EP1015838B1 - Wärmetauscher für kraftfahrzeuge und verfahren zu deren herstellung - Google Patents

Wärmetauscher für kraftfahrzeuge und verfahren zu deren herstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1015838B1
EP1015838B1 EP99957195A EP99957195A EP1015838B1 EP 1015838 B1 EP1015838 B1 EP 1015838B1 EP 99957195 A EP99957195 A EP 99957195A EP 99957195 A EP99957195 A EP 99957195A EP 1015838 B1 EP1015838 B1 EP 1015838B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cap
fluid
collector
caps
heat exchanger
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99957195A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1015838A1 (de
Inventor
Christophe Chevallier
Laurent Palanchon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Climatisation SA
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Valeo Climatisation SA
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Publication date
Application filed by Valeo Climatisation SA filed Critical Valeo Climatisation SA
Publication of EP1015838A1 publication Critical patent/EP1015838A1/de
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Publication of EP1015838B1 publication Critical patent/EP1015838B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0202—Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions
    • F28F9/0204—Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions for elongated header box, e.g. with transversal and longitudinal partitions
    • F28F9/0209—Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions for elongated header box, e.g. with transversal and longitudinal partitions having only transversal partitions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F28D1/05375—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with particular pattern of flow, e.g. change of flow direction

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technology of heat exchangers for motor vehicles.
  • the invention applies to different types of heat exchangers. heat that can be encountered in a vehicle, that it the radiator for the passenger compartment, the engine cooling radiator, condenser air conditioning circuit, or the evaporator of a air conditioning loop.
  • exchangers consist of a bundle of tubes with fins performing heat exchange with the medium outside.
  • the bundle tubes are connected on both sides and other by end blocks defining the direction of circulation of the fluid in the various tubes and allowing introduce the fluid into the exchanger and extract it there.
  • Each of the end blocks has a header plate or metallic "hole plate” into which the bundle tubes, secured to this plate, for example by soldering, at the place of their outlet.
  • This plate generally designated “collector”
  • collector is capped by a cover or “fluid box” so that collector and boxes define a common volume into which the corresponding ends of the tubes, and through which are if necessary, the inlet and outlet of the fluid.
  • the fluid box is provided with connections to pipes fluid intake and collection. Its interior volume is further subdivided into a plurality of sub-volumes separate to bring together certain groups of beam tubes so as to define a configuration of predetermined fluid circulation in the exchanger, with several round trips of fluid in the beam of tubes.
  • An end block therefore comprises at least one manifold and a fluid box that should be assembled together.
  • brazed assembly where all of the elements of the heat exchanger is passed through a brazing furnace allowing a filler metal to achieve both the joining of the various elements (collectors, boxes to fluid, partitions, tube bundle, etc.) and their tightness.
  • Another assembly technique used is assembly mechanical in which all the elements of the exchanger thermal are joined mechanically with interposition a seal ensuring the seal between the manifold and tubes, on the one hand, and between the manifold and the fluid box, on the other hand.
  • the invention relates to a particular manufacturing technique a heat exchanger, applicable in the case of both abovementioned assembly techniques, in particular that of the brazed assembly. It aims to rationalize production by simplifying assembly, standardizing elements and reduction of the number of different parts to assemble to make a given exchanger.
  • the heat exchanger is of the known type comprising a bundle of parallel tubes joined to each of their respective ends by a plate-shaped collector, each collector being capped by a closing fluid box sealingly the collector and defining therewith a plurality of interior volumes imposing meanings predetermined fluid circulation in the tubes of the beam.
  • the fluid box is made up of a plurality of individual one-piece covers juxtaposed, assembled together to the manifold and defining together said interior volumes of the box fluid, at least one of said covers, called central cover, defining alone one of said interior volumes of the fluid box, while at least one cover is provided side which partially covers the central cover for define with it another interior volume.
  • the side cover has an open face side wall that covers the central cover over a selected length.
  • said covers comprise: an intake cover fluid and a similar fluid collection hood; and / or at least one fluid direction reversal cover; and or a plurality of hoods, similar, reversing the direction of fluid.
  • the collectors are advantageously provided on the side of the covers of a peripheral rim forming an external contour complementary to that, interior, defined by the covers juxtaposed before assembling them on the manifold.
  • At least one first cover called the outer cover, completely covers at least one second cover, said cover interior, the first cover and the second cover defining at least two interior volumes of the fluid box.
  • the cover exterior defines two housings on either side of the cover inside.
  • the outer cover and the inner cover have rims of different height, the height of the edges of the inner cover being less than the height of the edges of the outer cover so as to create a passage between said housings.
  • the inner cover and the outer cover have longitudinal edges arranged one against the other on the collector.
  • the inner cover and / or the outer cover has one or more orifices fluid intake or expulsion.
  • the inner cover is supplied with fluid, which fluid performs two passes separated in the bundle before being expelled by one or several expulsion ports of the outer cover.
  • the covers are preferably manufactured by stamping of a metal sheet.
  • step e the whole assembly is made preferably by joint soldering of the covers to the collectors and manifolds to the tubes.
  • FIG. 1 represents a heat exchanger opposite which the invention will be described in conjunction with FIGS. 2 to 6 . It comprises a bundle of parallel tubes 10 (here flat tubes) separated by fins 11 of wavy shape. It is provided on either side of the tube bundle of the end blocks joining together certain groups of tubes and defining a predetermined fluid circuit configuration in the heat exchanger, shown diagrammatically by the various arrows in FIG. 1.
  • Each end block comprises, in a manner known per se, a metal plate 12, 14 generally called a "collector” joining the ends of the tubes of the bundle, plate with which is associated a cover-shaped element generally designated “fluid box” or “manifold box” tightly connected to the collector by its peripheral rim.
  • the assembly constituted by the collector and the corresponding box defines volumes into which the tubes of the bundle open.
  • These various elements are joined together in a sealed manner by brazing, that is to say by the controlled melting of a filler metal during a passage step in a brazing furnace.
  • the fluid box of each end block is constituted a plurality of juxtaposed individual covers defining each one of the various internal volumes of the fluid box.
  • the fluid box associated with the manifold 12 comprises a first cover 16 connected to an intake pipe of fluid 18, a second cover 20 connected to a fluid collection 22 and, between the two, a cover 24 inversion of the direction of circulation of the fluid.
  • the fluid box associated with the manifold 14 is, as for it, consisting of two covers 26, 28 for reversing the direction of circulation of the fluid.
  • the dimensions of the covers are chosen so that the covers 16 and 20 are similar, same as those of covers 24, 26 and 28: the fluid boxes of the heat exchanger can thus be carried out at from only two types of hoods, namely a hood fluid intake / collection such as 16 or 20, and a cover reversing the direction of fluid circulation such as 24, 26 or 28.
  • the material of the collectors and covers is made of metal permitting soldering, for example of an aluminum alloy surface treated with a coating of filler metal.
  • each of the collectors is provided 12, 14 a respective peripheral rim 32, 34 dimensioned so as to correspond to the outline (envelope) of various juxtaposed covers mounted on this collector; the overlapping of the respective edges of the collectors and covers associated with the peripheral edges of the covers perpendicular to the collector allows satisfactory soldering due to the larger surface vis-à-vis the elements brazed.
  • the covers are preferably one-piece parts, for example example made by stamping a sheet. They present each, on the side of their free edge, one face oriented perpendicular to the collector plane, as in 36 or 38, so as to increase the surface vis-à-vis between two attached covers or between an end cover and the flange peripheral 32 or 34 of the associated collector.
  • the rest of the cover may take any appropriate form, dictated by technical implementation constraints (for example a shape on the roof for covers 16 and 20 connected to the pipes fluid intake and collection 18 and 22) or by congestion or fluid mechanics considerations (for example a flat shape for covers 24, 26 and 28).
  • the exchanger comprises a manifold 12 similar to that of Figure 1.
  • the fluid box associated with the manifold 12 comprises a first cover 40 provided with an intake opening fluid 42, a second cover 44 provided with a fluid collection 46 and, between the two, a cover 48 inversion of the direction of circulation of the fluid.
  • Hoods 40 and 44 are similar.
  • the cover 48 or central cover alone defines a volume inside, while the covers 40 and 44, or side covers, each partially covers the central cover 48 to define with him two other volumes.
  • the side covers 40 and 44 have side walls respectively 50 and 52, each of which defines an open face facing the central cover 48.
  • the walls 50 and 52 cover the central cover over lengths respective L1 and L2 which may be the same or different.
  • the wall of the cover 48 is smooth if although the side walls 50 and 52 of the covers 42 and 44 are projecting outward.
  • the wall side of the central cover 48 has two shoulders or recesses 54 and 56 which allow the ends to be accommodated side walls 50 and 52 of the covers 40 and 44 which are thus at the same level as the wall of the central cover.
  • the fluid box is formed a first cover 140, called the outer cover, which covers totally a second cover 150, said inner cover.
  • the first cover 140 and the second cover 150 are assembled at collector 12.
  • the internal cover 150 defines a first internal volume of the fluid box, while the outer cover 140 defines two housings 143 and 144 on either side of the cover interior ( Figure 5). These two dwellings define two interior volumes which here form a unique interior volume since the two housings 143 and 144 communicate between them by a passage 145 ( Figures 5 and 6). In variant not shown, the housings 143 and 144 could be completely separated, therefore without communication, to provided that the inner cover forms a watertight partition between the two dwellings.
  • the cover exterior 140 has transverse flanges 141 and longitudinal 142 which have a greater height than the transverse 151 and longitudinal 152 edges of the cover inside.
  • This non-limiting example of embodiment allows to make the passage 145 between the housings 143 and 144.
  • an orifice 148 made at the same time in the inner cover 150 and the outer cover 140 allows the introduction or the expulsion of a fluid directly in the hood interior 150.
  • One or more other orifices 122 may be fitted through the outer cover 140 ( Figure 5).
  • the longitudinal edges 152 of the inner cover 150 are joined respectively to the longitudinal edges 142 of the cover exterior 140.
  • the flanges 32 of the manifold 12 correspond to the longitudinal edges 141 and 142 of the outer cover 140.
  • the fluid box assembled to the manifold 14 ( Figure 5) is consisting of two covers 250 and 350 for reversing the direction of circulation of the fluid. Associated with an interior cover 150 and an outer cover 140, these two direction reversing covers of fluid allow two separate passes to be made fluid inside the beam.
  • the fluid penetrates inside the cover interior 150 and is divided into two parts.
  • a first part of the fluid reaches the cover 250 to then go towards housing 143, while a second part gains the hood 350 and then go to housing 144.
  • each parts of the fluid performs a course in two passes separated, forming back and forth.
  • the covers 150, 250 and 350 are similar.
  • the outer cover 140 covers the entire manifold 12, but it is also possible to have, on the manifold 12, two or more covers interior 150 covered by two or more hoods exteriors 140.
  • the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above as examples and is likely many variations. Thus the invention can be applied also to mechanically assembled heat exchangers, without soldering.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Wärmetauscher für ein Kraftfahrzeug, umfassend ein Netz an parallelen Flachrohren (10), verbunden an den jeweiligen Enden davon durch einen Sammler (12; 14) in Plattenform, wobei jeder Sammler von einem Fluidgehäuse abgedeckt ist, in dichtender Weise den Sammler schließend und mit diesem eine Vielzahl an Innenvolumina ausbildend, vorbestimmte Fluidzirkulationsrichtungen in den Rohren des Netzes ausbildend, wobei das Fluidgehäuse ausgebildet ist aus einer Vielzahl an individuellen, einstückigen Hauben (24; 26, 28; 42, 44, 48; 140, 150, 250, 350), an dem Sammler montiert und gemeinsam die Innenvolumina des Fluidgehäuses ausbildend, wobei eine der Hauben, mittlere Haube genannt, allein mit dem Sammler eines der Innenvolumina eines der Fluidgehäuse ausbildet, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest eine Lateralhaube zumindest teilweise die mittlere Haube überdeckt, um mit dieser und dem Sammler ein anderes Innenvolumen zu definieren.
  2. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die laterale Haube (40, 44) eine Lateralwandung (50, 52) mit offener Fläche aufweist, die mittlere Haube über eine gewählte Länge (L1, L2) bedeckend.
  3. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Hauben eine Fluidzufuhrhaube (40) und eine Fluidsammelhaube (44), ähnlich ausgebildet, umfassen.
  4. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest eine der Hauben, Lateralhaube genannt, vollständig zumindest eine der Hauben, mittlere Haube genannt, bedeckt, zwei Aufnahmen (143, 144) beidseitig der mittleren Haube ausbildend, wobei die Haupt- und Lateralhauben in dieser Konfiguration jeweils benannt sind als Innenhaube (150) und Außenhaube (140).
  5. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Außenhaube (140) und die Innenhaube (150) jeweilige Ränder (141, 142; 151, 152) aufweisen, und dass die Höhe der Ränder (151, 152) der Innenhaube (150) kleiner ist, als die Höhe der Ränder (141, 142) der Außenhaube (140), so dass ein Durchtritt (145) zwischen den Aufnahmen (143, 144) ausgebildet ist.
  6. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Innenhaube (150) und die Außenhaube (140) jeweilige Längsränder (152, 142) aufweisen, aneinander anliegend an dem Sammler (12) angeordnet.
  7. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Innenhaube (150) und/oder die Außenhaube (140) eine oder mehrere Fluidzufuhroder -abfuhröffnungen (148) umfassen.
  8. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Innenhaube (150) mit Fluid versorgt ist, wobei das Fluid zwei separate Durchtritte in dem Netz beaufschlagt, bevor es durch eine oder mehrere Ausstoßöffnungen (122) der Außenhaube ausgestoßen wird.
  9. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Hauben zumindest eine Fluidrichtungsumkehrhaube (48; 150, 250, 350) umfassen.
  10. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Hauben eine Vielzahl an Fluidrichtungsumkehrhauben (48; 150, 250, 350) umfassen, und dass die Hauben ähnlich ausgebildet sind.
  11. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Sammler (12, 14) an der Seite der Hauben mit einem peripheren Rand (32, 34) versehen sind, die eine diesbezüglich komplementäre Außenkontur innerlich ausbilden, definiert durch die Hauben, die vorangehend bei der Montage derselben an den Sammler aneinander anliegend vorgesehen wurden.
  12. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmetauschers, vom Typ, umfassend ein Netz an parallelen Flachrohren (10), an den jeweiligen Enden davon mit einem Sammler (12; 14) in Plattenform verbunden, wobei jeder Sammler von einem Fluidgehäuse überdeckt wird, in dichtender Weise den Sammler verschließend und mit diesem eine Vielzahl an Innenvolumina definierend, vorbestimmte Fluidzirkulationsrichtungen in den Rohren des Netzes definierend, wobei das Verfahren dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die folgenden Schritte vorgesehen sind:
    a) Herstellung einer Vielzahl an individuellen einstückigen Hauben (140, 150, 250, 350), gemeinsam mit den Sammlern die Innenvolumina der Fluidgehäuse ausbildend,
    b) Herstellung und Zusammenbau eines Netzes an parallelen Rohren (10),
    c) Anordnen der Sammler an den Enden der Rohre des Netzes,
    d) Anordnen an den Sammlern einer mittleren oder zentralen Haube, allein mit dem Sammler eines der Innenvolumina definierend,
    e) Anordnen von zumindest einer Lateral- oder Seitenhaube, die Haupthaube überdeckend, um mit dieser ein weiteres Innenvolumen zu definieren,
    f) Anordnen an dem anderen Sammler von zumindest einer individuellen oder einzelnen Fluidrichtungsumkehrhaube,
    g) mechanisches Verbinden der Anordnung
  13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Schritt a) die Hauben hergestellt sind durch Prägen bzw. Tiefziehen oder Kümpeln eines metallischen Bleches.
  14. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 und 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Schritt g) die Verbindung erfolgt mittels Verlöten oder Verschweißen von gemeinsam bzw. gleichzeitig den Hauben mit den Sammlern und den Sammlern mit den Rohren.
EP99957195A 1998-06-23 1999-06-22 Wärmetauscher für kraftfahrzeuge und verfahren zu deren herstellung Expired - Lifetime EP1015838B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9807923A FR2780152B1 (fr) 1998-06-23 1998-06-23 Echangeur de chaleur pour vehicule automobile, et son procede de fabrication
FR9807923 1998-06-23
PCT/FR1999/001497 WO1999067592A1 (fr) 1998-06-23 1999-06-22 Echangeur de chaleur pour vehicule automobile, et son procede de fabrication

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1015838A1 EP1015838A1 (de) 2000-07-05
EP1015838B1 true EP1015838B1 (de) 2003-08-20

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EP99957195A Expired - Lifetime EP1015838B1 (de) 1998-06-23 1999-06-22 Wärmetauscher für kraftfahrzeuge und verfahren zu deren herstellung

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EP (1) EP1015838B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69910533T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2780152B1 (de)
WO (1) WO1999067592A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10147521A1 (de) * 2001-09-26 2003-04-10 Behr Gmbh & Co Wärmeübertrager, insbesondere Gaskühler CO2 - Klimaanlagen
DE102004036022A1 (de) 2004-07-23 2006-02-16 Behr Industry Gmbh & Co. Kg Sammelkasten für einen mehrreihigen Wärmetauscher
FR2873799A1 (fr) * 2004-08-02 2006-02-03 Renault Sas Echangeur thermique a faisceau tubulaire double, notamment pour un moteur a combustion interne suralimente
FR2873798B1 (fr) * 2004-08-02 2006-09-29 Renault Sas Echangeur thermique a faisceau tubulaire, notamment pour un moteur a combustion interne suralimente
US7484555B2 (en) * 2006-07-25 2009-02-03 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Heat exchanger assembly
DE102008055624A1 (de) * 2007-12-10 2009-06-18 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Wärmeträger, insbesondere Heizkörper für Kraftfahrzeuge
US9555687B2 (en) 2011-05-04 2017-01-31 Hanon Systems Cold-storage heat exchanger
FR2982937B1 (fr) * 2011-11-22 2018-04-27 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Boite collectrice, notamment pour refroidisseur de batterie, et echangeur de chaleur comprenant au moins une telle boite.

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB556767A (en) * 1942-04-18 1943-10-20 Morris Motors Ltd Improvements relating to heat interchange apparatus
US3173482A (en) * 1962-11-21 1965-03-16 American Air Filter Co Quadrant baffle for heat exchange header
US3782454A (en) * 1972-02-24 1974-01-01 Modine Mfg Co Heat exchanger
FR2478807A1 (fr) * 1980-03-21 1981-09-25 Deville Ste Indle Boite collectrice de raccordement pour appareil d'echanges thermiques
FR2676273B1 (fr) * 1991-05-10 1998-06-05 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Boite a fluide de forme generale tubulaire pour echangeur de chaleur.
DE9400687U1 (de) * 1994-01-17 1995-05-18 Thermal-Werke, Wärme-, Kälte-, Klimatechnik GmbH, 68766 Hockenheim Verdampfer für Klimaanlagen in Kraftfahrzeugen mit Mehrkammerflachrohren
FR2753783B1 (fr) * 1996-09-23 1998-11-27 Boite collectrice pour echangeur de chaleur, en particulier pour circuit de climatisation de vehicule automobile
FR2755222B1 (fr) * 1996-10-30 1999-01-08 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Echangeur de chaleur comportant une boite collectrice a deux compartiments adjacents

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Publication number Publication date
DE69910533T2 (de) 2004-06-24
DE69910533D1 (de) 2003-09-25
FR2780152A1 (fr) 1999-12-24
EP1015838A1 (de) 2000-07-05
WO1999067592A1 (fr) 1999-12-29
FR2780152B1 (fr) 2001-03-30

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