Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
  • G03C5/16—X-ray, infrared, or ultraviolet ray processes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/0051—Tabular grain emulsions
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/06—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein with non-macromolecular additives
  • G03C1/30—Hardeners
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/0051—Tabular grain emulsions
  • G03C2001/0055—Aspect ratio of tabular grains in general; High aspect ratio; Intermediate aspect ratio; Low aspect ratio
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
  • G03C2001/03511—Bromide content
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
  • G03C5/16—X-ray, infrared, or ultraviolet ray processes
  • G03C2005/168—X-ray material or process
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C7/00—Multicolour photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents; Photosensitive materials for multicolour processes
  • G03C7/30—Colour processes using colour-coupling substances; Materials therefor; Preparing or processing such materials
  • G03C7/3022—Materials with specific emulsion characteristics, e.g. thickness of the layers, silver content, shape of AgX grains
  • G03C2007/3025—Silver content
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C2200/00—Details
  • G03C2200/27—Gelatine content

Definitions

• This invention relates to radiography. More specifically, the invention relates to silver halide elements having relatively lower silver and binder coverage that can be processed quickly with lower strength processing solutions.
• contrast indicates the average contrast (also referred to as ⁇ ) derived from a characteristic curve of a radiographic element using as a first reference point (1) a density (D 1 ) of 0.25 above minimum density and as a second reference point (2) a density (D 2 ) of 2.0 above minimum density, where contrast is ⁇ D (i.e. 1.75) ⁇ ⁇ log 10 E (log 10 E 2 - log 10 E 1 ) , E 1 and E 2 being the exposure levels at the reference points (1) and (2).
• front and back refer to features or elements nearer to and farther from, respectively, the X-radiation source than the support of the radiographic element.
• rapid access processing is employed to indicate dry-to-dry processing of a radiographic element in 45 seconds or less. That is, 45 seconds or less elapse from the time a dry imagewise exposed radiographic element enters a wet processor until it emerges as a dry fully processed element.
• the "aspect ratio" of a silver halide grain is the ratio of its equivalent circular diameter (ECD) to its thickness.
• ECD equivalent circular diameter
• the ECD of a grain is the diameter of a circle having an area equal to the projected area of the grain.
• COV coefficient of variation
• tabular grain refers to a silver halide grain having two parallel crystal faces that are clearly larger than any remaining crystal faces and an aspect ratio of at least 2.
• tabular grain emulsion refers to an emulsion in which tabular grains account for greater than 50% of total grain projected area.
• covering power is used to indicate 100 times the ratio of maximum density to developed silver measured in mg/dm 2 .
• collader in referring to image tone is used to mean an image tone that has a more negative CIELAB b* value measured at a density of 1.0 above minimum density, where an optimally "cold” image tone is -6.5 or more negative.
• the measurement technique is described by Billmeyer and Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology , 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1981, at Chapter 3.
• the b* values describe the yellowness vs. blueness of an image with more positive values indicating a tendency toward greater yellowness (image warmth).
• rare earth is used to indicate elements having an atomic number of 39 or 57 through 71.
• the object is to obtain a viewable silver image from which a medical diagnosis can be made while exposing the patient to a minimal dose of X-radiation.
• Patient exposure to X-radiation is minimized by employing a dual-coated radiographic element in combination with front and back fluorescent intensifying screens. A portion of the X-radiation transmitted through the patient's anatomy is absorbed by each of the front and back intensifying screens. Each screen emits light in response to X-radiation exposure, and the emitted light from the front and back screens imagewise exposes the front and back emulsion layers of the dual-coated radiographic element.
• patient exposure to X-radiation can be reduced to about 5 percent of the X-radiation exposure level that would be required for comparable imaging using a single emulsion layer and no intensifying screen.
• radiographic images are normally viewed without enlargement.
• very large formats by photographic standards are required.
• the silver in radiographic elements is often not reclaimed for years, since the images are required to be available to substantiate diagnoses. Further, usually a number of images are obtained when subject matter of pathological interest is observed.
• Another common approach was to maximize covering power by employing an organic covering power enhancer and to foreharden the emulsion layers only partially, relying on a prehardener to complete hardening in the course of processing.
• US-A-4,414,304 (Dickerson et al) teaches that tabular grain emulsions provide sufficient covering power to be fully forehardened. At levels of hardening high enough to allow processing solution hardener to be eliminated, the covering power of the tabular grain emulsions of Dickerson et al is shown to vary little as a function of hardening. Further, Dickerson et al demonstrated that covering power increases as the average thickness of the tabular grains decreases.
• radiographic films described in this patent represent an important advance in the art, there is a further need to reduce silver and gelatino-vehicle coverage in order to provide more rapid wet processing in a variety of processing systems.
• lower film coverage and faster processing would lead to lower D max and contrast and unacceptable drying times.
• the present invention overcomes these problems and provides an opportunity for novel photoprocessing systems, that is compatible photoprocessing chemistry and equipment.
• the present invention provides a radiographic element comprising a support having disposed on each side thereof, a silver halide emulsion unit that comprises silver halide grains and a gelatino-vehicle, the silver halide grains comprising at least 95 mol% bromide based on total silver, at least 50% of the silver halide grain projected area being provided by tabular grains having an average aspect ratio greater than 8, a thickness no greater than 0.10 ⁇ m, and an average grain diameter of from about 1.5 to about 3 ⁇ m, the element characterized wherein the coverage of silver in each silver halide emulsion unit is no more than 11 mg/dm 2 , and the coverage of the gelatino-vehicle in each silver halide emulsion unit is no more than 11 mg/dm 2 .
• the present invention provides a low silver radiographic element that is effectively processed in a variety of wet processing systems to provide an image with low fog and dye stain.
• the elements provided acceptable sensitometric results (that is, speed, contrast and D max ) even when processed using weaker or more dilute processing compositions.
• the processing compositions contain lower concentrations of the photographic reagents (for example, developing and fixing agents) needed for image formation.
• the processed elements could be rapidly dried despite the use of lowered amounts of hardener for layers containing the gelatino-vehicle.
• the combination of features of the elements of this invention enable a user to obtain suitable black-and-white images with either weaker processing solutions, or to use shorter processing times with conventional processing compositions.
• the elements provide greater flexibility in their use.
• the radiographic elements of this invention comprise a support having a single silver halide emulsion unit on each side thereof. Such units include one or more silver halide emulsion layers. Further details of the support and silver halide emulsion units are provided below.
• an element is generally included in an exposure assembly that also includes one or more intensifying screens in front or back of the element. The element and front and back screens are usually mounted in direct contact in a suitable cassette. X-radiation in an imagewise pattern is passed through and partially absorbed in the front intensifying screen, and a portion of the absorbed X-radiation is re-emitted as a visible light image tat exposes the silver halide emulsion units of the element.
• X-radiation that is not absorbed by the front screen passes through the element with minimal absorption to reach the back intensifying screen. A substantial portion of that radiation is absorbed by the back screen and a portion of it is re-emitted as visible light image that also exposes the silver halide emulsion units of the element.
• the radiographic elements of this invention include a single silver halide emulsion layer on each side of the support. Preferably, however, there is also an interlayer and a protective overcoat on each side the support.
• General features of radiographic films are described in US-A-5,871,892 (Dickerson et al), with respect to those films.
• Radiographic film supports usually exhibit these specific features: (1) they are constructed of polyesters to maximize dimensional integrity and (2) they are blue tinted to contribute the cold (blue-black) image tone sought in the fully processed films. Radiographic film supports, including the incorporated blue dyes that contribute to cold image tones, are described in Research Disclosure , Item 18431, cited above, Section XII. Film Supports. Research Disclosure , Vol. 365, September 1994, Item 36544, Section XV. Supports, illustrates in paragraph (2) suitable subbing layers to facilitate adhesion of hydrophilic colloids to the support.
• the transparent films preferred are polyester films, illustrated in Section XV, paragraph (8).
• Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) are specifically preferred polyester film supports.
• the transparent support can be subbed using conventional subbing materials that would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art.
• the emulsion layers contain the light-sensitive high silver bromide relied upon for image formation.
• the grains preferably contain less than 2 mol% (mole percent) iodide, based on total silver.
• the silver halide grains are predominantly silver bromide in content.
• the grains can be composed of silver bromide, silver iodobromide, silver chlorobromide, silver iodochlorobromide, silver chloroiodobromide or silver iodochlorobromide as long as bromide is present in an amount of at least 95 mol% (preferably at least 98 mol%) based on total silver content.
• composition selection described above it is specifically contemplated to employ silver halide grains that exhibit a coefficient of variation (COV) of grain ECD of less than 20% and, preferably, less than 10%. It is preferred to employ a grain population that is as highly monodisperse as can be conveniently realized.
• COV coefficient of variation
• At least 50% (and preferably at least 70%) of the silver halide grain projected area is provided by tabular grains having an average aspect ratio greater than 8, and preferably greater than 12.
• the average thickness of the grains is generally at least 0.06 and no more than 0.10 ⁇ m, and preferably at least 0.07 and no more than 0.09 ⁇ m.
• the average grain diameter is from about 1.5 to about 3 ⁇ m, and preferably from about 1.8 to about 2.4 ⁇ m.
• Film contrast can be raised by the incorporation of one or more contrast enhancing dopants.
• Rhodium, cadmium, lead and bismuth are all well known to increase contrast by restraining toe development. The toxicity of cadmium has precluded its continued use. Rhodium is most commonly employed to increase contrast and is specifically preferred. Contrast enhancing concentrations are known to range from as low 10 -9 mole/Ag mole. Rhodium concentrations up to 5 X 10 -3 mole/Ag mole are specifically contemplated. A specifically preferred rhodium doping level is from 1 X 10 -6 to 1 X 10 -4 mole/Ag mole.
• dopants capable providing "shallow electron trapping" sites, commonly referred to as SET dopants, are specifically contemplated.
• SET dopants are described in Research Disclosure , Vol. 367, Nov. 1994, Item 36736. Iridium dopants are very commonly employed to decrease reciprocity failure.
• Low COV emulsions can be selected from among those prepared by conventional batch double-jet precipitation techniques.
• a general summary of silver halide emulsions and their preparation is provided by Research Disclosure , Item 36544, cited above, Section I. Emulsion grains and their preparation. After precipitation and before chemical sensitization the emulsions can be washed by any convenient conventional technique using techniques disclosed by Research Disclosure , Item 36544, cited above, Section III. Emulsion washing.
• the emulsions can be chemically sensitized by any convenient conventional technique as illustrated by Research Disclosure , Item 36544, Section IV. Chemical sensitization. Sulfur and gold sensitizations are specifically contemplated.
• spectral sensitization of the grains is not essential, tough still preferred. It is specifically contemplated that one or more spectral sensitizing dyes will be absorbed to the surfaces of the grains to impart or increase their light-sensitivity. Ideally the maximum absorption of the spectral sensitizing dye is matched (e.g., within ⁇ 10 nm) to the principal emission band or bands of the fluorescent intensifying screen. In practice any spectral sensitizing dye can be employed which, as coated, exhibits a half peak absorption bandwidth that overlaps the principal spectral region(s) of emission by a fluorescent intensifying screen intended to be used with the first radiographic film.
• a wide variety of conventional spectral sensitizing dyes are known having absorption maxima extending throughout the near ultraviolet (300 to 400 nm), visible (400 to 700 nm) and near infrared (700 to 1000 nm) regions of the spectrum. Specific illustrations of conventional spectral sensitizing dyes is provided by Research Disclosure , Item 18431, Section X. Spectral Sensitization, and Item 36544, Section V. Spectral sensitization and desensitization, A. Sensitizing dyes.
• the silver halide emulsions include one or more covering power enhancing compounds adsorbed to surfaces of the silver halide grains.
• Such compounds include, but are not limited to, 5-mercapotetrazoles, dithioxotriazoles, mercapto-substituted tetraazaindenes, and others described in US-A-5,800,976 (noted above) for the teaching of the sulfur-containing covering power enhancing compounds.
• Such compounds are generally present at concentrations of at least 20 mg/silver mole, and preferably of at least 30 mg/silver mole.
• the concentration can generally be as much as 2000 mg/silver mole and preferably as much as 700 mg/silver mole.
• the silver halide emulsion on each side of the support includes dextran or polyacrylamide as water-soluble polymers that can also enhance covering power.
• dextran or polyacrylamide as water-soluble polymers that can also enhance covering power.
• These polymers are generally present in an amount of at least 0.1:1 weight ratio to the gelatino-vehicle (described below), and preferably in an amount of from about 0.3:1 to about 0.5:1 weight ratio to the gelatino-vehicle.
• the dextran or polyacrylamide can be present in an amount of up to 5 mg/dm 2 , and preferably at from about 2 to about a 4 mg/dm 2 .
• the amount of covering power enhancing compounds on the two sides of the support can be the same or different.
• the silver halide emulsion and other layers forming the imaging units on opposite sides of the support of the radiographic element contain conventional hydrophilic colloid vehicles (peptizers and binders) that are typically gelatin or a gelatin derivative (identified herein as "gelatino-vehicles").
• hydrophilic colloid vehicles preptizers and binders
• Conventional gelatino-vehicles and related layer features are disclosed in Research Disclosure , Item 36544, Section II. Vehicles, vehicle extenders, vehicle-like addenda and vehicle related addenda.
• the emulsions themselves can contain peptizers of the type set out in Section II. noted above, paragraph A. Gelatin and hydrophilic colloid peptizers.
• the hydrophilic colloid peptizers are also useful as binders and hence are commonly present in much higher concentrations than required to perform the peptizing function alone.
• the gelatino-vehicle extends also to materials that are not themselves useful as peptizers.
• the preferred gelatino-vehicles include alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin or gelatin derivatives (such as acetylated gelatin and phthalated gelatin).
• the amount of hardener in each silver halide emulsion unit is generally at least 0.1% and less than 0.8%, and preferably at least 0.3% and less than 0.6%, based on the total dry weight of the gelatino-vehicle.
• Conventional hardeners can be used for this purpose, including formaldehyde and free dialdehydes such as succinaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, blocked dialdehydes, ⁇ -diketones, active esters, sulfonate esters, active halogen compounds, s -triazines and diazines, epoxides, aziridines, active olefins having two or more active bonds, blocked active olefins, carbodiimides, isoxazolium salts unsubstituted in the 3-position, esters of 2-alkoxy-N-carboxydihydroquinoline, N-carbamoyl pyridinium salts, carbamoyl oxypyridinium salts, bis(imoniomethyl) ether salts, particularly bis(amidino) ether salts, surface-applied carboxyl-activating hardeners in combination with complex-forming salts, carbamoylonium, carbamo
• the level of silver is generally at least 8 and no more than 11 mg/dm 2 , and preferably at least 9 and no more than 10 mg/dm 2 .
• the coverage of gelatino-vehicle is generally at least 6 and no more than 11 mg/dm 2 , and preferably at least 7.5 and no more than 9.5 mg/dm 2 .
• the amounts of silver and gelatino-vehicle on the two sides of the support can be the same or different.
• the radiographic elements generally include a surface overcoat on each side of the support that are typically provided for physical protection of the emulsion layers.
• the overcoats can contain various addenda to modify the physical properties of the overcoats.
• Such addenda are illustrated by Research Disclosure , Item 36544, Section IX. Coating physical property modifying addenda, A. Coating aids, B. Plasticizers and lubricants, C. Antistats, and D. Matting agents.
• Interlayers that are typically thin hydrophilic colloid layers can be used to provide a separation between the emulsion layers and the surface overcoats. It is quite common to locate some emulsion compatible types of surface overcoat addenda, such as anti-matte particles, in the interlayers.
• Radiographic Element A (Control):
• Radiographic Element A was a DUPLITIZED radiographic element having identical silver halide emulsions on both sides of a blue-tinted 178 ⁇ m transparent poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support. Each silver halide emulsion was a green-sensitized high aspect ratio tabular silver bromide emulsion.
• the term "high aspect ratio" is employed as defined by US-A-4,425,425 (Abbott et al) to require that at least 50% of the total grain projected area be accounted for by tabular grains having a thickness of less than 0.3 ⁇ m and having an average aspect ratio greater than 8:1.
• the emulsion contained silver halide grains having an average grain diameter of 1.8 ⁇ m and an average grain thickness of 0.13 ⁇ m. It was chemically sensitized with sodium thiosulfate, potassium tetrachloroaurate, sodium thiocyanate and potassium selenocyanate and spectrally sensitized with 400 mg/Ag mol of anhydro-5,5-dichloro-9-ethyl-3,3'-bis(3-sulfopropyl)oxacarbocyanine hydroxide, followed by 300 mg/Ag mol of potassium iodide.
• Overcoat Formulation Coverage (mg/dm 2 ) Gelatin vehicle 3.4 Methyl methacrylate matte beads 0.14 Carboxymethyl casein 0.57 Colloidal silica 0.57 Polyacrylamide 0.57 Chrome alum 0.025 Resorcinol 0.058 Whale oil lubricant 0.15 Interlayer Formulation Coverage (mg/dm 2 ) Gelatin vehicle 3.4 AgI Lippmann emulsion (0.08 ⁇ m) 0.11 Carboxymethyl casein 0.57 Colloidal silica 0.57 Polyacrylamide 0.57 Chrome alum 0.025 Resorcinol 0.058 Nitron 0.044 Emulsion Layer Formulation Coverage (mg/dm 2 ) T-grain emulsion (AgBr 1.8 x 0.13 ⁇ m) 18.3 Gelatin vehicle 21.5 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene
• Radiographic Element B (Control):
• Radiographic Element B is the same as Element E (Col. 14) described in US-A-5,800,976 (noted above). Thus, it is similar to Radiographic Element A except that a tabular grain emulsion with lower grain thickness was employed and was coated with a total silver coverage of 11.8 mg/dm 2 on each side of the support. The hardener level on each side of the support was 0.8% (based on total gelatin weight).
• Radiographic Element C (Invention):
• Radiographic element C is similar to Radiographic Element B except that a tabular grain emulsion with lower grain thickness was employed and was coated with a total silver coverage of 10.6 mg/dm 2 on each side of the support.
• the total emulsion layer gelatin coverage was 7.5 mg/dm 2
• the dextran coverage was 2.5 mg/dm 2
• the hardener level was 0.4% (based on total gelatin weight).
• the emulsion employed was a green sensitized high aspect ratio tabular silver bromide emulsion wherein the term "high aspect ratio" is as defined above.
• the emulsion had an average grain diameter of 2.0 ⁇ m and an average grain thickness of 0.07 um.
• the emulsion was spectrally sensitized with 590 mg/Ag mol of anhydro-5,5-dichloro-9-ethyl-3,3'-bis(3-sulfopropyl)oxacarbocyanine hydroxide, followed by 300 mg/Ag mol of potassium iodide.
• the emulsion layer on each side of the support is more specifically defined as follows.
• the interlayers and overcoats were identical to those described above for Radiographic Element A.
• Emulsion Formulation Coverage (mg/dm 2 ) T-grain emulsion (AgBr 2.0 x 0.07 ⁇ m) 10.6 Gelatin 7.5 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene 2.1 g/Ag mole 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-methylmercapto-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene 400 mg/Ag mole 2-mercapto-1,3-benzothiazole 30 mg/Ag mole Potassium nitrate 1.8 Ammonium hexachloropalladate 0.0022 Maleic acid hydrazide 0.0087 Sorbitol 0.53 Glycerin 0.57 Potassium bromide 0.14 Resorcinol 0.44 Dextran P 2.5 Polyacrylamide 2.69 Carboxymethyl casein 1.61 Bisvinyl
• Radiographic Elements A, B and C were exposed on the emulsion side only through a graduated density step tablet using a MacBeth sensitometer for 1/50 second and a 500 watt General Electric DMX projector lamp calibrated to 2650°K filtered with a Coming C4010 filter to simulate a green-emitting X-ray screen exposure.
• Residual dye stain was measured using conventional spectrophotometric methods and calculated as the difference between the density at 505 nm (that corresponds to the dye absorption peak) and the density at 440 nm (that is the density associated with developed silver). This measurement corrects for differences in film fog. The measurements were done on film samples that had been processed without exposure and were nominally clear of developed silver except for fog silver.
• the film samples were in contact with the developer in each instance for less than 90 seconds. Fixing was carried out using KODAK RP X-OMAT LO Fixer and Replenisher fixing composition.
• Rapid processing has evolved over the last several years as a way to increase productivity in busy hospitals without compromising image quality or sensitometric response. Where 90 second processing times were once the standard, below 40 seconds processing is becoming the standard in medical radiography.
• a rapid processing system is the commercially available KODAK Rapid Access (RA) processing system that includes a line of X-ray sensitive films available as T-MAT-RA radiographic films that feature fully forehardened emulsions in order to maximize film diffusion rates and minimize film drying. Processing chemistry for this process is also available.
• glutaraldehyde a common hardening agent
• the developer and fixer designed for this system are Kodak X-OMAT RA/30 chemicals.
• a commercially available processor that allows for the rapid access capability is the Kodak X-OMAT RA 480 processor.
• This processor is capable of running in 4 different processing cycles. "Extended” cycle is for 160 seconds, and is used for mammography where longer than normal processing results in higher speed and contrast.
• "Standard” cycle is 82 seconds, "Rapid Cycle” is 55 seconds and "KWIK/RA” cycle is 40 seconds.
• a proposed new "Super KWIK” cycle is intended to be 30 seconds. The two KWIK cycles (30 & 40 seconds) use the new RA/30 chemistries while the longer time cycles use standard RP X-OMAT chemistry.
• Table I shows typical processing times (seconds) for these various processing cycles.
• optical densities are expressed in terms of diffuse density as measured by an X-rite Model 310TM densitometer that was calibrated to ANSI standard PH 2.19 and was traceable to a National Bureau of Standards calibration step tablet.
• the characteristic curve (Density vs. log E) was plotted for each radiographic element processed. Speed was measured at a density of 1.0 + Dmin. Contrast was measured as the slope of the curve between a density of Dmin + 0.25 to a density of Dmin + 2.0.
• the "% Drying" was determined by feeding an exposed film flashed to result in a density of 1.0 into an X-ray processor. As the film just exited the drier section, the processor was stopped and the film was removed from the processor. Roller marks from the processor can be seen on the film where the film has not yet dried. Marks from 100% of the rollers in the drier indicate the film has just barely dried. Values less than 100% indicate the film has dried partway into the drier. The lower the value the better the film is for drying.

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