EP1016165A1 - Radiating cable - Google Patents
Radiating cableInfo
- Publication number
- EP1016165A1 EP1016165A1 EP98954558A EP98954558A EP1016165A1 EP 1016165 A1 EP1016165 A1 EP 1016165A1 EP 98954558 A EP98954558 A EP 98954558A EP 98954558 A EP98954558 A EP 98954558A EP 1016165 A1 EP1016165 A1 EP 1016165A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wires
- cable
- conductive wires
- cable according
- conductive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/203—Leaky coaxial lines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
- H01B13/06—Insulating conductors or cables
- H01B13/18—Applying discontinuous insulation, e.g. discs, beads
- H01B13/20—Applying discontinuous insulation, e.g. discs, beads for concentric or coaxial cables
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
Definitions
- Radio coverage of large buildings often requires the installation of dedicated equipment. This coverage is carried out using antennas placed inside the buildings.
- radiating cables arranged in the corridors would be technically advantageous, but it often entails prohibitive costs.
- the radiating cables currently installed in tunnels are coaxial cables with patterns of periodic slits. They are expensive, bulky, rigid and difficult to install.
- Japanese patent application JP-60038902 discloses a radiating cable comprising two first insulated conductive wires having first ends connected to one of the terminals of an oscillator and two second insulated conductive wires having first ends connected to the other oscillator terminal.
- the first wires and the second wires respectively constitute two pairs of wires twisted independently in a retaining sheath.
- the pairs In order to obtain a sufficiently low radiation frequency, the pairs have different helix pitches between them. This difference in pitch is obtained by twisting the two pairs of wires separately.
- the objective of the present invention is to provide a radiating cable for covering buildings suitable for operating in a high frequency band up to approximately 3 MHz, more flexible, smaller and less expensive than the cables known for tunnel applications. .
- the performance of the radiating cable of the invention is significantly reduced, in particular with regard to the linear loss, the propagation speed and the reflection loss.
- a high frequency radiating cable comprising first insulated conductive wires having first ends connected to each other, and second insulated conductive wires having first ends connected to each other, the first wires being equal in number to the second wires , and an external retaining sheath containing the first and second wires, is characterized in that the first and second wires are twisted together around a longitudinal axis of the cable, and of the second ends of the first insulated conducting wires and of the second ends of the second insulated conductor wires are connected respectively to the terminals of a load substantially equal to the characteristic impedance of the cable, or to the input terminals of an amplifier means.
- the output of the amplifier means is for example connected to one end of another radiating cable, or to an antenna.
- the wires are thus in an even number, equal to or greater than 4 in the cable of the invention.
- the cable comprises a quarter of conductive wires joined in pairs and substantially symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cable.
- the radiating cable of the invention comprises six conductive wires which are circularly distributed equally, at the rate of three first wires on one side of a longitudinal diametral plane of the cable and three second wires on the other side of the plane diametral, or else at the rate of a first wire joined between two second wires and vice versa of a second wire joined between two first wires along a circle in cross section.
- connection of the second ends of the first and second conductive wires to a suitable load that is to say substantially equal to the characteristic impedance of the cable, or to the input terminals of an amplifier means whose output can be connected to another radiating cable or to an antenna, ensures a better performance of the cable compared to the cable defined in application JP-60038902.
- the wires are twisted together in an external holding sheath, i.e. all the wires have the same helix pitch.
- a cable of the invention with two first wires and two second wires has a constant characteristic impedance along the cable and is more flexible and above all is easier to manufacture and therefore less expensive.
- the wires are twisted together at the same time as being placed under the holding sheath, or a set of envelopes including the holding sheath, in a single continuous operation.
- the first ends of the first insulated conductive wires and the first ends of the second insulated conductive wires are respectively connected to the external and internal conductors of a coaxial power cable which provides the link between the radiating cable and a fixed transmitter / receiver station, for example a base station of a cellular radiotelephony network.
- a fixed transmitter / receiver station for example a base station of a cellular radiotelephony network.
- This connection can also be ensured by a power cable in twisted pairs or the radiating cable can be directly connected to the fixed transmitter / receiver system.
- the first ends of a pair of conductive wires isolated from the radiating cable and the first ends of the other pair of conductive wires isolated from the radiating cable are then connected respectively to two conductors of the power cable or to two terminals of the transmitter system / fixed receiver.
- the invention positively implements the harmful effects of the radiation of a conventional cable with two pairs of wires which generate crosstalk, and accentuates these effects mainly due to the imbalance of the pairs of wires.
- a twist of wires is sometimes a succession of direct propellers, sometimes a succession of retrograde propellers.
- the direction of the propellers changes every 8 to 12 propeller steps.
- a twisting section of direct helical wires is separated by a twisting section of retrograde helical wires by a section of cable in which the wires are substantially parallel to the axis of the cable.
- the first conductive wires are arranged alternately with the second conductive wires around a longitudinal axis of the cable, or the set of first conductive wires is substantially symmetrical with the set of second conductive wires with respect to a longitudinal axis of the cable.
- the helix pitch of the twisted wires can be between 10 and 50 times approximately the external diameter of the insulated conducting wires.
- the radiation can be increased by causing imbalances between the various elements of the cable. These imbalances can be created by differences in dimensions between the different conductive wires or differences in linear capacities between the different conductive wires. These differences in linear capacitances can result either from different thicknesses of insulating sheaths of the insulated conductive wires, or by insulating materials with different dielectric constants of insulating sheaths of the insulated conductive wires. More generally, at least one of the first conductive wires and at least one of the second conductive wires can differ from one another by at least one of the following three parameters: diameter of conductive core of the wires, thickness of insulating sheath of the wires, and dielectric constant of the insulating sheaths.
- the insulated conductive wires can have conductive cores embedded in a cylindrical dielectric sheath.
- each of the insulated conductive wires may comprise an electrically conductive core composed of a central part made of a first conductive material, and of a coating surrounding the central part, said coating being in a second conductive material having an electrical conductivity greater than that of the central part.
- the first conductive material can be aluminum or low alloy aluminum and the second conductive material can be copper or silver, or copper or low alloy silver.
- a dielectric tape can surround all of the insulated conductive wires and be surrounded by an external support sheath so as to avoid any sticking between the sheaths of the insulated conductive wires and the external support sheath.
- This dielectric tape may be made of a material giving the cable better fire resistance; for example the dielectric tape is a mineral tape made of mica or glass silk.
- a metallic strip or one or more metallic wires can be wound helically around the insulated conductive wires and extend between the dielectric tape and the external support sheath, so as to improve the maintenance of a constant characteristic impedance along the cable.
- the metallic strip already removed can be replaced by a metallic screen with openings.
- the external retaining sheath can be made of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, elastomer or halogen-free flame retardant material depending on the desired environmental properties for the cable.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal schematic perspective view of a radiating cable of the invention, connected to a cable head;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the radiating cable according to the invention
- FIG. 3 is a longitudinal perspective view of a transition with conductive wires parallel to the axis of a cable according to a second embodiment of the invention, situated between direct helices of the wires and retrograde helices of the wires according to a variant of a second embodiment of the invention;
- Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a cable of the invention with a dielectric tape
- Figure 5 is a longitudinal perspective view of one end of a cable of the invention with a dielectric tape and a metal strip at a distance.
- a radiating cable CR comprises four insulated conducting wires identical FI to F4 arranged as in a twisted star quarter.
- Each wire includes a massive conductive core
- each insulated conductor wire has a central portion of diameter less than a millimeter, made of low or low alloy aluminum, and a coating of thickness of a few tens of micrometres of copper, or low or low alloy silver, surrounding the central part, in order to increase the electrical conductivity at the periphery of the conductive core and thus reduce losses in the cable.
- the GF insulating sheath is for example made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, silicone or fluorinated, solid, cellular or double layer materials.
- An external retaining sheath G surrounds the insulated conductive wires FI to F4 and keeps them together without being embedded in the retaining sheath G.
- the retaining sheath G is thin and is made of thermoplastic material, crosslinked or not, or elastomer and can be transparent so as to distinguish the different colors of the individual sheaths GF from the conductive wires FI to F4.
- the wires FI to F4 are substantially regularly twisted around the longitudinal axis XX of the cable so that in cross section the wires FI to F4 are arranged at the vertices of a square.
- the wires F1 to F4 are numbered in the ascending order of the numbers 1 to 4 by turning in a clockwise direction so that the first wires FI and F3 are diagonally opposite and the second wires F2 and F4 are diagonally opposite.
- the cable comprises N first wires and N second wires, which are twisted together with a predetermined helical pitch PH and simultaneously sheathed with the holding sheath G and which are, seen in cross section, circularly distributed around the longitudinal axis XX of the cable, each first wire being joined longitudinally to two second wires and vice versa, N being an integer equal to or greater than two.
- first ends Eli and E13 of first wires of the radiating cable CR such as the diagonal wires FI and F3 constituting a first pair of wires, have their conductive cores CF which are connected together and at a first end of an external tubular conductor CE of a coaxial supply cable CX, and of the first ends E12 and E14 of second wires of the radiating cable CR, such as the other two wires diagonally F2 and F4 constituting a second pair of wires, have their CF conductors connected to each other and to a first end of an internal conductor CI of the coaxial cable CX.
- These two sets of 2-to-1 connections are made in a first particular connector CN1 which minimizes any mismatch of impedance between the radiating cable CR and the coaxial cable CX.
- the other end of the coaxial cable CX is connected to a cable head TC to transmit through the radiating cable CR radio communication signals in the downward direction from one or more base stations included in the cable head to mobile radiotelephone terminals and for receiving radiocommunication signals in the uplink direction from the mobile terminals to the base stations via the radiating cable CR.
- At least one coaxial cable CX is connected to the first ends of radiating cables to quarter CR of the invention arranged on the ceiling of central corridors on the floors of a building and is fixed in a vertical duct of the building up to a second end on the roof of the building where three base stations are installed for FRANCE TELECOM / GSM cellular radiotelephony networks for the band from 890 to 947.5 MHz, SFR / GSM for the band from 902.5 to 960 MHz and BOUYGUES TELECOM / DCS for the band from 1710 to 1880 MHz, as well as transceivers for emergency and paging services at frequencies below 470 MHz or access points for a local data transmission network without wire in the 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz band.
- Each quadrant radiating cable radiates in the respective floor of the building within a radius of about 20 meters around the cable.
- second ends E21 and E23 of the first wires FI and F3 of the radiating cable CR have their conductors CF connected to each other and to a first terminal Bl of a load CH, and of the second ends E22 and E24 of the second wires F2 and F4 have their conductors CF connected to each other and to a second terminal B2 of the load CH.
- each of the external and internal conductors thereof is replaced by two respective wires of the fourth twisted in the radiating cable CR of the invention.
- first and second pairs of wires F1-F3 and F2-F4 connected to each other at their first and second ends are replaced by other first and second pairs of wires F1-F2 and F3-F4, or F1-F4 and F2-F3, the wires of each of these pairs being located in cross section at the ends of one side of the square at the vertices of which are arranged the insulated conductive wires FI to F4 according to FIG. 2.
- N first wires are arranged at the vertices of a regular polygon with 2N vertices situated on one side of a diameter of the cable, and N second wires are arranged at the vertices of the polygon situated from the other side of the cable diameter, with N> 2.
- ⁇ CR 7., o pair .
- the linear inductance L CR of the radiating cable CR is equal to the linear inductance L pair of two pairs of conductive wires placed in parallel:
- ⁇ CR Lpaire'2.
- the linear loss ⁇ of the radiating cable is:
- R is the linear resistance of the radiating cable and therefore R / 4 that of each conductive wire FI to F4.
- the linear loss ⁇ is chosen as a function of the diameter of the conductor CF of the wires and is all the smaller the higher the diameter of the conductor.
- the diameter of the individual sheaths GF and the diameter of the conductive cores CF are to be dimensioned in order to have a radiating cable of characteristic impedance 50 ⁇ and of correct linear loss.
- the pairs of wires must not be too “balanced”, that is to say symmetrical, so as to favor the radiation of the cable.
- the wiring pitch that is that is to say the pitch of the helices PH of the wires, is between 10 and 50 times approximately the diameter of the sheath GF so as not to overly mechanically constrain the wires and maintain the flexibility of the radiating cable CR.
- a radiating cable CR comprises a twisted quarter with a pitch of propeller PH of approximately 50 mm, or approximately 2000 steps for a maximum length of cable of approximately 100 m.
- Each of the four wires FI to F4 has a conductive core CF made of solid annealed copper with a diameter of 1.5 mm and an insulating sheath GF made of solid or cellular polyethylene with an external diameter of 2.8 mm.
- the external retaining sheath G is made of halogen-free flame retardant material defining the external diameter of the cable of 9.5 mm.
- the linear loss of the cable is 8.5 dB / 100 m at 150 MHz, 15 dB / 100 m at 450 MHz, 21 dB / 100 m at 900 MHz, and from 30 dB / 100 m at 1800 MHz.
- the coupling losses at 2 m between 150 MHz and 1800 MHz are 70 to 80 dB.
- the length of the cable is of the order of approximately 80 m for useful frequencies reaching 2 GHz and approximately 120 m for useful frequencies limited to 1 GHz.
- each solid conductive core CF with a strand of small copper conductive wires, for example a strand of 7 or 19 thin wires.
- the radiation is all the higher as the symmetry of the wires FI to F4 in the cable is unbalanced; and the more unbalanced the cable, the more unacceptable the impedance mismatches for the signal transmission.
- the radiation is increased without penalizing the transmission too much by periodically unbalancing the distribution of the four wires of the CR cable.
- the resulting impedance mismatch is not distributed over the entire spectrum but localized at a very precise frequency and at its harmonics. In practice, these frequencies are prohibited use frequencies which are selected outside the useful radiotelephony bands.
- a CRa cable having the same dimensional and material characteristics as that CR according to the first embodiment differs from it by a change of direction of the twists every 500 mm, that is to say - say for a twisting pitch L of 50 mm, the cable comprising ten direct propellers successive of total length L, then ten successive retrograde propellers of total length L and so on.
- the inversion of the rotation of the twists creates an impedance mismatch at the frequency of 400 MHz and its multiples 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 MHz. These frequencies constitute prohibited use frequencies.
- the inversion of the helical winding of the insulated conducting wires FI to F4 is not carried out immediately to pass from direct propellers to retrograde propellers and vice versa, but carried out by means of a length of cable of length LP in which the conducting wires FI to F4 are substantially parallel to the axis XX of the cable.
- the length LP can reach approximately the pitch PH of the helices of the wires FI to F.
- the imbalance of the cable is accentuated by differences in dimensions and / or sheath dielectrics for example between the four conductors CF of the wires FI to F4 or between the conductors of the pairs of wires F1-F3 and F2-F4 .
- CF of wires thickness of insulating sheath GF of wires, dielectric constant of insulating sheaths GF, and material or design of the conductive core CF.
- the ribbon thermally protects the GF sheaths of wires FI to F4 during the extrusion of the retaining sheath G and avoids sticking between the wire sheaths GF and the external retaining sheath G.
- the RD ribbon is made of polyester, polypropylene or even kraft paper.
- the RD dielectric tape can also be made of a material giving the cable better fire resistance; for example the RD ribbon is a mineral ribbon made of mica or glass silk. As shown in FIG.
- the RM ribbon is wound “already”, that is to say two turns of the helix of the metallic ribbon, or of several metallic ribbons, are separated by a helical gap, for example substantially equal to one to two widths of metallic ribbon.
- the metallic strip RM improves the maintenance of the characteristic impedance Z CR of the radiating cable CR at a constant value, while allowing a release of radiant energy by the helical gap.
- the twisting of the 2N insulated conductive wires, the possible laying of RD and / or RM ribbons, and the extrusion of the retaining sheath G is carried out in a single operation.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Communication Cables (AREA)
- Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
- Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9715135 | 1997-11-28 | ||
FR9715135A FR2771859B1 (en) | 1997-11-28 | 1997-11-28 | RADIANT CABLE |
PCT/FR1998/002406 WO1999028992A1 (en) | 1997-11-28 | 1998-11-12 | Radiating cable |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1016165A1 true EP1016165A1 (en) | 2000-07-05 |
EP1016165B1 EP1016165B1 (en) | 2002-03-20 |
Family
ID=9514038
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98954558A Expired - Lifetime EP1016165B1 (en) | 1997-11-28 | 1998-11-12 | Radiating cable |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1016165B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001525625A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20010032560A (en) |
AU (1) | AU1162299A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9815417A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69804330T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2171047T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2771859B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999028992A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2791475B1 (en) | 1999-03-23 | 2007-02-23 | Sagem | RADIANT CABLE |
KR100965797B1 (en) * | 2008-08-07 | 2010-06-24 | 주식회사 피플웍스 | Transformer Line Using Coaxial Insulated Cable |
KR101284074B1 (en) | 2010-08-20 | 2013-07-10 | 가부시키가이샤후지쿠라 | Electric wire, coil, device for designing electric wire, and electric motor |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3133432A1 (en) * | 1981-08-24 | 1983-03-03 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | HIGH-FREQUENCY FIELD DEVICE IN A NUCLEAR RESONANCE APPARATUS |
JPS6038902A (en) * | 1983-08-12 | 1985-02-28 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Spiral conductor type leakage cable |
US5473336A (en) * | 1992-10-08 | 1995-12-05 | Auratek Security Inc. | Cable for use as a distributed antenna |
FR2698477B1 (en) * | 1992-11-23 | 1994-12-23 | Filotex Sa | High frequency signal transmission cable. |
-
1997
- 1997-11-28 FR FR9715135A patent/FR2771859B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-11-12 KR KR1020007005805A patent/KR20010032560A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-11-12 BR BR9815417-6A patent/BR9815417A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-11-12 AU AU11622/99A patent/AU1162299A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-11-12 EP EP98954558A patent/EP1016165B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-11-12 DE DE69804330T patent/DE69804330T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-11-12 WO PCT/FR1998/002406 patent/WO1999028992A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-11-12 ES ES98954558T patent/ES2171047T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-11-12 JP JP2000523723A patent/JP2001525625A/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9928992A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69804330D1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
AU1162299A (en) | 1999-06-16 |
DE69804330T2 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
BR9815417A (en) | 2000-10-24 |
EP1016165B1 (en) | 2002-03-20 |
ES2171047T3 (en) | 2002-08-16 |
FR2771859B1 (en) | 1999-12-31 |
JP2001525625A (en) | 2001-12-11 |
KR20010032560A (en) | 2001-04-25 |
FR2771859A1 (en) | 1999-06-04 |
WO1999028992A1 (en) | 1999-06-10 |
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