EP1055626B1 - Method and device for diverting printed sheets - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for deflection of printing material sheets, for example for deflecting from a web cut off signatures, especially in a folder Fed rotary printing press.

Devices for deflecting signatures are well known. deflectors are used to e.g. B. successive signatures arriving in a stream to divide into two or more outflowing streams. Signaturablenkvorrichtungen are also used when e.g. B. downstream processing systems not with the Speed of the incoming signature stream can be operated. In this In this case, two downstream processing units can be arranged in parallel be designed so that they include every second of the incoming signatures and thereby be operated at half the speed of the incoming signature stream can.

In addition, deflection devices are used when the in an incoming Signature stream successive signatures contain different print images. This is the case. if e.g. B. the printing of a material web with a printing cylinder with signatures with two different printed images in each revolution Printed circumferential direction. Then when the signatures cut off the web become. the signatures alternately contain one of two different ones Print images. It is often desired. every second one coming from the impression cylinder Routing signatures alternately into one of two downstream signature streams So if the impression cylinder has an "A" picture on a signature and a ..B "picture on a transfers the following signature, it is often desirable to have the cut signatures in one Stream of only "A" signatures and into a separate stream of only "B" signatures conduct

Conventional signature - deflection devices point below as impact curves designated signature deflection areas or deflection walls. A conventional one Shock curve causes a signature to be transported to a wall around which Speed vector of the signature (i.e. speed and direction of the signature) to instantaneously change to a new speed vector. Prevent in practice however, friction forces an instantaneous transition of the signature from the original Speed vector to a new speed vector, making conventional Shock curves have considerable disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is the unreliability of the Shock curves when initiating a new speed vector. Another disadvantage is that there is a risk of damage to the signatures and / or a jam in the press exists. In addition, conventional shock curves cannot be separated the "A" signatures are used by the "B" signatures. Rather, one must separate downstream separating device can be used to the To split the signature stream into several sub-streams.

US 4,598,902 shows a device for deflecting and dividing folded sheet which the device in a first transport direction be fed and divided into two at a deflection section Sub-flows are subject. The bows are made at the deflection section by means of two Drive device, which are arranged laterally to the product flow, in the split and diverted two partial flows. Grasp the drive devices thereby the sheets on their side edge. It is therefore necessary to have the bow already to be offset laterally before entering the device, so that there is a free side section on each individual sheet. The Splitting the sheet by such a device can therefore only with the help of a upstream device for lateral pre-separation or relocation of the sheets happen.

DE 29 17 250 A1 describes a device for clocking the overlap length of mined streams, areal products known, with a supplied stream of flaky and Products that have already been offset laterally are divided into two follow-up streams, the The gripper grips the laterally offset products on one side edge and transversely to the move in the original transport direction. This device also allows this Splitting and distracting an original product stream with just one upstream device for generating a lateral offset of the shingled stream of products.

Furthermore, EP 0 417 622 A1 describes a method and an apparatus for Transporting printed products in scale formation known wherein the printed products are rotated in an original transport direction enter a deflection section so that in this section they are separated from one Device for distracting the products is gripped and branched into a Transport direction can be performed. This device also requires for deflecting and branching the product stream of an upstream one Device which originally aligned in the direction of transport Printed products twisted to this transport direction.

From CH 667 858 A5 is a device for pulling apart from across Transport direction known offset sheet. The sheets run with it a lateral offset in shingled formation in an original Transport direction in a deflection section where it from a Deflection device gripped in the laterally offset area and in a branching transport direction. For complete distraction and In this case, branching of the products is also a priority Device for generating a lateral offset in the shingled stream required.

Furthermore, DE 196 43 395 A1 describes a method and a device known for bringing together printed products, with incoming Product flows from shingled and laterally essentially unaligned Signatures are deflected from the direction of entry and brought together. A However, these incoming product flows are not divided. The merged product flows are in turn deflected at one point which is also possible to split the current. However, the Product streams have twisted signatures for distribution in the transport direction, so that there are free side areas to grab the signatures. Consequently also teaches DE 196 43 395 A1, the pre-separation of the transported products before the actual separation.

Furthermore, a device is known from US Pat. No. 5,188,355 by means of which a unscaled flow of products is diverted but not split. The fed products are individually picked up by driven rollers and at an angle to the original direction of transport individually, i.e. in a non-scaled formation, distracted.

The document US 4678 172 teaches the use of a gripper system, which is controlled by a sensor-based control.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention, an apparatus and an Process for deflecting and separating those transported in a signature stream To create signatures on separate deflection and isolation devices to split the signature stream can be dispensed with, and in which the risk of Damage to the signatures or a signature jam is avoided.

This object is achieved by the features of claim 1.

Further features of the invention are contained in the subclaims.

The present invention relates to the creation of an apparatus and a method for deflecting and dividing printing material sheets, e.g. B. from a train clipped signatures, in a cost-effective, efficient manner, taking the potential of Damage to signatures or a jam in the printing press is excluded. Embodiments of the present invention show the implementation of the

Distraction and isolation of the signatures in a single step without the Signatures need to be reoriented. The device according to the invention and the Methods according to the invention have the particular advantage that, in the case of signatures, which have a folded edge, the orientation of this folded edge during the entire distraction and division process is retained, which also leads to an in spatially compact arrangement of a subordinate Processing device for the signatures results.

According to the invention, the device according to the invention and the inventive method at least one section in which a variety of Substrate sheet is fed with a first speed vector; and at least one further section in which one of the plurality of printing material sheets receives a second speed vector and a subsequent one of the plurality of Substrate sheet receives a third speed vector, which is different from the second Speed vector differs, the further section at least one Drive device comprising at least one predetermined range for the Has contact with the substrate sheet. According to the invention Exemplary embodiments are the first and the third speed vector preferably the same.

The features and advantages of the present invention are set out in the following Description of preferred exemplary embodiments in connection with the attached, The drawings listed below are explained in more detail.

Fig. 1

eine Ausführungsform einer Signaturablenk- und -aufteilungsvorrichtung gemäß vorliegender Erfindung;

Fig. 2

eine Teilansicht der Fig. 1, die einen weiteren Bewegungszyklus darstellt;

Fig. 3

eine alternative Ausführungsform der Erfindung, bei der die abgelenkten Signaturen stromabwärts umorientiert werden; und

Fig. 4

eine weitere Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung, bei der die Umorientierung der Signaturen stromabwärts des Ablenk- und Aufteilungsvorgangs erfolgt.

Show it:

Fig. 1

an embodiment of a signature deflection and splitting device according to the present invention;

Fig. 2

a partial view of Figure 1, illustrating another movement cycle.

Fig. 3

an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the deflected signatures are reoriented downstream; and

Fig. 4

a further embodiment of the device according to the invention, in which the signatures are reoriented downstream of the deflection and splitting process.

1 shows a device 100 according to the invention for deflecting Substrate sheet, e.g. B. from a stream of signatures, in one Fed rotary printing press. At least one section that acts as a first section or feed section 102 is shown for feeding the signatures with a first speed vector in a direction 104 indicated by an arrow intended. The feed section 102 includes a lower conveyor belt 106 which carries a shingled stream of incoming signatures 108. The signatures 108 are preferably by means of pressure belts or rollers 110 or similar means the conveyor belt 106 held. Of course, the signature transport device be of any design, provided that it has a signature deflecting section 112 can cooperate according to the present invention.

The signatures 108 are transferred from the feed section 102 into at least one further one Section, which is shown in FIG. 1 as a second section or deflection section 112, transported, in which a variety of signatures, for example a partial stream of Signatures A, receives a second velocity vector, and a subsequent variety of signatures, for example a partial stream of signatures B of the scale stream. receives a third speed vector, which is different from the second Speed vector differs. The deflection section 112 comprises at least two separate drive devices, each having at least a predetermined range to contact the signatures. In Fig. 1, the deflection section comprises one first drive device 114 and a second drive device 116 for deflection and splitting the signatures. The first drive device 114 comprises at least an upper belt 120 having at least a predetermined range for Contacting a signature and also includes a lower conveyor belt 118 second drive device 116 likewise includes an upper belt 122 and a lower conveyor belt 124.

Even if preferred in the preferred embodiment of the invention Drive devices 114, 116 with only one upper transport belt 120, 122 and a lower transport belt 118, 124 are used, however, it is in same way possible a variety of upper and lower straps with one attached to the corresponding signature formats or widths adapted to the transport conditions and Lengths to use. For example, instead of a single belt in each Drive device two belts are used to deflect or torque, with which a signature is deflected from the direction of arrow 104. In addition, the first and second drive devices 114, 116, which are shown in FIG arranged at an angle of approximately 30 ° with respect to direction 104 Transport sections are shown, arranged at any desired angle be, the angles of the first and the second drive device beyond do not have to be the same size. It is only necessary for that to provide predetermined areas of the drive devices an angle that is sufficient for the signatures coming in from the incoming signature stream the way to contact like this to distract and split the signatures is described. Furthermore, the lengths of the first and second Drive devices 114, 116 are only shown here by way of example, and can be found in can be adapted to the respective transport conditions as required. So can for example, any number of signatures by a corresponding one Extension of the deflection path assigned to the respective drive device added. d. H. are processed by the device according to the invention. It is z. B. conceivable, the length of the first and / or second drive device 114, 116 in the way to choose that the associated deflection path a length of one or three consecutive signatures. The length of the deflection paths can, however also be a multiple thereof.

The drive devices 114, 116 can be in any known manner are driven, the drive preferably in synchronism with the printing press in which the signatures were previously printed and / or folded. This can for example, the first and / or second drive belts 114, 116 as one for Speed of the press synchronized drive belt of the press be formed, each of the belts being more detailed below described predetermined areas. So the drive belt For example, be designed as a toothed belt, which is synchronized with the Printing machine and / or the folder driven gear. Of course, the embodiments are not on such a drive configuration limited. For example, it is possible that instead of one or more The toothed belt is driven by a belt driven by the printing press not mechanically but only electronically coupled, so-called shaftless Motor are driven by an electronic feedback loop in the Synchronization is operated with the printing press. Although a common one Synchronous drive can be provided with respect to the upper belts 120 and 122 it is of course possible to drive each belt individually, provided that the Belts are driven in synchronism with each other and the feed section 102. It is only important that the predetermined areas of the upper straps are in sync to each other and to the respective feed section, so that the from Feeding section 102 coming signatures these areas to a desired fixed contact the specified time.

The predetermined areas, which are the signatures coming from the feeding section 102 contact are in the embodiment of Fig. 1 as raised or protruding or protruding portions 126, which in particular the shape of May have clamps or retaining strips.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the in the Feed section 102 incoming, preferably shingled stream of signatures 108 in divided in such a way that with two successive different signatures A, B each of the successive signatures A, B preferably alternately into one another path is deflected in such a way that the incoming stream of A and B signatures is divided into two sub-streams, the only A signatures and only contain B signatures.

In addition, in a preferred embodiment of the invention be provided that the clamping plates or retaining strips in the direction of the signatures protrude the drive belt and it is only the parts of these belts, who contact the signatures. The clamping plates can also in the respective Upper belt integrated or designed as separate components. then on the strap is attached (e.g. glued on). Although in the exemplary embodiments the clamp plates are shown attached to the "top" straps, some may Constructions may be desirable to place clamps on the lower straps instead attach the top strap or add it to the top strap Straps can also be attached to the lower straps.

Furthermore, the straps and clamping plates can be made of any material be made, such as urethane, rubber or other suitable Material with a corresponding coefficient of friction. That means any material can be used that has a sufficient coefficient of friction to the to deflect signatures coming from the feed section 102. The material can with regard to the specific application criteria (e.g. on the basis of the Operating speed, the material of the substrate. etc.) can be selected

The number of clamping plates on the respective belt can vary depending on the application be adjusted accordingly, e.g. B. depending on the number of one given time to be diverted signatures and the spatial requirements. The Number of clamping plates per belt, that of each signature to be deflected can also be changed if desired. By doing 1 has each of the upper belts 120 and 122 one Clamping plate per signature. However, each clamp plate can be considered a variety of smaller clamping plates or as a protrusion or protrusions to one desired coefficient of friction between the clamping plate and the signature produce.

The first and second drive devices are preferably designed such that they receive the signatures 108 from the feed section 102 with a first speed vector and then one of the signatures receives a second speed vector and a following one of the signatures receives a third speed vector which differs from the second speed vector. Here, the two or more signatures are preferably not deflected at the same time with the same speed vector. For example, it can be seen in FIG. 1 that the signature labeled "A ₁ " has been deflected by the first drive device 114 and, at the same time, a clamping plate of the second drive device 116 has been placed over a target area of the next signature, labeled "B ₁ ". It is important that the clamp plates of the first drive device 114 and the clamp plates of the second drive device 116 be staggered with respect to one another and relative to the leading edges of the signatures in the incoming signature stream. This makes it possible for the first drive device 114 to deflect the signature A ₁ to the left side (FIG. 1) and thus to generate a target area in the upper right corner of the signature B, near the front edge thereof, in which the second drive device 116 Contact signature B ₁ and clamp against the lower conveyor belt (124) without clamping signature A ₁ or the following signature A ₂ . Thus, the second drive device 116 can deflect the signature B ₁ with a different speed vector than that which is assigned to the first drive device 114 for deflecting the preceding signature A ₁ . This process is repeated continuously in order to deflect the signatures A _n and B _n alternately with different speed vectors, the magnitudes of the vectors preferably being the same, but the vectors having a different direction, as shown in FIG. 1.

With the two drive devices shown in FIG. 1, there is therefore a division the "A" and "B" signatures achieved by the velocity vector of the Signature movement is changed, however, the signatures are not reoriented and Outstanding clamp plates are used which have the "A" and "B" signatures on a respective angled belt in a required Clamp distance. If desired, the for further processing Side edges of the signatures e.g. B. realign along a line, this can for example with the aid of edge guides 130 and 132 of the first and second drive device can be achieved. As further shown in Fig. 1, can for the further transport of the respective partial streams 138 and 140 of signatures respective lower outlet transport belts 134 and 136 may be provided. For alignment the signatures can serve any design features, for example one Fixed edge guide or an edge guide that can be found together with the signatures moves like belts or rollers with vertical axes.

When the "A" and "B" signatures are deflected into separate streams, each of them receives "A" signatures a speed vector 142 and each of the "B" signatures one Speed vector 144, as shown in FIG. 2. Although the Speed vectors 142 and 144 as preferably parallel to that Velocity vector (104) of the incoming signatures are shown, one of the Velocity vectors 142 or 144 to the infeed velocity vector (104) voted, d. H. be the same. Alternatively, the runout speed vectors 142 and 144 relative to the infeed speed vector 104 have any orientation.

Furthermore, it should be understood that the according to the embodiments of the processed signature can be folded or unfolded present invention. For example, each of the "A" and "B" signatures can be folded on one side. The folded page can be a side edge, a leading edge or a trailing edge of the signature form.

Furthermore, the relationship between the current position of the clamping plates on the upper belt 120 of the first drive device 114 and the current one Position of the clamping plates on the upper belt 122 of the second Drive device 116 can be varied if desired. In the shown Embodiments are the clamping plates of the upper belt 120 with respect to FIG Leading edge of the signatures in the signature stream 108 relative to those of the upper one Belt 122 is out of phase by a predetermined angle (e.g., 180 ° in FIG. 1) arranged. However, the phase shift between the clamping plates of the Belts 120 and 122 have any amount as long as sufficient Target area exposed on the signature below and between a clamping plate and its associated lower strap 118 or 124 can be gripped.

Although the outlet conveyor belts 134 and 136 without rollers assigned to them or belts can be operated in the preferred embodiment of the invention to improve the transition of the deflected "A" and "B" signature streams additional rollers and / or belts and / or guides used. Alignment mechanisms, e.g. B. straight bumpers can also be used to Align the outgoing signature streams to improve.

FIG. 2 shows a signature deflection cycle that follows the cycle shown in FIG. 1. In Fig. 2, the signature B _{1 was} deflected into the right stream, the upper left corner of the following signature A _{2 being} exposed and immediately gripped by the next clamping plate of the upper belt 120. The moment a previous signature is clamped between a clamping plate and the lower belt and is guided diagonally away from the incoming signature stream, the following clamping plate of the upper belt 120 contacts a target area on the next signature to deflect it. Target area or predetermined area are understood to mean in particular the areas in which there is no overlap of two z. B. scaled superimposed successive signatures A and B, so that upon contact of the clamping plate of the associated overhead belt 120, 122 between the signature to be deflected and the underlying transport belt 118, 124, a frictional force is generated that the respective signature from the incoming Dandruff stream pulls out laterally, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In the case of a shingled stream of signatures A, B, the target areas accordingly lie between the leading edge of an upstream signature and the leading edge of an immediately following downstream signature. It follows from this that the clamping plates in the direction of the incoming signature stream must have a smaller extent than the distance between two leading edges of two immediately successive signatures.

In addition to the way the signatures are distracted, this is related to 1 and 2 is described, for a subsequent processing z. Belly a reorientation of the individual or both scaled signature streams possible. Fig. 3 shows an embodiment in which the shared signature streams through the respective lower outlet conveyor belts 302 and 304 reoriented a second time become. The lower outlet conveyor belts 302 and 304 are z. B. in one Angle of 90 ° with respect to the direction of the arrow indicated by arrow 104 incoming signature stream oriented and operated. The reorientation and one optional alignment of the deflected signature partial streams can be done with the help of respective Edge guides 306 and 308 and / or respective upper rollers or belts take place. for aligned aligned outgoing signature streams 314 and 316 with the through arrows 318 and 320 to obtain speed vectors. An angled Lower belt 322 and associated upper belt 324 may also be arranged optionally used to split the signature stream from the original Transport deflection section to the reorientation section.

4 shows a further embodiment of the further processing of the signature streams, in which the reorientation sections of FIG. 3 are modified and rollers and / or straps with clamps attached thereon, as in similar Way described with respect to the upper belts 120 and 122. In detail they are upper straps 402 and 404 with clamping plates for reorienting the "A" signature stream and the upper straps 406 and 408 which are given away on clamping plates responsible for the reorientation of the "B" signature stream. This results in the Advantage that on edge guides 306 and 308, such as in the Embodiment of Fig. 3 are used, can be dispensed with, which Risk of damage to the signatures and / or signature jams when redirecting the signatures in the device according to the invention is further reduced.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention, it can be provided be that a change in the distance, for example a distance correction between the signatures of the two partial flows. For this purpose, as for example in FIG. 4 shown, the deflected "A" signature stream via a clamped one Belts are promoted in the subsequent reorientation section. This can for example, upper belt 324, which has the "A" signatures to exit the Reorientation section moved, also be equipped with clamping plates, or a roller fitted with clamping plates can be provided, the Distance change z. B. by the choice of the angle at which the upper Belt 324 or the roller is arranged, or by the distance of the clamping plates to each other or the speed of the belt or roller takes place. To this There may be differences in spacing between the successive "A" signatures Getting corrected. The leaking "A" signature stream can be via belts 402 and 404 may be promoted to a downstream section for realignment. the z. B. may include blades or other edge alignment mechanisms to the realign distance-corrected signatures. Of course, in There are many in connection with the embodiments of the present invention additional drive devices can be used to move the signatures in if desired to split further partial streams with any desired speed vector and / or reorient, e.g. B. if not only between different types of signatures A, B, but also contain additional signatures in the incoming signature stream are.

LIST OF REFERENCES

100

Device for deflecting printing material sheets

102

Feed section / first section

104

Direction of the signatures with a first speed vector

106

conveyor belts

108

Signatures / signature stream

110

Pressure tapes or pressure rollers

112

Signature deflection section / second section

114

first drive device

116

second drive device

118

lower conveyor belt (114)

120

top strap (114)

122

top strap (116)

124

lower conveyor belt (116)

126

Clamping plate / retaining bar

130

Edge guide (114)

132

Edge guide (116)

134

Discontinued transport belts

136

Discontinued transport belts

138

shared signature stream

140

shared signature stream

142

Velocity vector - "A" signatures

144

Velocity vector - "B" signatures

306

edge guide

308

edge guide

310

Rollers / belts

312

Rollers / belts

314

signature power

316

signature power

318

velocity vector

320

velocity vector

322

lower strap

324

top strap

402

top strap for "A" signature stream

404

top strap for "A" signature stream

406

top strap for "B" signature stream

408

top strap for "B" signature stream

Claims (14)

1. Device for diverting and separating signatures (108, A, B) in a shingled stream, the device comprising a feed section (102) that receives signatures (108, A, B) with a first velocity vector (104), a second signature diverting section (112) in which a first plurality of signatures (108, A) receives a second velocity vector (142) and a second plurality of signatures (108, B) receives a third velocity vector (144) different from the second velocity vector (142), a first drive device (114) associated with the second section (112) for contacting the first plurality of signatures (A) in one or more predetermined areas to impart the second velocity vector (142) to the first plurality of signatures (A), and a second drive device (116) associated with the second section (112) for contacting the second plurality of signatures (108, B) in one or more predetermined areas to impart the third velocity vector (142) to the second plurality of signatures (108, B), the feed section (102) comprising at least one transport belt (106) for feeding the signatures (108), which are supplied in the form of a shingled stream and are substantially not offset in the lateral direction, to the second section (112), and the predetermined areas of the first drive device (114) and the predetermined areas of the second drive device (116) being offset with respect to each other and relative to the leading edges of the signatures in the feed section (102),
   characterized in that the first drive device (114) and the second drive device (116) each have at least one belt (120) equipped with clamping plates or protruding parts for contacting the signatures; or that the first drive device (114) and the second drive device (116) each comprise a roller equipped with contact surfaces in the predetermined area for contacting the signatures.
2. Device according to claim 1,
   characterized in that the clamping plates or protruding parts are arranged in the predetermined areas.
3. Device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that, in the second section (112), an angled transport section is provided in which the signatures (108) are transported at an angle with respect to the first velocity vector (104), and that an exit section is provided in which the signatures (108) are transported at a second angle with respect to the transport direction of the angled transport section.
4. Device according to claim 3,
   characterized in that the second angle is the complement of the first angle.
5. Device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that means are provided for correcting distance variations between the signatures (108) fed in the feed section (102).
6. Device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that the one of the two belts (120, 122) extends at a first angle with respect to the first velocity vector (104) and the other of the two belts (120, 122) extends at a second angle with respect to the first speed vector (104).
7. Device according to claim 6,
   characterized in that the clamping plates or protruding parts (126) of the first belt (120) are offset with respect to the clamping plates or protruding parts (126) of the second belt (122) by a predetermined angular amount.
8. Device according to claim 7,
   characterized in that the predetermined angle is 180°.
9. Device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that the first velocity vector (104) and the third velocity vector (144) are the same.
10. Method of diverting and separating signatures in a web-fed rotary printing press comprising the following steps:

    feeding a plurality of signatures (108) having a first velocity vector (104) to a feed section (102) in the form of a shingled stream of signatures (108) substantially without any lateral offset;

    contacting the first plurality of signatures (108, A) in one or more predetermined areas of a first drive device (114) and imparting a second velocity vector (142) to the first plurality of signatures (108, A);

    contacting the second plurality of signatures (108, B) in one or more predetermined areas of a second drive device (116) and imparting a third velocity vector (144) different from the second velocity vector (142) to the second plurality of signatures (108, B); and

    contacting the first plurality of signatures (108, A) and the second plurality of signatures (108, B) by means of predetermined areas of the first and second drive device (114, 116), the predetermined areas being offset with respect to each other and relative to the leading edges of the signatures in the feed section (102),

    characterized by
    the following step:

    contacting the first plurality of signatures (108, A) by means of the first drive device (114) and contacting the second plurality of signatures (108, B) by means of the second drive device (116), each of which comprises at least one belt (120) equipped with clamping plates or protruding parts for contacting the signatures, or each of which comprises a roller equipped with contact surfaces for contacting the signatures in the predetermined region.
11. Method according to claim 10,
    characterized in that the feeding of the signatures (108) in the feed section (102) and the imparting of the second and/or third velocity vector to the signatures (108, A, B) occur in synchronism with each other.
12. Method according to claim 10 or 11,
    characterized in that in a further step, the distance between two consecutive signatures (A, B) is changed.
13. Method according to one of claims 10 to 12,
    characterized in that for the imparting of the associated second or third velocity vector (142, 144) to the first and second pluralities of signatures (A, B) is done by alternately transporting the signatures at an angle with respect to each other.
14. Rotary printing press,
    characterized by
    a device according to one of claims 1 to 9.

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