nos. 5,427,815 and 5,516,544, incorporated herein by reference; more preferred are those described in U. S. Patent No. 5,516,544.
• Additional suitable polyol fatty acid polyesters are esterified epoxide- extended polyols of the general formula P(OH) + C (EPO)] ⁇ T (FE)g wherein P(OH) is a polyol, A is from 2 to about 8 primary hydroxyls, C is from about 0 to about 8 total secondary and tertiary hydroxyls, A + C is from about 3 to about 8, EPO is a C3-C.5 epoxide, N is a minimum epoxylation index average number, FE is a fatty acid acyl moiety and b is an average number is the range of greater than 2 and no greater than A + C, as described in U. S. Patent No.
• the minimum epoxylation index average number has a value generally equal to or greater than A and is a number sufficient so that greater than 95% of the primary hydroxyls of the polyol are converted to secondary or tertiary hydroxyls.
• the fatty acid acyl moiety has a C7-C23 alkyl chain.
• esterified epoxide-extended polyols include esterified propoxylated glycerols prepared by reacting a propoxylated glycerol having from 2 to 100 oxypropylene units per glycerol with C1 Q -C24 fatty acids or with C10-C24 fatty acid esters, as described in U. S. Patent Nos. 4,983,329 and 5,175,323, respectively, both incorporated herein by reference. Also preferred are esterified propoxylated glycerols prepared by reacting an epoxide and a triglyceride with an aliphatic polyalcohol, as described in U. S. Patent No.
• acylated propylene oxide-extended glycerols having a propoxylation index of above about 2, preferably in the range of from about 2 to about 8, more preferably about 5 or above, wherein the acyl groups are Cg-C24 , preferably C ⁇ _ ⁇ -C ⁇ g , compounds, as described in U. S. Patent Nos. 5,603,978 and 8
• fatty acid-esterified propoxylated glycerols which exhibit a sharp metal before about 92 F (33 C) and have a dilatomeric solid fat index at 92 F (33 C) of less than about 30, as described in WO 97/2260, or which have a dilatomeric solid fat index of at least about 50 at 70 F (21 C) and at least about 10 at 98.6 F (37 C), as described in U. S. Patent Nos. 5,589,217 and 5,597,605, both incorporated herein by reference.
• esterified epoxide-extended polyols include esterified alkoxylated polysaccharides.
• Preferred esterified alkoxylated polysaccharides are esterified alkoxylated polysaccharides containing anhydromonosaccharide units, more preferred are esterified propoxylated polysaccharides containing anhydromonosaccharide units, as described in U. S. Patent No. 5,273,772, incorporated herein by reference
• the polyol fatty acid higher polyesters can be synthesized by any suitable method, including the methods disclosed in the following patent documents which are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Patents 4,983,329 and 5,175,323 to Cooper; U.S. Patent No. 5,304,665 to Cooper et al.; U.S. Patent No. 5,516,544 to Sekula et al.; and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application "Purification of Polyol Fatty Acid Polyesters Using a Mixing Vessel With Controlled Mixing," filed January 30th, 1998 in the name of Keneally et al.
• One suitable solvent-free transesterification process comprises the steps of: (1) heating a mixture of ingredients comprising (a) polyol selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides and sugar alcohols, (b) fatty acid ester selected from the group consisting of methyl esters, 2-methoxy ethyl esters, benzyl esters, and mixtures thereof, (c) alkali metal fatty acid soap, and (d) a basic catalyst to form a homogenous melt; and (2) subsequently adding to the homogenous melt of step (1) excess fatty acid ester selected from the group consisting of methyl esters, 2- methoxy ethyl esters, benzyl esters, and mixtures thereof.
• Another preferred method for synthesizing polyol fatty acid polyesters involves the transesterification of an unesterified first polyol and an esterified second polyol as disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Application "Synthesis of Higher Polyol Fatty Acid Polyesters by Transesterification” filed in the name Trout et al., which application is incorporated herein by reference.
• the process can comprise the steps of heating a mixture of ingredients comprising (a) unesterified first polyol, preferably selected from the group consisting of linked alkoxylated glycerins, epoxide-extended polyols and mixtures thereof (b) esterified second polyol having fatty acid chains, such as triglyceride, and (c) a basic catalyst to obtain a reaction mixture of ingredients, reaction products and by-products; and subsequently 9
• crude reaction mixture is intended to include any nondigestible fats or polyol fatty acid polyester-containing mixture further comprising at least one digestible fat having fatty acid chains, such as monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, alkyl esters and/or polyol polyester derived from a partially alkoxylated polyol that contains one or more non- alkoxylated hydroxyl groups.
• the crude reaction mixture may comprise ingredients, reaction products and by-products.
• the reaction products comprise those compounds derived from an unesterified first polyol after one or more ester groups have been transferred from an esterified second polyol or a fatty acid ester to the initially unesterified first polyol; such products may include digestible or partially digestible polyol polyesters.
• the by-products of the reaction are those compounds derived from the esterified second polyol or fatty acid ester after the transesterification, and may include monoglycerides and diglycerides when the second polyol is triglyceride.
• lipase is intended to include any enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis or transesterification of ester linkages in lipids.
• Suitable lipases are commercially available and can be obtained from any number of sources, such as fungus, bacteria and mammalian tissue.
• Suitable lipases include porcine lipase and fungal lipase from humicola lanuginosa.
• Mammalian lipases such as porcine lipase are generally specific for the 1 and 3 positions of triglycerides; humicola lanuginosa lipase is non-specific. Additional specialized lipases can be produced by genetic engineering, such as a gene substitution from thermophilic bacteria.
• Optimum pH and temperature for the process will be dependent upon the lipase chosen, and can be determined using ordinary techniques familiar to those in the art. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the time required for the reaction is dependent on the activity level of the particular lipase used and the concentration of the lipase, as well as the temperature and pH of the reaction mixture. Typically the lipase is present at a level of from about 0.001% to about 1% by weight of the aqueous solution.
• a crude reaction mixture comprising the nondigestible fat is treated with an aqueous solution comprising lipase at a pH sufficient to form 10
• the aqueous lipase solution has a pH of from about 7 to about 10, more preferably about 8 to about 10.
• the lipase hydrolyses unreacted ingredients and by-products such as monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, alkyl esters and digestible or partially digestible polyol polyester, and soaps are formed from the fatty acid chains.
• the soaps are then removed. Insoluble calcium soaps can be precipitated and filtered out, and water-soluble soaps can be removed by a water-wash.
• a salt and a surfactant emulsifier are added to the aqueous lipase solution.
• Suitable salts include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and bile salts; preferred are salts of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.
• Suitable surfactants include alkali metal soaps, alkaline earth metal soaps, sucrose monoesters, sucrose diesters, monoesters of esterified linked alkoxylated glycerins, and monoesters of esterified epoxide extended polyols.
• Preferred alkali metal soaps are potassium stearate and potassium oleate.
• the pH of the aqueous mixture formed from the aqueous lipase solution and the crude reaction mixture may decrease during the lipase treatment.
• a low pH i.e., a pH of less than about 4
• some lipases such as porcine lipase, can lose activity. Therefore, it is preferable that when using lipases which lose activity at pH values of less than 4, that the pH of the aqueous mixture is checked during the treatment and adjusted to about a pH of at least about 7, preferably at least about 8, more preferably between about 9 and about 10, with base.
• the base is an hydroxide.
• the pH of the aqueous mixture has fallen to about 4.5, it is adjusted to a pH of about 10 with an alkali metal hydroxide. If desired the pH can be adjusted more than once or continuously during treatment.
• a crude reaction mixture is mixed with an aqueous solution (comprising lipase, an inorganic calcium salt and surfactant) to obtain calcium soaps.
• a suitable calcium salt is calcium chloride, although other calcium salts known in the art can be used. The choice of anion for the calcium will be dependent on the pH. Suitable calcium salts include calcium chloride, calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen sulfate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium citrate, calcium tartrate and calcium formate.
• the lipase solution can comprise a calcium salt and an inorganic sodium salt; one such suitable sodium salt is sodium chloride, although other sodium salts known in the art can be used.
• the insoluble calcium soaps can be precipitated and filtered out; however, if convenient, the soaps can remain in the solution to assist in some subsequent step. Water-soluble soaps used as surfactants can be removed by a water-wash.
• a crude reaction mixture comprising the nondigestible fat is treated with an aqueous solution comprising lipase at a pH sufficient to form fatty acids from the fatty acid chains of the digestible fats.
• the fatty acids can be removed from the nondigestible fat by distillation.
• the crude reaction mixture comprises esterified linked alkoxylated glycerins and/or esterified epoxide-extended polyols, as well as digestible or partially digestible polyol polyester.
• the crude reaction mixture is treated with an aqueous lipase solution to obtain fatty acids.
• the fatty acids are removed by distillation, and the water soluble polyol and partially esterified polyol polyesters are removed by water-washing and centrifuging.
• Lipases specific for the 1 and 3 positions of the triglycerides will hydrolyze only those positions, leaving 2-monoglyceride (2-acylglycerol) as a by-product.
• the 2-monoglyceride can be separated from the nondigestible fat by water washing.
• Non-specific lipases will hydrolyze all three ester positions of the triglycerides, resulting in glycerine (glycerol) as a by-product.
• the reaction mixture is then separated into a layer rich in glycerol and a layer rich in nondigestible fat. The separation can be accomplished by conventional means such as gravity or centrifugal force.
• Residual glycerol can be separated from the nondigestible fat by water- washing.
• Many types of lipases can be used herein.
• By-products such as monoglycerides, fatty acids, and calcium soaps can be recovered and used in other processes, such as methyl ester synthesis.
• At least a portion on the triglycerides are removed from the reaction mixtures.
• at least about 90%), more preferably at least about 95%>, most preferably about 99%>, of the triglycerides, by weight of total triglycerides, are removed from the reaction mixture.
• the treated product comprises, by weight total fat, at least about 90%>, more preferably at least about 95%), most preferably about 99%), nondigestible fat.
• the lipase is removed from the mixture.
• Lipase which is added to the mixture can be removed by filtration. Often commercial lipases are supported on an inert substrate.
• the lipase is immobilized on a solid support; removal of the lipase is accomplished by removing the solid support from contact with the mixture.
• the aqueous solution comprising lipase, an inorganic calcium salt and surfactant further comprises a reducing agent.
• Suitable reducing agents include sodium dithionite, vitamin C, gluthathione, 2-mercaptoethanol, 1,4- dithiothreitol, sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfite, hydroquinone. 12
• a preferred polyol fatty acid polyester synthesis method is direct transesterification of an unesterified first polyol and an esterified second polyol, as disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Application "Synthesis of Higher Polyol Fatty Acid Polyesters by Transesterification", filed in the name of Trout et al., which application is incorporated herein by reference.
• the polyol fatty acid polyester thus synthesized can contain significant amount of esterified or partially esterified second polyol, as well as partially esterified first polyol. These unused ingredients and byproducts can be removed from the polyol fatty acid polyester by lipase treatment.
• Ingredients comprising unesterified first polyol having hydroxyl groups, an esterified second polyol having fatty acid chains, a basic catalyst and an emulsifying agent are mixed to form a mixture of ingredients.
• the mixture of ingredients is heated at a temperature sufficient to obtain a transesterification reaction mixture comprising ingredients, transesterification reaction products and by-products.
• the removal of by-products from the transesterification reaction mixture drives the reaction of ingredients and reaction products to high degrees of transesterification. At least a portion of the by-products from the transesterification reaction mixture is removed, and the reaction products and ingredients are heated for a time sufficient to esterify at least about 50%> of the hydroxyl groups of the first polyol.
• the transesterification process may be a batch or continuous method.
• the crude transesterification reaction mixture is treated with an aqueous solution comprising lipase and salts to obtain soaps from the fatty acid chains of the esterified or partially esterified second polyol and of the partially esterified first polyol.
• the soaps are removed, and any remaining ingredients or by-products are removed during refinement of the polyol fatty acid polyester.
• Suitable basic catalysts include alkali metals such as sodium, lithium and potassium; alloys of two or more alkali metals such as sodium-lithium and sodium- potassium alloys; alkali metal hydrides, such as sodium, lithium and potassium hydride; alkali metal lower (C1-C4) alkyls such as butyl-lithium; alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium and potassium hydroxides; and alkali metal alkoxides of lower (C1-C4) alcohols, such as lithium methoxide, potassium t-butoxide, potassium methoxide, and/or sodium methoxide.
• Other suitable basic compounds include carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
• emulsifying agent is intended to include substances capable of emulsifying the mixture of unesterified polyol and esterified polyol.
• Suitable emulsifying agents include soaps, partially esterified polyols, such as sucrose mono-, di- and tri-glycerides, and solvents.
• Suitable soaps include alkali 13
• alkali metal fatty acid soaps is intended to include the alkali metal salts of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having from about eight to about twenty-four carbon atoms, preferably from about eight to about eighteen carbon atoms.
• Suitable solvents include dimethylformamide, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or pyridine. If the polyol polyester is to be an edible product, a solvent-free system is preferred; also preferred is a soap-free system. An especially preferred system is a solvent-free system of sucrose, sucrose lower polyesters, and triglyceride.
• a sufficient temperature is a temperature that exceeds the activation energy of the transesterification reaction and which causes transesterification to occur.
• the activation energy will depend upon the amount and type of catalyst used.
• the mixture of ingredients in preferably heated to about 15 C (59 F) to about 350 C (662 F), more preferably from about 50 C (122 F) to about 350 C (662 F), even more preferably from about 50 C (122 F) to about 200 C (392 F).
• Particularly preferred are temperature of from 70 C (158 F) to about 175 C (347 F).
• the unesterified first polyol is selected from the group consisting of linked alkoxylated glycerins, epoxide-extended polyols, and mixtures thereof, temperatures between about 140 C and 160 C, preferably about 150 C, can be used.
• the by-product removal generally will occur simultaneously with further heating of the ingredients and reaction products, although it is possible to sequentially remove by-products and further heat the ingredients and reaction products.
• the driving force of the reaction is provided by any process or means sufficient to remove these by-products in a way that allows the reaction to continue, such as distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, inert gas stripping, and nano- or microfiltration using ceramic, metal or organic membranes.
• the esterified second polyol is triglyceride
• the byproducts are glycerine and/or mono- and di-glycerides. Glycerides can be removed by reducing the partial pressure of the glycerides below the equilibrium vapor pressure.
• Distillation may be performed at reduced pressure; a preferred embodiment utilizes short path distillation.
• a pressure sufficient to remove by-products based on by-products' molecular weights and liquid phase concentrations is used.
• a preferred pressure is from about 10 " ⁇ mm Hg to about 100 mm Hg, a more preferred pressure is from about 10 " ⁇ mm Hg to about 1 mm Hg, an even more preferred pressure is from about 10 " -' mm Hg to about 10 " 1 mm Hg, and a most preferred pressure is from about 10 " ⁇ mm Hg to about 10 " ⁇ mm Hg. Distillation may be performed at the 14
• a preferred distillation temperature is from about 100°C (212°F) to about 300°C (572°F), more preferably about 140°C (284°F) to about 250°C (482°F).
• An inert gas sparge such as a nitrogen sparge, may be used to promote agitation and by-product removal.
• By-product removal proceeds for a time sufficient to esterify at least about 50%), preferably at least about 70%, and more preferably at least about 75%>, of the hydroxyl groups of the first polyol. Most preferably, the removal proceeds for the time required to complete the reaction; the reaction is completed when at least about 95% of the first polyol's hydroxyls are esterified.
• the exact time is dependent upon the temperature and pressure of the system.
• the crude reaction mixture is treated with an aqueous solution comprising lipase, surfactant, and salt to obtain soaps.
• the salt is a calcium salt; insoluble calcium soaps thus formed can be precipitated and filtered out.
• lipases specific for the 1 and 3 positions of the triglycerides soaps and 2- monoglyceride (2-acylglycerol) are formed.
• the 2-monoglyceride is separated from the nondigestible fat by water washing.
• non-specific lipases are used.
• soaps and glycerol will be formed.
• the reaction mixture is then separated into a layer rich in glycerol and a layer rich in nondigestible fat. The separation can be accomplished by conventional means such as gravity or centrifugal force. Residual glycerol can be separated by water-washing the nondigestible fat.
• the polyol fatty acid polyester product is centrifuged, water washed and bleached with silica gel for refinement. Centrifugation can be performed with a disc stack centrifuge. Water-washing is done in a stirred tank; the water level is about 18%> by weight of the crude polyol polyester, the mixing time is from about 10 to about 30 minutes. The water phase can be separated by gravity settling. The crude polyol polyester is then dried to a moisture content of less than about 0.1 % in a vacuum dryer. Silica gel bleaching can be performed by contacting dry silica with the crude polyol polyester in a stirred tank for at least about 30 minutes; the silica level is about 1%> by weight of the crude polyol polyester.
• composition of the polyol ester can be determined by supercritical fluid chromatography. A sample of polyglycerol ester is first silylated to derivatize any 15
• the silylated sample is then injected into the supercritical fluid chromatograph (SFC).
• SFC supercritical fluid chromatograph
• the esters are separated by degree of esterification on a DBl capillary column and detected by a flame ionization detector. The distribution of esters is calculated by peak area from the chromatogram.
• the sample is melted completely and mixed well.
• a disposable pipet is used to weigh 80-100 mg of sample into a four dram vial. The sample weight is recorded. 1 mL of Pyridine and 1 mL of TMSI/BSTFA solution (mixed 5:1) is added to the vial. The vial is capped and heated on the hot plate at 90C for 15 minutes. The sample is allowed to cool. A 0.45-micron filter is placed on the end of a 3-cc disposable syringe. The derivatized standard is poured into the disposable syringe and filtered into a GC vial. The sample is injected into the Supercritical Fluid Chromatograph.
• Glycerin 992 parts, is heated with 80 parts of 85% potassium hydroxide solution at 110°C and 10 mm in a reactor with a dry ice trap for water removal until no further water is evolved.
• the reactor is pressurized with nitrogen and cooled to 92°C, and 3126 parts of propylene oxide is added on a pressure demand basis maintaining a reactor pressure of 55 psi. After the propylene oxide has been added the reaction is continued for an additional 5 hours.
• the reactor is then cooled and purged with nitrogen.
• a propoxylated glycerin with a molar ratio of propylene oxide to glycerin of 5:1 is obtained.
• the propoxylated glycerin and soybean methyl esters are mixed in a molar ratio of methyl esters to propoxylated glycerin of 5:1.
• Sodium methylate, 0.13 mole sodium methylate/mole propoxylated glycerin, is added as additional basic catalyst.
• the propoxylated glycerin, soybean methyl esters and catalyst are heated at 150°C for 3 hours at a pressure of 10 mm Hg in a reaction flask equipped with a distilling head for methanol. At this time the reaction mix is recatalyzed with another 0.13 mole sodium methylate/mole propoxylated glycerin and heated at 150°C for an additional 3 hours at a pressure of 10 mm Hg. 17
• the crude reaction mix is maintained at a temperature of 80-100 C unless otherwise noted.
• the crude reaction mix is hydrated with 0.3% by weight water and the soap is removed by filtration. After removing the soap, the reaction mixture is washed with an 18%> by weight water solution, the water solution containing 2.8%) tripotassium citrate. The water phase is separated by centrifugation. The reaction mix is then washed a second time with 340%> by weight water and the water phase is separated by centrifugation.
• the mixture is then dried under vacuum, bleached with 1%> silica gel and filtered.
• the excess methyl esters are removed on a Pope wiped film evaporator operating at 230 C yielding an esterified propoxylated glycerin containing both digestible and non-digestible components.
• the lipid is hydrolyzed by lipase, yielding fatty acids and lipase treated esterified propoxylated glycerin.
• the fatty acids are then precipitated as calcium soaps.
• the lipase treated esterified propoxylated glycerin is extracted from the insoluble soaps with hexane, the hexane solution is water washed and the hexane is removed by rotary evaporation.
• the amount of digestible material removed by the lipolysis is then quantified.
• the isolated calcium soaps from the lipolysis are converted back into fatty acids with hydrochloric acid and extracted into hexane.
• the isolated fatty acids are converted to methyl esters with boron trifluoride-methanol solution and quantified by capillary gas chromatography as described in AOAC Method PVM 4:1995 referenced above. The procedure yields 6.8%> fatty acid (expressed as oleic acid).
• the lipase treated esterified propoxylated glycerin is essentially nondigestible.

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• 1999
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