Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0004—Non aqueous liquid compositions comprising insoluble particles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/722—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols having mixed oxyalkylene groups; Polyalkoxylated fatty alcohols or polyalkoxylated alkylaryl alcohols with mixed oxyalkylele groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/835—Mixtures of non-ionic with cationic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
  • C11D1/52—Carboxylic amides, alkylolamides or imides or their condensation products with alkylene oxides
  • C11D1/525—Carboxylic amides (R1-CO-NR2R3), where R1, R2 or R3 contain two or more hydroxy groups per alkyl group, e.g. R3 being a reducing sugar rest

Definitions

• This invention relates to liquid laundry detergent products which are non- aqueous in nature and which are in the form of stable dispersions of particulate material and which include mid-chain branched surfactants and which preferably also include other materials such as bleaching agents and/or conventional detergent composition adjuvants.
• Liquid detergent products are often considered to be more convenient to use than are dry powdered or particulate detergent products. Liquid detergents have therefore found substantial favor with consumers. Such liquid detergent products are readily measurable, speedily dissolved in the wash water, capable of being easily applied in concentrated solutions or dispersions to soiled areas on garments to be laundered and are non-dusting. They also usually occupy less storage space than granular products. Additionally, liquid detergents may have incorporated in their formulations materials which could not withstand drying operations without deterioration, which operations are often employed in the manufacture of particulate or granular detergent products.
• liquid detergents have a number of advantages over granular detergent products, they also inherently possess several disadvantages.
• detergent composition components which may be compatible with each other in granular products may tend to interact or react with each other in a liquid, and especially in an aqueous liquid, environment.
• such components as enzymes, surfactants, perfumes, brighteners, solvents and especially bleaches and bleach activators can be especially difficult to incorporate into liquid detergent products which have an acceptable degree of chemical stability.
• Non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions including those which contain reactive materials such as peroxygen bleaching agents, have been disclosed for example, in Hepworth et al., U.S. Patent 4,615,820, Issued October 17, 1986; Schultz et al, U.S. Patent 4,929,380, Issued May 29, 1990; Schultz et al, U.S.
• non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions which are especially stable and effective in hard water environments.
• mid-chain branched surfactants of the present invention provide improved low temperature stability of the finished product, less residual product remaining on the interior of the bottle, and improved rates of mixing of the product with water.
• R 2 J R 1 CH CH 2 OS0 3 X wherein the total number of carbon atoms ranges from 12 to 20 and Rl is a straight chain alkyl radical containing 9 to 17 carbon atoms and R2 is a straight chain alkyl radical containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms (67% 2-methyl and 33% 2-ethyl branching is exemplified).
• EP 342,917 A Unilever, published Nov. 23, 1989 describes laundry detergents containing a surfactant system in which the major anionic surfactant is an alkyl sulfate having an assertedly "wide range" of alkyl chain lengths (the experimental appears to involve mixing coconut and tallow chain length surfactants).
• Methyl- substituted sulfates include the known "isostearyl" sulfates; these are typically mixtures of isomeric sulfates having a total of 18 carbon atoms.
• isostearyl sulfates
• EP 401,462 A assigned to Henkel, published December 12, 1990, describes certain isostearyl alcohols and ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and their sulfation to produce the corresponding alkyl sulfates such as sodium isostearyl sulfate. See also K.R. Wormuth and S. Zushma, Langmuir, Vol.
• pp 31-34 relating to foaming data for surfactants which include C12 and C13 alkyl sulfates containing 3 and 4 methyl branches, respectively
• Varadaraj et al. Langmuir, Vol. 6 (1990), pp 1376-1378 (which describes the micropolarity of aqueous micellar solutions of surfactants including branched alkyl sulfates).
• Linear Guerbet alcohols are available from Henkel, e.g., EUTANOL G-16.
• the present invention provides non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions comprising a stable suspension of solid, substantially insoluble particulate material including mid-chain branched surfactants dispersed throughout a non-aqueous, surfactant-containing liquid phase.
• the present invention comprises a nonaqueous, liquid, heavy- duty detergent composition in the form of a stable suspension of solid, substantially insoluble particulate material dispersed throughout a structured, surfactant- containing liquid phase.
• the detergent composition comprises from about 55% to 98.9% by weight of the composition of a structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase formed by combining: i) from about 1% to 80% by weight of said liquid phase of one or more nonaqueous organic diluents; and ii) from about 20% to 99% by weight of said liquid phase of a surfactant system comprising surfactants selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic surfactants and combinations thereof.
• the surfactant system is preferably substantially free of unreacted alcohol.
• the surfactant system of the subject liquid detergent compositions comprises at least about 10%, preferably at least about 20%, more preferably at least about
• branched surfactant mixture comprising mid-chain branched and linear surfactant compounds, said linear compounds comprising less than 25%, preferably less than about 15%, more preferably less than about 10% and most preferably less than about 5%, by weight of the branched surfactant mixture and said mid-chain branched compounds being of the formula:
• a b is a hydrophobic C9 to C18, total carbons in the moiety, preferably from about CIO to about C15, mid-chain branched alkyl moiety having: (1) a longest linear carbon chain attached to the (EO/PO/BO)mOH moiety in the range of from 8 to 17 carbon atoms; (2) one or more C ⁇ - C3 alkyl moieties branching from this longest linear carbon chain; (3) at least one of the branching alkyl moieties is attached directly to a carbon of the longest linear carbon chain at a position within the range of position 3 carbon, counting from carbon #1 which is attached to the (EO/PO/BO)mOH moiety, to position ⁇ - 2 carbon, the terminal carbon minus 2 carbons; and (4) the surfactant composition has an average total number of carbon atoms in the A moiety in the above formula within the range of greater than 12 to about 14.5.
• EO/PO/BO are alkoxy moieties selected from the group consisting of ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and mixtures thereof, and m is at least about 1 to about 30.
• the average total number of carbon atoms in the A D moiety in the branched surfactant mixture defined above should be within the range of greater than 12 to about 14.5, preferably greater than about 12 to about 14 and most preferably greater than about 12 to about 13.5.
• the "total" number of carbon atoms as used herein is intended to mean the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain, i.e. the backbone of the molecule, plus the number of carbon atoms in all of the short chains, i.e. the branches.
• the detergent compositions defined herein also comprise from about 0.01% to 50% by weight of the composition of particulate material which ranges in size from about 0.1 to 1500 microns, which is substantially insoluble in said liquid phase and which is selected from the group consisting of peroxygen bleaching agents, bleach activators, colored speckles, organic detergent builders, inorganic alkalinity sources and mixtures thereof.
• the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions of this invention comprise a surfactant-containing, preferably surfactant-structured liquid phase which comprises a branched surfactant mixture comprising linear and mid-chain branched surfactants.
• a surfactant-containing, preferably surfactant-structured liquid phase which comprises a branched surfactant mixture comprising linear and mid-chain branched surfactants.
• the present invention comprises a nonaqueous, liquid, heavy- duty detergent composition in the form of a stable suspension of solid, substantially insoluble particulate material dispersed throughout a structured, surfactant- containing liquid phase.
• the detergent composition comprises from about 55% to 98.9% by weight of the composition of a structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase formed by combining: i) from about 1% to 80% by weight of said liquid phase of one or more nonaqueous organic diluents; and ii) from about 20% to 99% by weight of said liquid phase of a surfactant system comprising surfactants selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic surfactants and combinations thereof.
• the surfactant system is preferably substantially free of unreacted alcohol.
• the surfactant system including both the linear and branched surfactant components, should contain less than 3%, by weight, preferably less than 1%, by weight and most preferably less than 0.5%, by weight of unreacted alcohol.
• the surfactant system of the subject liquid detergent compositions comprises at least about 10%, preferably at least about 20%, more preferably at least about 30%, most preferably at least about 50%, by weight of a branched surfactant mixture, said branched surfactant mixture comprising mid-chain branched and linear surfactant compounds, said linear compounds comprising less than 25%, preferably less than about 15%, more preferably less than about 10% and most preferably less than about 5%, by weight of the branched surfactant mixture and said mid-chain branched compounds being of the formula:
• AP is a hydrophobic C9 to C18, total carbons in the moiety, preferably from about CIO to about C15, mid-chain branched alkyl moiety having: (1) a longest linear carbon chain attached to the (EO/PO/BO)mOH moiety in the range of from 8 to 17 carbon atoms; (2) one or more Ci - C3 alkyl moieties branching from this longest linear carbon chain; (3) at least one of the branching alkyl moieties is attached directly to a carbon of the longest linear carbon chain at a position within the range of position 3 carbon, counting from carbon #1 which is attached to the (EO/PO/BO)mOH moiety, to position ⁇ - 2 carbon, the terminal carbon minus 2 carbons; and (4) the surfactant composition has an average total number of carbon atoms in the A b moiety in the above formula within the range of greater than 12 to about 14.5.
• EO/PO/BO are alkoxy moieties selected from the group consisting of ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and mixtures thereof, and m is at least about 1 to about 30.
• the average total number of carbon atoms in the A b moiety in the branched surfactant mixture defined above should be within the range of greater than 12 to about 14.5, preferably greater than about 12 to about 14 and most preferably greater than about 12 to about 13.5.
• the "total" number of carbon atoms as used herein is intended to mean the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain, i.e. the backbone of the molecule, plus the number of carbon atoms in all of the short chains, i.e. the branches.
• a D moiety of the mid-chain branched surfactant components of the present claims is preferably a branched alkyl moiety having the formula:
• R, Rl, and R ⁇ are each independently selected from hydrogen and Ci -C3 alkyl, preferably methyl, provided that R, Rl, and R ⁇ are not all hydrogen. Additionally, when z is 0, at least R or Rl is not hydrogen. Moreover, w is an integer from 0 to 10; x is an integer from 0 to 10; y is an integer from 0 to 10; z is an integer from 0 to 10; and w + x + y + z is from 3 to 10.
• the A b moiety of the mid-chain branched surfactant component is a branched alkyl moiety having the formula selected from the group consisting of:
• branched surfactant compositions may comprise one or more mid-chain branched primary alkyl polyoxyalkylene surfactants having the formula:
• the surfactant mixtures of the present invention comprise molecules having a linear primary polyoxyalkylene chain backbone (i.e., the longest linear carbon chain which includes the alkoxylated carbon atom). These alkyl chain backbones comprise from 10 to 18 carbon atoms; and further the molecules comprise a branched primary alkyl moiety or moieties having at least about 1, but not more than 3, carbon atoms.
• the surfactant mixture has an average total number of carbon atoms for the branched primary alkyl moieties within the range of from greater than about 12 to about 14.5.
• the present invention mixtures comprise at least one polyoxyalkylene compound having a longest linear carbon chain of not less than 9 carbon atoms or more than 17 carbon atoms, and further the average total number of carbon atoms for the branched primary alkyl chains is within the range of greater than 12 to about 14.5, preferably greater than about 12 to about 14 and most preferably greater than about 12 to about 13.5.
• a C14 total carbon primary polyoxyalkylene surfactant having 11 carbon atoms in the backbone must have 1, 2 or 3 branching units (i.e. R, R and/or R2) whereby the total number of carbon atoms in the molecule is 14.
• the C14 total carbon requirement may be satisfied equally by having , for example, one propyl branching unit or three methyl branching units.
• R, Rl, and R ⁇ are each independently selected from hydrogen and C1 -C3 alkyl (preferably hydrogen or C1 -C alkyl, more preferably hydrogen or methyl, and most preferably methyl), provided R, Rl, and R ⁇ are not all hydrogen. Further, when z is 0, at least R or Rl is not hydrogen.
• surfactant compositions the above formula does not include molecules wherein the units R, Rl, and R ⁇ are all hydrogen (i.e., linear non-branched primary polyoxyalkylenes), it is to be recognized that the present invention compositions may still further comprise some amount of linear, non-branched primary polyoxyalkylene. Further, this linear non- branched primary polyoxyalkylene surfactant may be present as the result of the process used to manufacture the surfactant mixture having the requisite mid-chain branched primary polyoxyalkylenes according to the present invention, or for purposes of formulating detergent compositions some amount of linear non- branched primary polyoxyalkylene may be admixed into the final product formulation.
• non-alkoxylated mid-chain branched alcohol may comprise some amount of the present invention polyoxyalkylene-containing compositions. Such materials may be present as the result of incomplete alkoxylation of the alcohol used to prepare the polyoxyalkylene surfactant, or these alcohols may be separately added to the present invention detergent compositions along with a mid-chain branched polyoxyalkylene surfactant according to the present invention.
• the surfactant system is preferably substantially free of unreacted alcohol.
• the surfactant system including both the linear and branched surfactant components, should contain less than 3%, by weight, preferably less than 1%, by weight and most preferably less than 0.5%, by weight of unreacted alcohol.
• EO/PO/BO are alkoxy moieties, preferably selected from ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and mixed ethoxy/propoxy/butoxy groups, more preferably ethoxy, wherein m is at least about 1, preferably within the range of from about 3 to about 30, more preferably from about 5 to about 20, and most preferably from about 5 to about 15.
• the (EO/PO/BO) m moiety may be either a distribution with average degree of alkoxylation (e.g., ethoxylation and/or propoxylation and/or butoxylation) corresponding to m, or it may be a single specific chain with alkoxylation (e.g., ethoxylation and/or propoxylation and/or butoxylation) of exactly the number of units corresponding to m.
• the preferred surfactant mixtures of the present invention have at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 20%, even more preferably at least about 30%, most preferably at least about 50%, by weight, of the mixture one or more mid-chain branched primary alkyl polyoxyalkylenes having the formula:
• Rl and R ⁇ are each independently hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl; x is from 0 to 10; y is from 0 to 10; z is from 0 to 10; and x + y + z is from 4 to 10. Provided R and R ⁇ are not both hydrogen.
• EO/PO are alkoxy moieties selected from ethoxy, propoxy, and mixed ethoxy/propoxy groups, more preferably ethoxy, wherein m is at least about 1, preferably within the range of from about 3 to about 30, more preferably from about 5 to about 20, and most preferably from about 5 to about 15. More preferred are compositions having at least 5% of the mixture comprising one or more mid-chain branched primary polyoxyalkylenes wherein z is at least 1.
• the mixtures of surfactant comprise at least 5%, preferably at least about 20%, of a mid chain branched primary alkyl polyoxyalkylene having Rl and R2 independently hydrogen or methyl.
• Rl and R ⁇ are not both hydrogen and x + y is equal to 5, 6 or 7 and z is at least 1.
• Preferred detergent compositions according to the present invention for example one useful for laundering fabrics, comprise from about 0.001% to about 99% of a mixture of mid-chain branched primary alkyl polyoxyalkylene surfactants, said mixture comprising at least about 5 % by weight of one or more mid-chain branched alkyl polyoxyalkylenes having the formula:
• the average total number of carbon atoms in the branched primary alkyl moieties having the above formulas is within the range of greater than about 12 to about 14.5.
• EO/PO are alkoxy moieties selected from ethoxy, propoxy, and mixed ethoxy/propoxy groups.
• m is at least about 1, preferably within the range of from about 3 to about 30, more preferably from about 5 to about 20, and most preferably from about 5 to about 15.
• the present invention surfactant composition may comprise a mixture of branched primary alkyl polyoxyalkylenes having the formula:
• R, Rl, and R are each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C3 alkyl, provided R, Rl, and R2 are not all hydrogen, w is an integer from 0 to 10; x is an integer from 0 to 10; y is an integer from 0 to 10; z is an integer from 0 to 10; w + x + y + z is from 3 to 10.
• EO/PO are alkoxy moieties, preferably selected from ethoxy, propoxy, and mixed ethoxy/propoxy groups, wherein m is at least about 1, preferably within the range of from about 3 to about 30, more preferably from about 5 to about 20, and most preferably from about 5 to about 15.
• R2 is C1 -C3 alkyl the ratio of surfactants having z equal to 1 or greater to surfactants having z of 0 is at least about 1 :1, preferably at least about 1.5:1, more preferably at least about 3:1, and most preferably at least about 4:1.
• R2 is C1 -C3 alkyl comprising less than about 50%, preferably less than about 40%, more preferably less than about 25%, most preferably less than about 20%, of branched primary alkyl polyoxyalkylene having the above formula wherein z equals 0.
• Preferred mono-methyl branched primary alkyl ethoxylates are selected from the group consisting of: 3-methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 4-methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 5 -methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 6-methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 7-methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 8-methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 9-methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 10-methyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 3-methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 4- methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 5-methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 6-methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 7-methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 8-methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 9-methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 10-methyl tridecanol ethoxylate, 11 -methyl tridecanol
• Preferred di-methyl branched primary alkyl ethoxylates are selected from the group consisting of: 2,3-dimethyl undecanol ethoxylate, 2,4-dimethyl undecanol ethoxylate, 2,5-dimethyl undecanol ethoxylate, 2,6-dimethyl undecanol ethoxylate, 2,7-dimethyl undecanol ethoxylate, 2,8-dimethyl undecanol ethoxylate, 2,9-dimethyl undecanol ethoxylate, 2,3-dimethyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 2,4-dimethyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 2,5-dimethyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 2,6-dimethyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 2,7-dimethyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 2,8-dimethyl dodecanol ethoxylate, 2,9-dimethyl dodecanol e
• Formulation of the alkyl halide resulting from the first hydrogenation step yields alcohol product, as shown in the scheme.
• This can be alkoxylated using standard techniques to yield the final branched primary alkyl surfactant.
• Such extension can, for example, be accomplished by reaction with ethylene oxide. See “Grignard Reactions of Nonmetallic Substances", M.S. Kharasch and O. Reinmuth, Prentice-Hall, N.Y., 1954; J. Org. Chem., J. Cason and W. R. Winans, Vol. 15 (1950), pp 139-147; J. Org Chem., j. Cason et al, Vol.
• PBr3 halogenation of the alcohol from formulation or ethoxylation can be used to accomplish an iterative chain extension.
• the preferred mid-chained branched primary alkyl polyoxyalkylenes of the present invention can also be readily prepared as follows:
• a conventional bromoalcohol is reacted with triphenylphosphine followed by sodium hydride, suitably in dimethylsulfoxide/tetrahydrofuran, to form a Wittig adduct.
• the Wittig adduct is reacted with an alpha methyl ketone, forming an internally unsaturated methyl-branched alcoholate. Hydrogenation followed by alkoxylation and/or sulfation yields the desired mid-chain branched primary alkyl surfactant.
• the Wittig approach does not allow the practitioner to extend the hydrocarbon chain, as in the Grignard sequence, the Wittig typically affords higher yields. See Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, M. Horiike et al., vol. 42 (1978), pp 1963-1965 included herein by reference.
• the mid-chain branched primary alkyl surfactants may, in addition be synthesized or formulated in the presence of the conventional homologs, for example any of those which may be formed in an industrial process which produces 2-alkyl branching as a result of hydroformylation.
• said surfactant mixtures of the present invention comprise at least 1 mid-chain branched primary alkyl surfactant, preferably at least 2, more preferably at least 5, most preferably at least 8.
• Particularly suitable for preparation of certain surfactant mixtures of the present invention are "oxo" reactions wherein a branched chain olefm is subjected to catalytic isomerization and hydroformylation prior to alkoxylation.
• the preferred processes resulting in such mixtures utilize fossil fuels as the starting material feedstock.
• Preferred processes utilize Oxo reaction on olefms (alpha or internal) with a limited amount of branching.
• Suitable olefms may be made by dimerization of linear alpha or internal olefins, by controlled oligomerization of low molecular weight linear olefms, by skeletal rearrangement of detergent range olefins, by dehydrogenation/skeletal rearrangement of detergent range paraffins, or by Fischer- Tropsch reaction. These reactions will in general be controlled to:
• Ci -C3 branches more preferably ethyl, most preferably methyl
• the suitable olefins can undergo Oxo reaction to give primary alcohols either directly or indirectly through the corresponding aldehydes.
• an Oxo catalyst is normally used which is capable of prior pre-isomerization of internal olefins primarily to alpha olefms. While a separately catalyzed (i.e. non- Oxo) internal to alpha isomerization could be effected, this is optional.
• the olefin- forming step itself results directly in an alpha olefin (e.g. with high pressure Fischer-Tropsch olefms of detergent range), then use of a non- isomerizing Oxo catalyst is not only possible, but preferred.
• each product comprises a total of 14 carbon atoms with linear alkyl chains having at least 12 carbon atoms.
• the average total carbon atoms of the branched primary alkyl surfactants herein can be calculated from the hydroxyl value of the precursor fatty alcohol mix or from the hydroxyl value of the alcohols recovered by extraction after hydrolysis of the alcohol sulfate mix according to common procedures, such as outlined in "Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products", Volume 2, Fourth Edition, edited by Daniel Swern, pp. 440-441.
• the surfactant-containing, non-aqueous liquid phase of the present invention will generally comprise from about 49% to 99.95% by weight of the detergent compositions herein. More preferably, this liquid phase is surfactant-structured and will comprise from about 52% to 98.9% by weight of the compositions. Most preferably, this non-aqueous liquid phase will comprise from about 55% to 70% by weight of the compositions herein. Such a surfactant-containing liquid phase will frequently have a density of from about 0.6 to 1.4 g/cc, more preferably from about 0.9 to 1.3 g/cc.
• the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein is preferably formed from one or more non-aqueous organic diluents into which is mixed a surfactant structuring agent which is preferably a specific type of anionic surfactant- containing powder.
• the major component of the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein comprises one or more non-aqueous organic diluents.
• the non-aqueous organic diluents used in this invention may be either surface active, i.e., surfactant, liquids or non-aqueous, non-surfactant liquids referred to herein as non-aqueous solvents.
• the term "solvent” is used herein to connote the non-surfactant, non-aqueous liquid portion of the compositions herein. While some of the essential and/or optional components of the compositions herein may actually dissolve in the "solvent"- containing liquid phase, other components will be present as particulate material dispersed within the "solvenf'-containing liquid phase. Thus the term “solvent” is not meant to require that the solvent material be capable of actually dissolving all of the detergent composition components added thereto.
• the non-aqueous liquid diluent component will generally comprise from about 50% to 100%, more preferably from about 50% to 80%, most preferably from about 55% to 75%, of a structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase.
• the liquid phase of the compositions herein, i.e., the non-aqueous liquid diluent component will comprise both non-aqueous liquid surfactants and non-surfactant non-aqueous solvents.
• non-aqueous surfactant liquids which can be used to form the liquid phase of the compositions herein include the alkoxylated alcohols, ethylene oxide (EO)-propylene oxide (PO) block polymers, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, alkylpolysaccharides, and the like.
• Such normally liquid surfactants are those having an HLB ranging from 10 to 16.
• Most preferred of the surfactant liquids are the alcohol alkoxylate nonionic surfactants.
• Alcohol alkoxylates are materials which correspond to the general formula:
• R 1 (C m H 2m O) n OH wherein Rl is a Cg - Ci g alkyl group, m is from 2 to 4, and n ranges from about 2 to 12.
• Rl is an alkyl group, which may be primary or secondary, that contains from about 9 to 15 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 10 to 14 carbon atoms.
• the alkoxylated fatty alcohols will be ethoxylated materials that contain from about 2 to 12 ethylene oxide moieties per molecule, more preferably from about 3 to 10 ethylene oxide moieties per molecule.
• the alkoxylated fatty alcohol materials useful in the liquid phase will frequently have a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) which ranges from about 3 to 17. More preferably, the HLB of this material will range from about 6 to 15, most preferably from about 8 to 15.
• HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
• fatty alcohol alkoxylates useful in or as the non-aqueous liquid phase of the compositions herein will include those which are made from alcohols of 12 to 15 carbon atoms and which contain about 7 moles of ethylene oxide. Such materials have been commercially marketed under the trade names Neodol 25-7 and Neodol 23-6.5 by Shell Chemical Company.
• Neodols include Neodol 1-5, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol averaging 11 carbon atoms in its alkyl chain with about 5 moles of ethylene oxide; Neodol 23-9, an ethoxylated primary C12 - C13 alcohol having about 9 moles of ethylene oxide and Neodol 91-10, an ethoxylated C9-C1 1 primary alcohol having about 10 moles of ethylene oxide. Alcohol ethoxylates of this type have also been marketed by Shell Chemical Company under the Dobanol tradename.
• Dobanol 91-5 is an ethoxylated C9-C1 j fatty alcohol with an average of 5 moles ethylene oxide and Dobanol 25-7 is an ethoxylated C12-C15 fatty alcohol with an average of 7 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol.
• Suitable ethoxylated alcohols include Tergitol 15-S-7 and Tergitol 15-S-9 both of which are linear secondary alcohol ethoxylates that have been commercially marketed by Union Carbide Corporation.
• the former is a mixed ethoxylation product of C ⁇ ⁇ to C15 linear secondary alkanol with 7 moles of ethylene oxide and the latter is a similar product but with 9 moles of ethylene oxide being reacted.
• Alcohol ethoxylates useful in the present compositions are higher molecular weight nonionics, such as Neodol 45-11, which are similar ethylene oxide condensation products of higher fatty alcohols, with the higher fatty alcohol being of 14-15 carbon atoms and the number of ethylene oxide groups per mole being about 11. Such products have also been commercially marketed by Shell Chemical Company.
• alcohol alkoxylate nonionic surfactant is utilized as part of the nonaqueous liquid phase in the detergent compositions herein, it will preferably be present to the extent of from about 1% to 60% of the composition structured liquid phase. More preferably, the alcohol alkoxylate component will comprise about 5% to 40% of the structured liquid phase. Most preferably, an alcohol alkoxylate component will comprise from about 5% to 35% of the detergent composition structured liquid phase. Utilization of alcohol alkoxylate in these concentrations in the liquid phase corresponds to an alcohol alkoxylate concentration in the total composition of from about 1 % to 60% by weight, more preferably from about 2% to 40% by weight, and most preferably from about 5% to 25% by weight, of the composition.
• Non-aqueous surfactant liquid which may be utilized in this invention are the ethylene oxide (EO) - propylene oxide (PO) block polymers.
• Materials of this type are well known nonionic surfactants which have been marketed under the tradename Pluronic. These materials are formed by adding blocks of ethylene oxide moieties to the ends of polypropylene glycol chains to adjust the surface active properties of the resulting block polymers.
• Pluronic nonionic surfactants of this type are described in greater detail in Davidson and Milwidsky; Synthetic Detergents, 7th Ed.; Longman Scientific and Technical (1987) at pp. 34-36 and pp. 189-191 and in U.S. Patents 2,674,619 and 2,677,700. All of these publications are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• Pluronic type nonionic surfactants are also believed to function as effective suspending agents for the particulate material which is dispersed in the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein.
• R— C— N-Z wherein R is a Cg. ⁇ alkyl or alkenyl, p is from 1 to 6, and Z is glycityl derived from a reduced sugar or alkoxylated derivative thereof.
• Such materials include the l2"Cl8 N-methyl glucamides. Examples are N-methyl N-1-deoxyglucityl cocoamide and N-methyl N-1-deoxyglucityl oleamide. Processes for making polyhydroxy fatty acid, amides are know and can be found, for example, in Wilson, U.S. Patent 2,965,576 and Schwartz, U.S. Patent 2,703,798, the disclosures of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference. The materials themselves and their preparation are also described in greater detail in Honsa, U.S. Patent 5,174,937, Issued December 26, 1992, which patent is also inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• the amount of total liquid surfactant in the prefened surfactant-structured, non-aqueous liquid phase herein will be determined by the type and amounts of other composition components and by the desired composition properties.
• the liquid surfactant can comprise from about 35% to 70% of the non- aqueous liquid phase of the compositions herein. More preferably, the liquid surfactant will comprise from about 50% to 65% of a non- aqueous structured liquid phase. This conesponds to a non-aqueous liquid surfactant concentration in the total composition of from about 15% to 70% by weight, more preferably from about 20% to 50% by weight, of the composition.
• the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein may also comprise one or more non-surfactant, non-aqueous organic solvents.
• non-surfactant nonaqueous liquids are preferably those of low polarity.
• low-polarity liquids are those which have little, if any, tendency to dissolve one of the prefened types of particulate material used in the compositions herein, i.e., the peroxygen bleaching agents, sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate.
• relatively polar solvents such as ethanol are preferably not utilized.
• Suitable types of low-polarity solvents useful in the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein do include non-vicinal C/j-Cg alkylene glycols, alkylene glycol mono lower alkyl ethers, lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols, lower molecular weight methyl esters and amides, and the like.
• a prefened type of non-aqueous, low-polarity solvent for use in the compositions herein comprises the non-vicinal C_
• Materials of this type include hexylene glycol (4-mefhyl-2,4- pentanediol), 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1,3-butylene glycol and 1,4-butylene glycol.
• Hexylene glycol is the most prefened.
• Another prefened type of non-aqueous, low-polarity solvent for use herein comprises the mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra- C2-C3 alkylene glycol mono C2-C6 alkyl ethers.
• the specific examples of such compounds include diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropolyene glycol monoethyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether.
• Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether and butoxy-propoxy-propanol (BPP) are especially prefened.
• Compounds of the type have been commercially marketed under the tradenames Dowanol, Carbitol, and Cellosolve.
• PEGs polyethylene glycols
• non-polar, non-aqueous solvent comprises lower molecular weight methyl esters.
• methyl esters Such materials are those of the general formula: R!-C(O)-OCH3 wherein Rl ranges from 1 to about 18.
• suitable lower molecular weight methyl esters include methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl octanoate, and methyl dodecanoate.
• non-aqueous, generally low-polarity, non-surfactant organic solvent(s) employed should, of course, be compatible and non-reactive with other composition components, e.g., bleach and/or activators, used in the liquid detergent compositions herein.
• a solvent component is preferably utilized in an amount of from about 1 % to 70% by weight of the liquid phase.
• a non-aqueous, low- polarity, non-surfactant solvent will comprise from about 10% to 60% by weight of a structured liquid phase, most preferably from about 20% to 50% by weight, of a structured liquid phase of the composition.
• non-surfactant solvent in these concentrations in the liquid phase conesponds Utilization of non-surfactant solvent in these concentrations in the liquid phase conesponds to a non-surfactant solvent concentration in the total composition of from about 1% to 50% by weight, more preferably from about 5% to 40% by weight, and most preferably from about 10% to 30% by weight, of the composition.
• the ratio of surfactant to non-surfactant liquids e.g., the ratio of alcohol alkoxylate to low polarity solvent, within a structured, surfactant- containing liquid phase can be used to vary the rheological properties of the detergent compositions eventually formed.
• the weight ratio of surfactant liquid to non-surfactant organic solvent will range about 50:1 to 1:50. More preferably, this ratio will range from about 3:1 to 1:3, most preferably from about 2:1 to 1:2.
• the non-aqueous liquid phase of the detergent compositions of this invention is prepared by combining with the non-aqueous organic liquid diluents hereinbefore described a surfactant which is generally, but not necessarily, selected to add structure to the non-aqueous liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein.
• Structuring surfactants can be of the anionic, nonionic, cationic, and/or amphoteric types.
• Prefened structuring surfactants are the anionic surfactants such as the alkyl sulfates, the alkyl polyalkxylate sulfates and the linear alkyl benzene sulfonates.
• anionic surfactant material which may be optionally added to the detergent compositions herein as structurant comprises carboxylate-type anionics.
• Carboxylate-type anionics include the CI Q-CI g alkyl alkoxy carboxylates (especially the EO 1 to 5 ethoxycarboxylates) and the CI Q-CI sarcosinates, especially oleoyl sarcosinate.
• Structuring anionic surfactants will generally comprise from about 1% to 30% by weight of the compositions herein.
• one prefened type of structuring anionic surfactant comprises primary or secondary alkyl sulfate anionic surfactants.
• Such surfactants are those produced by the sulfation of higher C -C20 fatty alcohols.
• R is typically a linear Cg - C20 hydrocarbyl group, which may be straight chain or branched chain, and M is a water-solubilizing cation.
• R is a lO-14 alkyl, and M is alkali metal.
• R is about C12 and M is sodium.
• Conventional secondary alkyl sulfates may also be utilized as a structuring anionic surfactant for the liquid phase of the compositions herein.
• Conventional secondary alkyl sulfate surfactants are those materials which have the sulfate moiety distributed randomly along the hydrocarbyl "backbone" of the molecule. Such materials may be depicted by the structure:
• alkyl sulfates will generally comprise from about 1% to 30% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 5% to 25% by weight of the composition.
• Non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions containing alkyl sulfates, peroxygen bleaching agents, and bleach activators are described in greater detail in Kong-Chan et al.; WO 96/10073; Published April 4, 1996, which application is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• alkyl polyalkoxylate sulfates are also known as alkoxylated alkyl sulfates or alkyl ether sulfates. Such materials are those which conespond to the formula
• R2 is a C10-C22 alkyl group, m is from 2 to 4, n is from about 1 to 15, and M is a salt- forming cation.
• R2 is a C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl, m is 2, n is from about 1 to 10, and M is sodium, potassium, ammonium, alkylammonium or alkanolammonium.
• R2 is a C12-C16, m is 2, n is from about 1 to 6, and M is sodium.
• Ammonium, alkylammonium and alkanolammonium counterions are preferably avoided when used in the compositions herein because of incompatibility with peroxygen bleaching agents.
• alkyl polyalkoxylate sulfates can also generally comprise from about 1% to 30% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 5% to 25% by weight of the composition.
• Non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions containing alkyl polyalkoxylate sulfates, in combination with polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, are described in greater detail in boutique et al; PCT Application No. PCT/US96/04223, which application is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• the most prefened type of anionic surfactant for use as a structurant in the compositions herein comprises the linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants.
• LAS surfactants can be formulated into a specific type of anionic surfactant-containing powder which is especially useful for inco ⁇ oration into the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions of the present invention.
• Such a powder comprises two distinct phases. One of these phases is insoluble in the non-aqueous organic liquid diluents used in the compositions herein; the other phase is soluble in the non-aqueous organic liquids.
• this prefened anionic surfactant-containing powder which can be dispersed in the non-aqueous liquid phase of the prefened compositions herein and which forms a network of aggregated small particles that allows the final product to stably suspend other solid particulate materials in the composition.
• Such a prefened anionic surfactant-containing powder is formed by co-drying an aqueous slurry which essentially contains a) one of more alkali metal salts of C 10-16 li ne ar alkyl benzene sulfonic acids; and b) one or more non-surfactant diluent salts.
• a slurry is dried to a solid material, generally in powder form, which comprises both the soluble and insoluble phases.
• the linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) materials used to form the prefened anionic surfactant-containing powder are well known materials. Such surfactants and their preparation are described for example in U.S. Patents 2,220,099 and 2,477,383, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• LAS linear alkyl benzene sulfonate
• Especially prefened are the sodium and potassium linear straight chain alkylbenzene sulfonates in which the average number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is from about 11 to 14.
• Sodium Cn-14, e.g., C12, LAS is especially prefened.
• the alkyl benzene surfactant anionic surfactants are generally used in the powder-forming slurry in an amount from about 20 to 70% by weight of the slurry, more preferably from about 20% to 60% by weight of the slurry.
• the powder- forming slurry also contains a non-surfactant, organic or inorganic salt component that is co-dried with the LAS to form the two-phase anionic surfactant-containing powder.
• Such salts can be any of the known sodium, potassium or magnesium halides, sulfates, citrates, carbonates, sulfates, borates, succinates, sulfo-succinates and the like.
• Sodium sulfate which is generally a bi- product of LAS production, is the prefened non-surfactant diluent salt for use herein. Salts which function as hydrotropes such as sodium sulfo-succinate may also usefully be included.
• the non-surfactant salts are generally used in the aqueous slurry, along with the LAS, in amounts ranging from about 1 to 50% by weight of the slurry, more preferably from about 5% to 40% by weight of the slurry. Salts that act as hydrotropes can preferably comprise up to about 3% by weight of the slurry.
• the aqueous slurry containing the LAS and diluent salt components hereinbefore described can be dried to form the anionic surfactant-containing powder preferably added to the non-aqueous diluents in order to prepare a structured liquid phase within the compositions herein.
• Any conventional drying technique e.g., spray drying, drum drying, etc., or combination of drying techniques, may be employed. Drying should take place until the residual water content of the solid material which forms is within the range of from about 0.5% to 4% by weight, more preferably from about 1% to 3% by weight.
• the anionic surfactant-containing powder produced by the drying operation constitutes two distinct phases, one of which is soluble in the inorganic liquid diluents used herein and one of which is insoluble in the diluents.
• the insoluble phase in the anionic surfactant-containing powder generally comprises from about 10% to 45% by weight of the powder, more preferably from about 15% to 35% by weight of a powder.
• the anionic surfactant-containing powder that results after drying can comprise from about 45% to 94%, more preferably from about 60% to 94%, by weight of the powder of alkyl benzene sulfonic acid salts. Such concentrations are generally sufficient to provide from about 0.5% to 60%, more preferably from about 15% to 60%, by weight of the total detergent composition that is eventually prepared, of the alkyl benzene sulfonic acid salts.
• the anionic surfactant-containing powder itself can comprise from about 0.45% to 45% by weight of the total composition that is eventually prepared.
• the anionic surfactant-containing powder will also generally contain from about 2% to 50%, more preferably from about 2% to 25% by weight of the powder of the non-surfactant salts.
• the combined LAS/salt material can be converted to flakes or powder form by any known suitable milling or comminution process.
• the particle size of this powder will range from 0.1 to 2000 microns, more preferably from about 0.1 to 1000 microns.
• a structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase of the prefened detergent compositions herein can be prepared by combining the non-aqueous organic diluents hereinbefore described with the anionic surfactant-containing powder as hereinbefore described. Such combination results in the formation of a structured surfactant-containing liquid phase. Conditions for making this combination of prefened structured liquid phase components are described more fully hereinafter in the "Composition Preparation and Use" section. As previously noted, the formation of a structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase permits the stable suspension of colored speckles and additional functional particulate solid materials within the prefened detergent compositions of this invention.
• nonionic surfactants specifically, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula:
• R— C — N — Z wherein R is a C()_i7 alkyl or alkenyl, Ri is a methyl group and Z is glycityl derived from a reduced sugar or alkoxylated derivative thereof. Examples are N-methyl N- 1-deoxyglucityl cocoamide and N-methyl N-1-deoxyglucityl oleamide. Processes for making polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known and can be found in Wilson, U.S. Patent 2,965,576 and Schwartz, U.S. Patent 2,703,798, the disclosures of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• Prefened surfactants for use in the detergent compositions described herein are amine based surfactants of the general formula:
• Ri is a Cg-C ⁇ alkyl group
• n is from about 2 to about 4
• X is a bridging group which is selected from NH, CONH, COO, or O or X can be absent; and R3 and R4 are individually selected from H, C1-C4 alkyl, or (CH2-CH2-O(R5)) wherein R5 is H or methyl.
• Especially prefened amines based surfactants include the following:
• Ri is a Cg-Ci2 alkyl group and R5 is H or CH3.
• Particularly prefened amines for use in the surfactants defined above include those selected from the group consisting of octyl amine, hexyl amine, decyl amine, dodecyl amine, Cg-C 2 bis(hydroxyethyl)amine, Cg-C 2 bis(hydroxyisopropyl)amine, Cg-Ci2 amido-propyl dimethyl amine, or mixtures thereof.
• the amine based surfactant is described by the formula:
• the non-aqueous detergent compositions herein preferably comprise from about 0.01% to 50% by weight, more preferably from about 0.1% to 30% by weight, of solid phase particulate material which is dispersed and suspended within the liquid phase.
• solid phase particulate material will range in size from about 0.1 to 1500 microns, more preferably from about 0.1 to 900 microns. Most preferably, such material will range in size from about 5 to 200 microns.
• the particulate material utilized herein can comprise one or more types of detergent composition components which in particulate form are substantially insoluble in the non-aqueous liquid phase of the composition. The types of particulate materials which can be utilized are described in detail as follows:
• the most prefened type of particulate material useful in the detergent compositions herein comprises particles of a peroxygen bleaching agent.
• a peroxygen bleaching agent may be organic or inorganic in nature. Inorganic peroxygen bleaching agents are frequently utilized in combination with a bleach activator.
• Useful organic peroxygen bleaching agents include percarboxylic acid bleaching agents and salts thereof. Suitable examples of this class of agents include magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate, the magnesium salt of metachloro perbenzoic acid, 4-nonylamino-4-oxoperoxybutyric acid and diperoxydodecanedioic acid.
• Such bleaching agents are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,483,781, Hartman, Issued November 20, 1984; European Patent Application EP-A-133,354, Banks et al., Published February 20, 1985; and U.S. Patent 4,412,934, Chung et al., Issued November 1, 1983.
• Highly prefened bleaching agents also include 6-nonylamino-6- oxoperoxycaproic acid (NAPAA) as described in U.S. Patent 4,634,551, Issued January 6, 1987 to Burns et al.
• NAPAA 6-nonylamino-6- oxoperoxycaproic acid
• Inorganic peroxygen bleaching agents may also be used in particulate form in the detergent compositions herein. Inorganic bleaching agents are in fact prefened. Such inorganic peroxygen compounds include alkali metal perborate and percarbonate materials, most preferably the percarbonates. For example, sodium perborate (e.g. mono- or tetra-hydrate) can be used. Suitable inorganic bleaching agents can also include sodium or potassium carbonate peroxyhydrate and equivalent "percarbonate" bleaches, sodium pyrophosphate peroxyhydrate, urea peroxyhydrate, and sodium peroxide. Persulfate bleach (e.g., OXONE, manufactured commercially by DuPont) can also be used.
• persulfate bleach e.g., OXONE, manufactured commercially by DuPont
• inorganic peroxygen bleaches will be coated with silicate, borate, sulfate or water-soluble surfactants.
• coated percarbonate particles are available from various commercial sources such as FMC, Solvay Interox, Tokai Denka and Degussa.
• Inorganic peroxygen bleaching agents e.g., the perborates, the percarbonates, etc.
• bleach activators which lead to the in situ production in aqueous solution (i.e., during use of the compositions herein for fabric laundering bleaching) of the peroxy acid conesponding to the bleach activator.
• Various non-limiting examples of activators are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,915,854, Issued April 10, 1990 to Mao et al.; and U.S. Patent 4,412,934 Issued November 1, 1983 to Chung et al.
• NOBS nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate
• TAED tetraacetyl ethylene diamine
• Rl is an alkyl group containing from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms
• R2 is an alkylene containing from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms
• R$ is H or alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl containing from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms
• L is any suitable leaving group.
• a leaving group is any group that is displaced from the bleach activator as a consequence of the nucleophilic attack on the bleach activator by the perhydrolysis anion.
• a prefened leaving group is phenol sulfonate.
• bleach activators of the above formulae include (6- octanamido-caproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, (6-nonanamidocaproyl) oxybenzenesulfonate, (6-decanamido-caproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate and mixtures thereof as described in the hereinbefore referenced U.S. Patent 4,634,551. Such mixtures are characterized herein as (6-Cg-C ⁇ o alkamido- caproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate.
• Another class of useful bleach activators comprises the benzoxazin-type activators disclosed by Hodge et al. in U.S. Patent 4,966, 723, Issued October 30, 1990, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• a highly prefened activator of the benzoxazin-type is:
• Still another class of useful bleach activators includes the acyl lactam activators, especially acyl caprolactams and acyl valerolactams of the formulae:
• R ⁇ is H or an alkyl, aryl, alkoxyaryl, or alkaryl group containing from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• Highly prefened lactam activators include benzoyl caprolactam, octanoyl caprolactam, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl caprolactam, nonanoyl caprolactam, decanoyl caprolactam, undecenoyl caprolactam, benzoyl valerolactam, octanoyl valerolactam, decanoyl valerolactam, undecenoyl valerolactam, 3,5,5- trimethylhexanoyl valerolactam and mixtures thereof.
• peroxygen bleaching agents are used as all or part of the particulate material, they will generally comprise from about 1% to 30% by weight of the composition. More preferably, peroxygen bleaching agent will comprise from about 1% to 20% by weight of the composition. Most preferably, peroxygen bleaching agent will be present to the extent of from about 5% to 20% by weight of the composition. If utilized, bleach activators can comprise from about 0.5% to 20%, more preferably from about 3% to 10%, by weight of the composition. Frequently, activators are employed such that the molar ratio of bleaching agent to activator ranges from about 1 :1 to 10:1, more preferably from about 1.5:1 to 5:1.
• bleach activators when agglomerated with certain acids such as citric acid, are more chemically stable.
• particulate material which can be suspended in the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein comprises an organic detergent builder material which serves to counteract the effects of calcium, or other ion, water hardness encountered during laundering/bleaching use of the compositions herein.
• organic detergent builder material which serves to counteract the effects of calcium, or other ion, water hardness encountered during laundering/bleaching use of the compositions herein.
• examples of such materials include the alkali metal, citrates, succinates, malonates, fatty acids, carboxymethyl succinates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates and polyacetyl carboxylates. Specific examples include sodium, potassium and lithium salts of oxydisuccinic acid, mellitic acid, benzene polycarboxylic acids and citric acid.
• organic phosphonate type sequestering agents such as those which have been sold by Monsanto under the Dequest tradename and alkanehydroxy phosphonates. Citrate salts are highly prefened.
• suitable organic builders include the higher molecular weight polymers and copolymers known to have builder properties.
• such materials include appropriate polyacrylic acid, polymaleic acid, and polyacrylic/polymaleic acid copolymers and their salts, such as those sold by BASF under the Sokalan trademark which have molecular weight ranging from about 5,000 to 100,000.
• Another suitable type of organic builder comprises the water-soluble salts of higher fatty acids, i.e., "soaps".
• these include alkali metal soaps such as the sodium, potassium, ammonium, and alkylolammonium salts of higher fatty acids containing from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms, and preferably from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms.
• Soaps can be made by direct saponification of fats and oils or by the neutralization of free fatty acids.
• Particularly useful are the sodium and potassium salts of the mixtures of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and tallow, i.e., sodium or potassium tallow and coconut soap.
• insoluble organic detergent builders can generally comprise from about 2% to 20% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, such builder material can comprise from about 4% to 10% by weight of the composition.
• particulate material which can be suspended in the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein can comprise a material which serves to render aqueous washing solutions formed from such compositions generally alkaline in nature.
• Such materials may or may not also act as detergent builders, i.e., as materials which counteract the adverse effect of water hardness on detergency performance.
• alkalinity sources examples include water-soluble alkali metal carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, silicates and metasilicates.
• water-soluble phosphate salts may also be utilized as alkalinity sources. These include alkali metal pyrophosphates, orthophosphates, polyphosphates and phosphonates. Of all of these alkalinity sources, alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate are the most prefened.
• the alkalinity source if in the form of a hydratable salt, may also serve as a desiccant in the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein.
• the presence of an alkalinity source which is also a desiccant may provide benefits in terms of chemically stabilizing those composition components such as the peroxygen bleaching agent which may be susceptible to deactivation by water.
• the alkalinity source will generally comprise from about 1% to 25% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, the alkalinity source can comprise from about 2% to 15% by weight of the composition. Such materials, while water-soluble, will generally be insoluble in the non-aqueous detergent compositions herein. Thus such materials will generally be dispersed in the non-aqueous liquid phase in the form of discrete particles.
• the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein also essentially contain from about 0.05% to 2%, more preferably 0.1% to 1%, of the composition of colored speckles.
• Such colored speckles themselves are combinations of a conventional dye or pigment material with a certain kind of carrier material that imparts specific characteristics to the speckles.
• "colored" speckles are those which have a color that is visibly distinct from the color of the liquid detergent composition in which they are dispersed.
• the colorant materials which can be used to form the colored speckles can comprise any of the conventional dyes and pigments known and approved for use in detergent products for use in the home.
• Such materials can include, for example, Ultramarine Blue dye, Acid 80 Blue dye, Red HP Liquitint, Blue Liquitint and the like.
• Dye or pigment material can be combined with a specific type of carrier material to form the colored speckles for use in the detergent compositions herein.
• the carrier material is selected to impart to the speckles certain specific density and solubility characteristics.
• Materials which have been found to be suitable as carriers for the colored speckles include polyacrylates; polysaccharides such as starches, celluloses, gums and derivatives thereof; and polyethylene glycols.
• Especially prefened carrier material comprises polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight from about 4,000 to 20,000, more preferably from about 4,000 to 10,000.
• the colored speckles can be produced by dispersing the dye or pigment material within the carrier material. This can be done, for example, by a) melting the carrier and dispersing the dye or pigment therein under mixing, b) mixing the dye/pigment powder and carrier powder together, or c) by dissolving the dye/pigment and the carrier in aqueous solution.
• the colorant/carrier mixture can then be formed into particles by flaking, spray drying, prilling, extruding or other conventional techniques.
• the colored speckles will contain from about 0.1% to 5% by weight of the speckles of the colorant (dye or pigment) material.
• the colored speckles produced in this manner will generally range in size from about 400 to 1,500 microns, more preferably from about 400 to 1,200 microns. Speckles made from the carrier materials specified will have a density less than about 1.4 g/cc, preferably from about 1.0 to 1.4 g/cc. Such speckles will also be substantially insoluble in the non-aqueous liquid phase of the liquid detergent compositions herein. Thus, the colored speckles can be stably suspended in the nonaqueous matrix of the liquid detergent compositions of this invention without dissolving therein. Such speckles, however, rapidly dissolve in the aqueous wash liquors prepared from the liquid detergent compositions herein.
• the detergent compositions herein can, and preferably will, contain various other optional components.
• Such optional components may be in either liquid or solid form.
• the optional components may either dissolve in the liquid phase or may be dispersed within the liquid phase in the form of fine particles or droplets.
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more types of inorganic detergent builders beyond those listed hereinbefore that also function as alkalinity sources.
• optional inorganic builders can include, for example, aluminosilicates such as zeolites. Aluminosilicate zeolites, and their use as detergent builders are more fully discussed in Corkill et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,605,509; Issued August 12, 1986, the disclosure of which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• crystalline layered silicates such as those discussed in this '509 U.S. patent, are also suitable for use in the detergent compositions herein.
• optional inorganic detergent builders can comprise from about 2% to 15% by weight of the compositions herein.
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more types of detergent enzymes.
• Such enzymes can include proteases, amylases, cellulases and lipases.
• Such materials are known in the art and are commercially available. They may be inco ⁇ orated into the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein in the form of suspensions, "marumes" or "prills".
• Another suitable type of enzyme comprises those in the form of slurries of enzymes in nonionic surfactants, e.g., the enzymes marketed by Novo Nordisk under the tradename "SL” or the microencapsulated enzymes marketed by Novo Nordisk under the tradename "LDP.”
• Enzymes added to the compositions herein in the form of conventional enzyme prills are especially prefened for use herein. Such prills will generally range in size from about 100 to 1,000 microns, more preferably from about 200 to 800 microns and will be suspended throughout the non-aqueous liquid phase of the composition. Prills in the compositions of the present invention have been found, in comparison with other enzyme forms, to exhibit especially desirable enzyme stability in terms of retention of enzymatic activity over time. Thus, compositions which utilize enzyme prills need not contain conventional enzyme stabilizing such as must frequently be used when enzymes are inco ⁇ orated into aqueous liquid detergents.
• non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein will typically comprise from about 0.001% to 5%, preferably from about 0.01% to 1% by weight, of a commercial enzyme preparation.
• Protease enzymes for example, are usually present in such commercial preparations at levels sufficient to provide from 0.005 to 0.1 Anson units (AU) of activity per gram of composition.
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain a chelating agent which serves to chelate metal ions, e.g., iron and/or manganese, within the non-aqueous detergent compositions herein.
• a chelating agent which serves to chelate metal ions, e.g., iron and/or manganese, within the non-aqueous detergent compositions herein.
• Such chelating agents thus serve to form complexes with metal impurities in the composition which would otherwise tend to deactivate composition components such as the peroxygen bleaching agent.
• Useful chelating agents can include amino carboxylates, phosphonates, amino phosphonates, polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelating agents and mixtures thereof.
• Amino carboxylates useful as optional chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetates, N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediaminetriacetates, nitrilotriacetates, ethylene-diamine tetrapropionates, triethylenetetraaminehexacetates, diethylenetriaminepentaacetates, ethylenediaminedisuccinates and ethanol diglycines.
• the alkali metal salts of these materials are prefened.
• Amino phosphonates are also suitable for use as chelating agents in the compositions of this invention when at least low levels of total phosphorus are permitted in detergent compositions, and include ethylenediaminetetrakis (methylene-phosphonates) as DEQUEST.
• these amino phosphonates do not contain alkyl or alkenyl groups with more than about 6 carbon atoms.
• Prefened chelating agents include hydroxy-ethyldiphosphonic acid (HEDP), diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) and dipicolinic acid (DP A) and salts thereof.
• the chelating agent may, of course, also act as a detergent builder during use of the compositions herein for fabric laundering/bleaching.
• the chelating agent if employed, can comprise from about 0.1% to 4% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, the chelating agent will comprise from about 0.2% to 2% by weight of the detergent compositions herein.
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain a polymeric material which serves to enhance the ability of the composition to maintain its solid particulate components in suspension.
• a polymeric material which serves to enhance the ability of the composition to maintain its solid particulate components in suspension.
• Such materials may thus act as thickeners, viscosity control agents and/or dispersing agents.
• Such materials are frequently polymeric polycarboxylates but can include other polymeric materials such as polyvinylpynolidone (PVP) or polyamide resins.
• Polymeric polycarboxylate materials can be prepared by polymerizing or copolymerizing suitable unsaturated monomers, preferably in their acid form.
• Unsaturated monomeric acids that can be polymerized to form suitable polymeric polycarboxylates include acrylic acid, maleic acid (or maleic anhydride), fumaric acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid and methylenemalonic acid.
• the presence in the polymeric polycarboxylates herein of monomeric segments, containing no carboxylate radicals such as vinylmethyl ether, styrene, ethylene, etc. is suitable provided that such segments do not constitute more than about 40% by weight of the polymer.
• Particularly suitable polymeric polycarboxylates can be derived from acrylic acid.
• acrylic acid-based polymers which are useful herein are the water-soluble salts of polymerized acrylic acid.
• the average molecular weight of such polymers in the acid form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 100,000, more preferably from about 2,000 to 10,000, even more preferably from about 4,000 to 7,000, and most preferably from about 4,000 to 5,000.
• Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid polymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, salts.
• Soluble polymers of this type are known materials. Use of polyacrylates of this type in detergent compositions has been disclosed, for example, Diehl, U.S. Patent 3,308,067, issued March 7, 1967. Such materials may also perform a builder function.
• the optional thickening, viscosity control and/or dispersing agents should be present in the compositions herein to the extent of from about 0.1% to 4% by weight. More preferably, such materials can comprise from about 0.5% to 2% by weight of the detergents compositions herein.
• compositions of the present invention can also optionally contain water- soluble ethoxylated amines having clay soil removal and anti-redeposition properties. If used, soil materials can contain from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the compositions herein.
• the most prefened soil release and anti-redeposition agent is ethoxylated tetraethylenepentamine. Exemplary ethoxylated amines are further described in U.S. Patent 4,597,898, VanderMeer, issued July 1, 1986.
• Another group of prefened clay soil removal-anti-redeposition agents are the cationic compounds disclosed in European Patent Application 111,965, Oh and Gosselink, published June 27, 1984.
• CMC carboxy methyl cellulose
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain bleach activators which are liquid in form at room temperature and which can be added as liquids to the non-aqueous liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein.
• One such liquid bleach activator is acetyl triethyl citrate (ATC).
• ATC acetyl triethyl citrate
• Other examples include glycerol triacetate and nonanoyl valerolactam.
• Liquid bleach activators can be dissolved in the non-aqueous liquid phase of the compositions herein.
• the bleaching compounds can be catalyzed by means of a manganese compound.
• a manganese compound Such compounds are well known in the art and include, for example, the manganese-based catalysts disclosed in U.S. Pat. 5,246,621, U.S. Pat. 5,244,594; U.S. Pat. 5,194,416; U.S. Pat. 5,114,606; and European Pat. App. Pub. Nos.
• Prefened examples of these catalysts include Mn ⁇ 2( u "0)3(lA7-trimethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane)2- (PF6>2, Mn ⁇ 2(u-O) ⁇ (u-OAc)2(l,4,7-trimethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane)2(Cl ⁇ 4)2, Mn IY 4(u-O)6(l,4,7-triazacyclononane)4(ClO )4, Mn ⁇ Mn IV (u-O) (u-OAc)2- (l,4,7-trimethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane)2(Cl ⁇ 4)3, Mn IV (l,4,7-trimethyl-l,4,7-tri- azacyclononane)- (OCH3)3(PFg), and mixtures thereof.
• metal-based bleach catalysts include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. 4,430,243 and U.S. Pat. 5,114,611.
• the use of manganese with various complex ligands to enhance bleaching is also reported in the following United States Patents: 4,728,455; 5,284,944; 5,246,612; 5,256,779; 5,280,117; 5,274,147; 5,153,161; and 5,227,084.
• compositions and processes herein can be adjusted to provide on the order of at least one part per ten million of the active bleach catalyst species in the aqueous washing liquor, and will preferably provide from about 0.1 ppm to about 700 ppm, more preferably from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, of the catalyst species in the laundry liquor.
• Cobalt bleach catalysts useful herein are known, and are described, for example, in M. L. Tobe, "Base Hydrolysis of Transition-Metal Complexes", Adv. Inorg. Bioinorg. Mech., (1983), 2, pages 1-94.
• the most prefened cobalt catalyst useful herein are cobalt pentaamine acetate salts having the formula [Co(NH3)5OAc] T v , wherein "OAc” represents an acetate moiety and “Ty” is an anion, and especially cobalt pentaamine acetate chloride, [Co(NH3)5OAc]Cl2; as well as [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc](OAc)2; [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc](PF 6 ) 2 ; [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc](SO 4 ); [Co(NH3) 5 OAc](BF 4 )2; and [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc](NO3)2 (herein "
• compositions and cleaning processes herein can be adjusted to provide on the order of at least one part per hundred million of the active bleach catalyst species in the aqueous washing medium, and will preferably provide from about 0.01 ppm to about 25 ppm, more preferably from about 0.05 ppm to about 10 ppm, and most preferably from about 0.1 ppm to about 5 ppm, of the bleach catalyst species in the wash liquor.
• typical compositions herein will comprise from about 0.0005% to about 0.2%, more preferably from about 0.004% to about 0.08%, of bleach catalyst, especially manganese or cobalt catalysts, by weight of the cleaning compositions.
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain conventional brighteners, suds suppressors, dyes and/or perfume materials.
• Such brighteners, suds suppressors, silicone oils, dyes and perfumes must, of course, be compatible and non-reactive with the other composition components in a non-aqueous environment. If present, brighteners suds suppressors, dyes and/or perfumes will typically comprise from about 0.0001% to 2% by weight of the compositions herein.
• the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein can also contain from about 0.1% to 5%, preferably from about 0.1% to 2% by weight of a finely divided, solid particulate material which can include silica, e.g., fumed silica, titanium dioxide, insoluble carbonates, finely divided carbon or combinations of these materials.
• Fine particulate material of this type functions as a structure elasticizing agent in the products of this invention.
• Such material has an average particle size ranging from about 7 to 40 nanometers, more preferably from about 7 to 15 nanometers.
• Such material also has a specific surface area which ranges from about 40 to 400m 2 /g.
• the finely divided elasticizing agent material can improve the shipping stability of the non-aqueous liquid detergent products herein by increasing the elasticity of the surfactant-structured liquid phase without increasing product viscosity. This permits such products to withstand high frequency vibration which may be encountered during shipping without undergoing undesirable structure breakdown which could lead to sedimentation in the product.
• non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein are in the form of bleaching agent and/or other materials in particulate form as a solid phase suspended in and dispersed throughout a surfactant-containing, preferably structured non-aqueous liquid phase.
• the structured non-aqueous liquid phase will comprise from about 45% to 95%, more preferably from about 50% to 90%, by weight of the composition with the dispersed additional solid materials comprising from about 5% to 55%, more preferably from about 10% to 50%, by weight of the composition.
• the particulate-containing liquid detergent compositions of this invention are substantially non-aqueous (or anhydrous) in character. While very small amounts of water may be inco ⁇ orated into such compositions as an impurity in the essential or optional components, the amount of water should in no event exceed about 5% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, water content of the nonaqueous detergent compositions herein will comprise less than about 1% by weight.
• the particulate-containing non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein will be relatively viscous and phase stable under conditions of commercial marketing and use of such compositions. Frequently the viscosity of the compositions herein will range from about 300 to 5,000 cps, more preferably from about 500 to 3,000 cps. For pu ⁇ oses of this invention, viscosity is measured with a Cammed CSL2 Rheometer at a shear rate of 20 s" . COMPOSITION PREPARATION AND USE
• non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein can be prepared by first forming the surfactant-containing, preferably structured non-aqueous liquid phase and by thereafter adding to this structured phase the particulate components in any convenient order and by mixing, e.g., agitating, the resulting component combination to form the phase stable compositions herein.
• essential and certain prefened optional components will be combined in a particular order and under certain conditions.
• the anionic surfactant- containing powder used to form the structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase is prepared.
• This pre-preparation step involves the formation of an aqueous slurry containing from about 30% to 60% of one or more alkali metal salts of linear CIQ-16 alkyl benzene sulfonic acid and from about 2% to 30% of one or more diluent non- surfactant salts.
• this slurry is dried to the extent necessary to form a solid material containing less than about 4% by weight of residual water.
• this material can be combined with one or more of the non-aqueous organic diluents to form a structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein. This is done by reducing the anionic surfactant-containing material formed in the previously described pre-preparation step to powdered form and by combining such powdered material with an agitated liquid medium comprising one or more of the non-aqueous organic diluents, either surfactant or non-surfactant or both, as hereinbefore described. This combination is carried out under agitation conditions which are sufficient to form a thoroughly mixed dispersion of particles of the insoluble fraction of the co-dried LAS/salt material throughout a non-aqueous organic liquid diluent.
• the non-aqueous liquid dispersion so prepared can then be subjected to milling or high shear agitation under conditions which are sufficient to provide a structured, surfactant-containing liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein.
• Such milling or high shear agitation conditions will generally include maintenance of a temperature between about 10°C and 90°C, preferably between about 20°C and 60°C; and a processing time that is sufficient to form a network of aggregated small particles of the insoluble fraction of the anionic surfactant-containing powdered material.
• Suitable equipment for this pu ⁇ ose includes: stined ball mills, co-ball mills (Fryma), colloid mills, high pressure homogenizers, high shear mixers, and the like.
• the colloid mill and high shear mixers are prefened for their high throughput and low capital and maintenance costs.
• the small particles produced in such equipment will generally range in size from about 0.4 to 2 microns.
• Milling and high shear agitation of the liquid/solids combination will generally provide an increase in the yield value of the structured liquid phase to within the range of from about 1 Pa to 8 Pa, more preferably from about 1 Pa to 4 Pa.
• the particulate material to be used in the detergent compositions herein can be added.
• Such components which can be added under high shear agitation include a silica or titanium dioxide elasticizing agent; particles of substantially all of an organic builder, e.g., citrate and/or fatty acid, and/or an alkalinity source, e.g., sodium carbonate, can be added while continuing to maintain this admixture of composition components under shear agitation. Agitation of the mixture is continued, and if necessary, can be increased at this point to form a uniform dispersion of insoluble solid phase particulates within the liquid phase.
• the particles of the colored speckles and the highly prefened peroxygen bleaching agent can be added to the composition, again while the mixture is maintained under shear agitation.
• the peroxygen bleaching agent material By adding the peroxygen bleaching agent material last, or after all or most of the other components, and especially after alkalinity source particles, have been added, desirable stability benefits for the peroxygen bleach can be realized. If enzyme prills are inco ⁇ orated, they are preferably added to the non-aqueous liquid matrix last.
• agitation of the mixture is continued for a period of time sufficient to form compositions having the requisite viscosity, yield value and phase stability characteristics. Frequently this will involve agitation for a period of from about 1 to 30 minutes.
• compositions of this invention can be used to form aqueous washing solutions for use in the laundering and bleaching of fabrics.
• an effective amount of such compositions is added to water, preferably in a conventional fabric laundering automatic washing machine, to form such aqueous laundering/bleaching solutions.
• the aqueous washing/bleaching solution so formed is then contacted, preferably under agitation, with the fabrics to be laundered and bleached therewith.
• An effective amount of the liquid detergent compositions herein added to water to form aqueous laundering bleaching solutions can comprise amounts sufficient to form from about 500 to 7,000 ppm of composition in aqueous solution. More preferably, from about 800 to 3,000 ppm of the detergent compositions herein will be provided in aqueous washing/bleaching solution.
• 6-bromo-l-hexanol 500g, 2.76 mol
• triphenylphosphine 768g, 2.9mol
• acetonitrile 1800 ml
• the reaction mixture is heated to reflux for 72 hrs.
• the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and transfened into a 5L beaker.
• the product is recrystallized from anhydrous ethyl ether (1.5L) at 10°C. Vacuum filtration followed by washing with ethyl ether and drying in a vacuum oven at 50°C for 2 hrs. gives 1140g of the desired product as white crystals.
• the oil phase (top) is allowed to separate out in a separatory funnel and the water phase is removed.
• the water phase is washed with hexanes (500ml) and the organic phase is separated and combined with the oil phase from the water wash.
• the organic mixture is then extracted with water 3 times (500ml each) followed by vacuum distillation to collect the clear, oily product (1 lOg) at 140C and 1mm Hg.
• the oil phase (top) is allowed to separate out in a separatory funnel and the water phase is removed.
• the water phase is washed with hexanes (500ml) and the organic phase is separated and combined with the oil phase from the water wash.
• the organic mixture is then extracted with water 3 times (500ml each) followed by vacuum distillation to collect the clear, oily product at HOC and 1mm Hg.
• Shell Research experimental test C13 alcohol samples are used to make alcohol ethoxylates. These experimental alcohols are ethoxylated according to the following procedures.
• the experimental alcohols are made from C12 alpha olefins in this case.
• the C12 alpha olefins are skeletally reananged to produce branched chain olefins.
• the skeletal reanangement produces a limited number of branches, preferably mid-chain.
• the reanangement produces C1-C3 branches, more preferably ethyl, most preferably methyl.
• the branched chain olefin mixture is subjected to catalytic hydroformylation to produce the desired branched chain alcohol mixture.
• Shell C13 Experimental Alcohol 50.0 g , 0.25 mol.
• the alcohol is sparged with nitrogen for about 30 minutes at 60-80°C.
• sodium metal 0.3 g , 0.01 mol
• ethylene oxide gas 99.0 g , 2.25 mol
• nitrogen is swept through the apparatus for 20-30 minutes as the sample is allowed to cool.
• the yellow liquid product (143 g , 0.24 mol) is bottled under nitrogen.
• Sodium C12 linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (NaLAS) is processed into a powder containing two phases. One of these phases is soluble in the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein and the other phase is insoluble. It is the insoluble fraction which serves to add structure and particle suspending capability to the non- aqueous phase of the compositions herein.
• NaLAS powder is produced by taking a slurry of NaLAS in water (approximately 40-50% active) combined with dissolved sodium sulfate (3-15%) and hydrotrope, sodium sulfosuccinate (1-3%). The hydrotrope and sulfate are used to improve the characteristics of the dry powder.
• a drum dryer is used to dry the slurry into a flake. When the NaLAS is dried with the sodium sulfate, two distinct phases are created within the flake. The insoluble phase creates a network structure of aggregate small particles (0.4-2 um) which allows the finished non-aqueous detergent product to stably suspend solids.
• the NaLAS powder prepared according to this example has the following makeup shown in Table I.
• Non-aqueous based heavy duty liquid laundry detergent compositions which comprise the mid-chain branched surfactants of the present invention are presented below.
• Table VI compositions are stable, anhydrous heavy-duty liquid laundry detergents which provide excellent stain and soil removal performance when used in normal fabric laundering operations.

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• 1998
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