EP1009951A1 - Method for operating a boiler with forced circulation and boiler for its implementation - Google Patents

Method for operating a boiler with forced circulation and boiler for its implementation

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Publication number
EP1009951A1
EP1009951A1 EP97938700A EP97938700A EP1009951A1 EP 1009951 A1 EP1009951 A1 EP 1009951A1 EP 97938700 A EP97938700 A EP 97938700A EP 97938700 A EP97938700 A EP 97938700A EP 1009951 A1 EP1009951 A1 EP 1009951A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
steam
water
boiler
outlet
heat exchanger
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97938700A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1009951B1 (en
Inventor
Alfred Dethier
Pierre Grandjean
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cockerill Mechanical Industries SA
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Cockerill Mechanical Industries SA
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Publication date
Application filed by Cockerill Mechanical Industries SA filed Critical Cockerill Mechanical Industries SA
Publication of EP1009951A1 publication Critical patent/EP1009951A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1009951B1 publication Critical patent/EP1009951B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B29/00—Steam boilers of forced-flow type
    • F22B29/06—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes
    • F22B29/12—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes operating with superimposed recirculation during starting and low-load periods, e.g. composite boilers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
    • F22B35/06—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type
    • F22B35/14—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type during the starting-up periods, i.e. during the periods between the lighting of the furnaces and the attainment of the normal operating temperature of the steam boilers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of driving a boiler with forced circulation, in particular for a steam turbine, said boiler comprising at least a first heat exchanger whose inlet is connected to a water supply pipe and whose outlet is connected, through an adjustment valve, either to the inlet of a second heat exchanger, the outlet of which is connected to the steam turbine, or directly to the steam turbine.
  • the invention also relates to a boiler for implementing this method.
  • the invention without being limited thereto, relates more particularly to boilers supplying steam turbines used in thermal power plants for the production of electricity.
  • These power stations include, in fact, a boiler producing steam under pressure which actuates a steam turbine driving an electricity generator.
  • the boiler can be heated by a burner which burns fossil fuel or fuel from industry.
  • the boiler can also be a recovery boiler used in a so-called combined cycle thermal power plant.
  • a fuel for example natural gas or fuel oil
  • the exhaust gases from this gas turbine large in volume and rich in heat energy, are recovered in a so-called recovery boiler to produce pressurized steam which drives, via a steam turbine, a electricity generator.
  • the pressurized steam produced in the boiler instead of driving a turbine, can possibly be used for other needs.
  • boilers always include heat exchangers operating as evaporators (water) or superheaters (steam) arranged horizontally or vertically in a flow of hot gases.
  • evaporators water
  • superheaters steam
  • the water is gradually transformed into steam in an evaporator where the water and the water / steam mixture circulate by density difference with respect to each other.
  • the evaporator is followed by a superheater in which the steam produced in the evaporator is heated to the desired temperature. Since the operating principle is based on the difference in density of water and steam at a given temperature and pressure, these boilers cannot operate when this difference becomes too small, i.e. when the pressure increases. This operating principle can only operate at pressures below 150 to 160 bars.
  • Assisted circulation boilers also include several exchangers, but here water and steam circulate in the evaporator under the effect of an external force, for example a pump.
  • Boilers with assisted circulation can operate at higher pressures than those with natural circulation but, when the pressure gets too close to the critical pressure which is 221.2 bar, it is no longer possible to efficiently separate the water and steam to allow normal operation of the installation so that the principle of assisted circulation is limited to pressures below about 180 bars.
  • the water flows through the first part of the exchanger to the separator where the water and steam are separated by gravity.
  • the water is drained from the separator to a condenser or other tank, while the steam travels through the second part of the exchanger to undergo overheating.
  • the separator is said to be in wet operation.
  • the separator receives less and less water and at the end of the start-up phase, it receives only steam and becomes an inert element. It is then said to be in dry operation and will remain so during stabilized walking.
  • the separator is a tank subjected to high pressure and high temperature. It is therefore an expensive element which, moreover, introduces operating constraints due to the large wall thicknesses involved. In stabilized operation, not only is it an unnecessary element, but it also causes pressure losses on the water / steam side, altering the efficiency of the installation.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a new method for operating a forced circulation boiler as well as a boiler for the implementation of the process allowing the removal of the separator.
  • the present invention provides a method of driving a forced circulation boiler of the kind described in the preamble which is characterized in that, during the start-up phase, the regulating valve to the 2nd exchanger or the turbine is closed, in that, as long as the fluid at the outlet of the first exchanger is a two-phase fluid consisting of a mixture of water and steam, all the vapor is transformed by condensation, and in that, when the fluid at the outlet of the first evaporator is pure steam, the control valve is gradually opened.
  • the condensation of the vapor at the outlet of the first evaporator is carried out by mixing the two-phase fluid with supply water.
  • the condensed water thus obtained is sent to the condenser and is thus recycled.
  • the method according to the present invention makes it possible to eliminate the separator since there is no longer any separation between steam and water. According to the invention, as long as one is not in the presence of pure steam, all the steam is transformed into water and the passage of the mixture is prevented in the second exchanger or in the turbine.
  • the control elements such as regulators thus always work in a liquid medium.
  • the removal of the separator or start-up tank allows the removal of the thermal gradient constraints associated therewith.
  • the method according to the invention also allows faster starting of the boiler and a reduction in the pressure drop on the water / steam side in stabilized operation.
  • the invention also provides a forced circulation boiler, in particular for a steam turbine, comprising at least a first heat exchanger, the inlet of which is connected to a water supply pipe and the outlet of which is connected through a first valve.
  • the boiler shown schematically in the figure is a recovery boiler placed downstream of a gas turbine in a combined cycle power plant. With a few modifications, it could however work with a burner.
  • the boiler consists of two exchangers in series, namely an evaporator 1 0 producing, in stabilized operation, a slightly superheated steam and a final superheater 1 2 intended to heat the steam produced by the evaporator 1 0 at the desired temperature.
  • the two exchangers 10 and 1 2 consist, in a conventional manner, of tubes, with or without fins, here arranged horizontally in an upward flow of hot gases symbolized by the arrow 1 4 and constituted by the exhaust gases of a turbine gas.
  • the evaporator is supplied with water by a pump 1 6 through a supply line 1 8.
  • the flow rate in line 1 8 is adjusted by a flow control valve 20 under the control of a flow meter 22.
  • the outlet of the evaporator 10 is connected to a condenser, not shown, through an outlet pipe 24 and an expansion valve 26 under the control of a pressure gauge 28.
  • This expansion valve 26 controls and regulates the pressure in the circuit of the evaporator.
  • the outlet of the evaporator 10 is also connected through an adjustment valve 30 to the inlet of the superheater 12.
  • the outlet of the latter is connected through an outlet pipe 32 to the condenser and to the steam turbine not shown.
  • the pressure in the superheater circuit 12 is controlled by an expansion valve 34 under the control of a pressure gauge 36 during the start-up phase, and by the steam turbine in stabilized operation.
  • One of the features which characterizes the circuit of the boiler according to the present invention is a pipe 38 in bypass between the inlet pipe 1 8 and the outlet pipe 24 of the evaporator and which allows the mixing of a controlled quantity of "cold" water with the two-phase mixture produced by the evaporator during the start-up phase of the boiler.
  • the water flow rate in line 38 is adjusted by an adjustment valve 40 under the control of a thermometer 42 measuring the temperature downstream of line 38.
  • the evaporator Before starting the gas turbine, the evaporator is pressurized to a pressure compatible with the temperature of the gas in the turbine. This pressure which is controlled by the expansion valve 26 can be lower than the nominal pressure (for example 1 00 bar). A minimum flow (for example 30%) is ensured by the pump 1 6 and regulated by the valve 20 with return to the condenser through the expansion valve 26. The control valve 30 is then closed and the superheater 1 2 is isolated from the evaporator circuit 10.
  • the gas turbine is then started and stabilized at a load such that the temperature of the exhaust gases is approximately 1,00 ° C. higher than the saturation temperature in the evaporator 10, ie approximately 400 ° C. for the pressure. chosen.
  • thermometer 42 controls the progressive opening of the valve 40 to allow the flow, towards the pipe 24, of a regulated flow of "cold” water so that the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature (for example 300 ° C).
  • the vapor which begins to form in the evaporator 10 from the saturation temperature is transformed, by this supply of "cold” water, into water, so that the valve trigger 26 always remains in water at its inlet (with a water / steam mixture, it could not operate) and retains its adjustment capacity.
  • the valve 40 under the control of the thermometer 42, opens more to allow the supply of the quantity of water necessary for the condensation of all the vapor and so that the temperature at B is kept below the saturation temperature. This scenario lasts until there is no more water leaving the evaporator. From then on, the temperature rises again due to overheating of the steam. The absence of water at the outlet of the evaporator is therefore easily identifiable by an increase in temperature at A. This detection is used to gradually open the valve 30 to divert the steam 30 to the superheater 1 2 and to gradually close the valve 40 and the expansion valve 26.
  • the steam is now superheated to the desired temperature in the exchanger 12, the pressure of which is controlled by the expansion valve 34.
  • the control valve 30 is completely open, or possibly short-circuited by a bypass, the whole of the flow passes through the two exchangers, which ends the start-up phase and begins the stabilized operation.
  • the water flow rate will be regulated by the temperatures of the steam at the outlets of the evaporator 10 and of the superheater 12, and the expansion valve 34 increases the pressure to the nominal value.
  • the temperature of the steam leaving the evaporator keeps a slight overheating of around 50 ° C.
  • the final temperature of the steam leaving the boiler will be as requested at the nominal rate or may be controlled by a possible additional desuperheater for partial or peak loads.
  • the operation described above is valid for a nominal pressure of super-critical use or not. It can also be used for relatively low pressures. If the heating temperature is particularly low, the system for converting steam into water during start-up can be transposed to the boiler outlet, which would therefore only include one exchanger.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Control Of Steam Boilers And Waste-Gas Boilers (AREA)
  • Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
  • Devices For Medical Bathing And Washing (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/BE97/00098 Sec. 371 Date Jun. 17, 1999 Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 17, 1999 PCT Filed Sep. 1, 1997 PCT Pub. No. WO98/10222 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 12, 1998The invention concerns a boiler comprising at least a first heat exchanger (10) with its inlet connected to a water supplying duct (18) and its outlet connected, through a first regulating valve (30) to a steam turbine, either directly, or through a second heat exchanger (12). During the starting phase the regulating valve (30) is closed and as long as the fluid at the first heat exchanger (10) outlet is a mixture of water and steam, all the water is transformed into steam by condensation and the regulating valve (30) is opened only when the fluid at the first evaporator outlet is pure steam.

Description

PROCÉDÉ DE CONDUITE D'UNE CHAUDIERE A CIRCULATION FORCÉE ET CHAUDIERE POUR SA MISE EN OEUVRE METHOD FOR OPERATING A FORCED CIRCULATION BOILER AND BOILER FOR IMPLEMENTING IT
La présente invention concerne un procédé de conduite d'une chaudière à circulation forcée, notamment pour une turbine à vapeur, ladite chaudière comprenant au moins un premier échangeur de chaleur dont l'entrée est reliée à une conduite d'alimentation en eau et dont la sortie est reliée, à travers une vanne de réglage, soit à l'entrée d'un second échangeur de chaleur, dont la sortie est reliée à la turbine à vapeur, soit directement à la turbine à vapeur. L'invention concerne également une chaudière pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé.The present invention relates to a method of driving a boiler with forced circulation, in particular for a steam turbine, said boiler comprising at least a first heat exchanger whose inlet is connected to a water supply pipe and whose outlet is connected, through an adjustment valve, either to the inlet of a second heat exchanger, the outlet of which is connected to the steam turbine, or directly to the steam turbine. The invention also relates to a boiler for implementing this method.
L'invention, sans y être limitée, vise plus particulièrement les chaudières alimentant des turbines à vapeur utilisées dans les centrales thermiques de production d'électricité. Ces centrales comportent, en effet, une chaudière produisant de la vapeur sous pression qui actionne une turbine à vapeur entraînant un générateur d'électricité.The invention, without being limited thereto, relates more particularly to boilers supplying steam turbines used in thermal power plants for the production of electricity. These power stations include, in fact, a boiler producing steam under pressure which actuates a steam turbine driving an electricity generator.
La chaudière peut être chauffée par un brûleur qui brûle un combustible fossile ou un combustible issu de l'industrie. La chaudière peut également être une chaudière de récupération utilisée dans une centrale thermique dite à cycle combiné. Dans ce type de centrale, un combustible, par exemple gaz naturel ou fuel, est brûlé dans une turbine à gaz entraînant un générateur d'électricité. Les gaz d'échappement de cette turbine à gaz, importants en volume et riches en énergie calorifique, sont récupérés dans une chaudière dite de récupération pour produire de la vapeur sous pression qui entraîne, par l'intermédiaire d'une turbine à vapeur, un générateur d'électricité.The boiler can be heated by a burner which burns fossil fuel or fuel from industry. The boiler can also be a recovery boiler used in a so-called combined cycle thermal power plant. In this type of power plant, a fuel, for example natural gas or fuel oil, is burned in a gas turbine driving an electricity generator. The exhaust gases from this gas turbine, large in volume and rich in heat energy, are recovered in a so-called recovery boiler to produce pressurized steam which drives, via a steam turbine, a electricity generator.
La vapeur sous pression produite dans la chaudière, au lieu d'actionner une turbine, peut éventuellement être utilisée pour d'autres besoins.The pressurized steam produced in the boiler, instead of driving a turbine, can possibly be used for other needs.
Ces chaudières comportent toujours des échangeurs de chaleur fonctionnant en évaporateur (de l'eau) ou en surchauffeur (de la vapeur) disposés horizontalement ou verticalement dans un flux de gaz chauds. Suivant leur type de chauffe, leur arrangement, leur principe de fonctionnement, etc., on peut distinguer plusieurs types de chaudières. Dans une chaudière dite à circulation naturelle, l'eau est transformée progressivement en vapeur dans un évaporateur où l'eau et le mélange eau/vapeur circulent par différence de densité l'un par rapport à l'autre. L'évaporateur est suivi d'un surchauffeur dans lequel la vapeur produite dans l'évaporateur est chauffée à la température désirée. Étant donné que le principe de fonctionnement est basé sur la différence de densité de l'eau et de la vapeur à une température et une pression données, ces chaudières ne peuvent pas fonctionner quand cette différence devient trop faible, c'est-à-dire quand la pression augmente. Ce principe de fonctionnement ne peut fonctionner qu'à des pressions inférieures à 1 50 à 1 60 bars.These boilers always include heat exchangers operating as evaporators (water) or superheaters (steam) arranged horizontally or vertically in a flow of hot gases. Depending on their type of heating, their arrangement, their operating principle, etc., we can distinguish several types of boilers. In a so-called natural circulation boiler, the water is gradually transformed into steam in an evaporator where the water and the water / steam mixture circulate by density difference with respect to each other. The evaporator is followed by a superheater in which the steam produced in the evaporator is heated to the desired temperature. Since the operating principle is based on the difference in density of water and steam at a given temperature and pressure, these boilers cannot operate when this difference becomes too small, i.e. when the pressure increases. This operating principle can only operate at pressures below 150 to 160 bars.
Les chaudières à circulation assistée comportent également plusieurs échangeurs, mais ici l'eau et la vapeur circulent dans l'évaporateur sous l'effet d 'une force extérieure, par exemple d'une pompe. Les chaudières à circulation assistée peuvent fonctionner à des pressions plus élevées que celles à circulation naturelle mais, lorsque la pression se rapproche trop de la pression critique qui se situe à 221 ,2 bars, il n'est plus possible de séparer efficacement l'eau et la vapeur pour permettre un fonctionnement normal de l'installation si bien que le principe de la circulation assistée est limité à des pressions inférieures à environ 180 bars.Assisted circulation boilers also include several exchangers, but here water and steam circulate in the evaporator under the effect of an external force, for example a pump. Boilers with assisted circulation can operate at higher pressures than those with natural circulation but, when the pressure gets too close to the critical pressure which is 221.2 bar, it is no longer possible to efficiently separate the water and steam to allow normal operation of the installation so that the principle of assisted circulation is limited to pressures below about 180 bars.
Il faut en effet rappeler que, aussi bien les chaudières à circulation naturelle que celles à circulation assistée, comportent, entre l'évaporateur et le surchauffeur, un séparateur ou ballon nécessaire à séparer la vapeur de l'eau, car le surchauffeur et, surtout, la turbine ne fonctionnent qu'avec de la vapeur. Dans ce séparateur, l'eau est séparée par gravité de la vapeur et renvoyée dans l'évaporateur où elle effectue donc plusieurs passages.It should be remembered that, both natural circulation boilers and those with assisted circulation, have, between the evaporator and the superheater, a separator or balloon necessary to separate the steam from the water, because the superheater and, above all , the turbine only works with steam. In this separator, the water is separated by gravity from the vapor and returned to the evaporator where it therefore makes several passes.
Si ces deux types de chaudières sont limités du point de vue pression, il est, en revanche, bien connu que le rendement d'une turbine à vapeur est d'autant meilleur que la pression de la vapeur est plus élevée. C'est la raison pour laquelle la majorité des centrales thermiques classiques utilise une chaudière dite à circulation forcée ou plus souvent désignée par le terme anglais "once through" qui, en fait, décrit mieux ce type de chaudière étant donné que l'eau y est chauffée, transformée en vapeur et enfin surchauffée lors d'un seul passage dans la chaudière. Il n'y a plus ici de distinction précise entre les différents types d'échangeurs. La chaudière peut ne comporter qu'un seul échangeur, l'eau rentrant d'un côté, la vapeur surchauffée sortant de l'autre, sans présenter de bouclage intérieur. La tendance actuelle des centrales à cycle combiné est une montée en puissance des turbines à gaz, une augmentation des températures des fumées d'échappement et le passage en mode de circulation forcée de la chaudière de récupération de chaleur. Il est alors possible de produire de la vapeur à très haute pression, y compris en pression super critique.If these two types of boilers are limited from the pressure point of view, it is, on the other hand, well known that the efficiency of a steam turbine is all the better the higher the steam pressure. This is the reason why the majority of conventional thermal power plants use a so-called forced circulation boiler or more often designated by the English term "once through" which, in fact, better describes this type of boiler since the water therein is heated, transformed into steam and finally overheated in one passage in the boiler. There is no longer any precise distinction here between the different types of exchangers. The boiler may have only one exchanger, the water entering on one side, the superheated steam leaving the other, without having an internal loop. The current trend for combined cycle power plants is an increase in the power of gas turbines, an increase in exhaust smoke temperatures and the transition to forced circulation mode of the heat recovery boiler. It is then possible to produce steam at very high pressure, including super critical pressure.
Si, en marche stabilisée, ces chaudières à circulation forcée pouvaient se passer du séparateur, elles ne peuvent s'en passer lors de la phase de démarrage, car cette phase exige toujours une séparation de l'eau et de la vapeur vu que les organes de réglages tels que les détendeurs ne peuvent fonctionner avec un fluide diphasique constitué d'un mélange de vapeur et d'eau.If, in stabilized operation, these boilers with forced circulation could do without the separator, they cannot do without it during the start-up phase, because this phase always requires a separation of water and steam since the organs settings such as regulators cannot work with a two-phase fluid consisting of a mixture of steam and water.
Pendant cette phase de démarrage, l'eau parcourt la première partie de l'échangeur jusqu'au séparateur où l'eau et la vapeur sont séparées par gravité. L'eau est drainée du séparateur vers un condenseur ou autre réservoir, tandis que la vapeur parcourt la deuxième partie de l'échangeur pour subir une surchauffe. Pendant cette phase de démarrage, le séparateur est dit en fonctionnement humide.During this start-up phase, the water flows through the first part of the exchanger to the separator where the water and steam are separated by gravity. The water is drained from the separator to a condenser or other tank, while the steam travels through the second part of the exchanger to undergo overheating. During this start-up phase, the separator is said to be in wet operation.
Au fur et à mesure de la montée des températures et pressions, le séparateur reçoit de moins en moins d'eau et à la fin de la phase de démarrage, il ne reçoit plus que de la vapeur et devient un élément inerte. Il est dit alors en fonctionnement sec et le restera pendant la marche stabilisée.As temperatures and pressures rise, the separator receives less and less water and at the end of the start-up phase, it receives only steam and becomes an inert element. It is then said to be in dry operation and will remain so during stabilized walking.
Le séparateur est un réservoir soumis à haute pression et à haute température. Il s'agit donc d'un élément coûteux qui, de plus, introduit des contraintes de fonctionnement dues aux fortes épaisseurs de paroi mises en jeu. En marche stabilisée, non seulement c'est un élément superflu, mais il provoque, en outre, des pertes de charge du côté eau/vapeur, altérant le rendement de l'installation. Le but de la présente invention est de prévoir un nouveau procédé de conduite d'une chaudière à circulation forcée ainsi qu'une chaudière pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé permettant la suppression du séparateur.The separator is a tank subjected to high pressure and high temperature. It is therefore an expensive element which, moreover, introduces operating constraints due to the large wall thicknesses involved. In stabilized operation, not only is it an unnecessary element, but it also causes pressure losses on the water / steam side, altering the efficiency of the installation. The object of the present invention is to provide a new method for operating a forced circulation boiler as well as a boiler for the implementation of the process allowing the removal of the separator.
Pour atteindre cet objectif, la présente invention prévoit un procédé de conduite d'une chaudière à circulation forcée du genre décrit dans le préambule qui est caractérisée en ce que, pendant la phase de démarrage, la vanne de réglage vers le 2ème échangeur ou la turbine est fermée, en ce que, aussi longtemps que le fluide à la sortie du premier échangeur est un fluide diphasique constitué d'un mélange d'eau et de vapeur, on transforme, par condensation, toute la vapeur en eau et en ce que, lorsque le fluide à la sortie du premier évaporateur est de la vapeur pure, on ouvre progressivement la vanne de réglage.To achieve this objective, the present invention provides a method of driving a forced circulation boiler of the kind described in the preamble which is characterized in that, during the start-up phase, the regulating valve to the 2nd exchanger or the turbine is closed, in that, as long as the fluid at the outlet of the first exchanger is a two-phase fluid consisting of a mixture of water and steam, all the vapor is transformed by condensation, and in that, when the fluid at the outlet of the first evaporator is pure steam, the control valve is gradually opened.
La condensation de la vapeur à la sortie du premier évaporateur est réalisée par mélange du fluide diphasique avec de l'eau d'alimentation. L'eau de condensation ainsi obtenue est envoyée au condenseur et est ainsi recyclée.The condensation of the vapor at the outlet of the first evaporator is carried out by mixing the two-phase fluid with supply water. The condensed water thus obtained is sent to the condenser and is thus recycled.
Le procédé selon la présente invention permet de supprimer le séparateur étant donné qu'il n'y a plus de séparation entre la vapeur et l'eau. Selon l'invention, tant qu'on ne se trouve pas en présence de vapeur pure, on transforme toute la vapeur en eau et on empêche le passage du mélange dans le second échangeur ou dans la turbine. Les éléments de réglage tels que détendeurs travaillent ainsi toujours en milieu liquide.The method according to the present invention makes it possible to eliminate the separator since there is no longer any separation between steam and water. According to the invention, as long as one is not in the presence of pure steam, all the steam is transformed into water and the passage of the mixture is prevented in the second exchanger or in the turbine. The control elements such as regulators thus always work in a liquid medium.
La suppression du séparateur ou ballon de démarrage, outre la diminution des frais d'investissement, permet la suppression des contraintes de gradients thermiques qui y sont associés. Le procédé selon l'invention permet également un démarrage plus rapide de la chaudière et une diminution de la perte de charge du côté eau/vapeur en marche stabilisée. L'invention prévoit également une chaudière à circulation forcée, notamment pour turbine à vapeur, comprenant au moins un premier échangeur de chaleur dont l'entrée est reliée à une conduite d'alimentation en eau et dont la sortie est reliée à travers une première vanne de réglage à une turbine à vapeur, soit directement, soit à travers un second échangeur de chaleur, caractérisé en ce que la sortie du premier échangeur est reliée à travers une seconde vanne de réglage à la conduite d'alimentation et à travers une vanne de détente à un dispositif de condensation et en ce que la seconde vanne de réglage est contrôlée par la température du fluide en amont de la vanne de détente de manière à ce que, pendant la phase de démarrage, cette température reste inférieure à la température de saturation.The removal of the separator or start-up tank, in addition to the reduction in investment costs, allows the removal of the thermal gradient constraints associated therewith. The method according to the invention also allows faster starting of the boiler and a reduction in the pressure drop on the water / steam side in stabilized operation. The invention also provides a forced circulation boiler, in particular for a steam turbine, comprising at least a first heat exchanger, the inlet of which is connected to a water supply pipe and the outlet of which is connected through a first valve. adjustment to a steam turbine, either directly or through a second heat exchanger, characterized in that the outlet of the first exchanger is connected through a second valve regulating valve in the supply line and through an expansion valve to a condensing device and in that the second adjusting valve is controlled by the temperature of the fluid upstream of the expansion valve so that, during during the start-up phase, this temperature remains below the saturation temperature.
D'autres particularités de l'invention ressortiront de la description d'un mode de réalisation préféré, présenté, ci-dessous, à titre d'illustration, en référence à la figure annexée qui représente un schéma synoptique d'une chaudière à circulation forcée selon la présente invention.Other features of the invention will emerge from the description of a preferred embodiment, presented below, by way of illustration, with reference to the appended figure which represents a block diagram of a forced circulation boiler. according to the present invention.
La chaudière représentée schématiquement sur la figure est une chaudière de récupération placée en aval d'une turbine à gaz dans une centrale à cycle combiné. Moyennant quelques transformations, elle pourrait toutefois fonctionner avec un brûleur.The boiler shown schematically in the figure is a recovery boiler placed downstream of a gas turbine in a combined cycle power plant. With a few modifications, it could however work with a burner.
Dans l'exemple représenté, la chaudière est constituée de deux échangeurs en série, à savoir d'un évaporateur 1 0 produisant, en marche stabilisée, une vapeur légèrement surchauffée et d'un surchauffeur final 1 2 destiné à chauffer la vapeur produite par l'évaporateur 1 0 à la température souhaitée. Les deux échangeurs 10 et 1 2 sont constitués, de façon classique, de tubes, avec ou sans ailettes, disposés ici horizontalement dans un flux ascendant de gaz chauds symbolisé par la flèche 1 4 et constitués par les gaz d'échappement d'une turbine à gaz. L'évaporateur est alimenté en eau par une pompe 1 6 à travers une conduite d'alimentation 1 8. Le débit dans la conduite 1 8 est réglé par une vanne de réglage de débit 20 sous le contrôle d'un débitmètre 22.In the example shown, the boiler consists of two exchangers in series, namely an evaporator 1 0 producing, in stabilized operation, a slightly superheated steam and a final superheater 1 2 intended to heat the steam produced by the evaporator 1 0 at the desired temperature. The two exchangers 10 and 1 2 consist, in a conventional manner, of tubes, with or without fins, here arranged horizontally in an upward flow of hot gases symbolized by the arrow 1 4 and constituted by the exhaust gases of a turbine gas. The evaporator is supplied with water by a pump 1 6 through a supply line 1 8. The flow rate in line 1 8 is adjusted by a flow control valve 20 under the control of a flow meter 22.
La sortie de l'évaporateur 10 est reliée à un condenseur non représenté à travers une conduite de sortie 24 et une vanne de détente 26 sous la commande d'un manomètre 28. Cette vanne de détente 26 contrôle et règle la pression dans le circuit de l'évaporateur.The outlet of the evaporator 10 is connected to a condenser, not shown, through an outlet pipe 24 and an expansion valve 26 under the control of a pressure gauge 28. This expansion valve 26 controls and regulates the pressure in the circuit of the evaporator.
La sortie de l'évaporateur 10 est également reliée à travers une vanne de réglage 30 à l'entrée du surchauffeur 12. La sortie de celui- ci est reliée à travers une conduite de sortie 32 au condenseur et à la turbine à vapeur non représentée. La pression dans le circuit du surchauffeur 1 2 est contrôlée par une vanne de détente 34 sous la commande d'un manomètre 36 pendant ta phase de démarrage, et par la turbine à vapeur en marche stabilisée. L'une des particularités qui caractérise le circuit de la chaudière selon la présente invention est une conduite 38 en by-pass entre la conduite d'entrée 1 8 et la conduite de sortie 24 de l'évaporateur et qui permet le mélange d'une quantité contrôlée d'eau "froide" avec le mélange diphasique produit par l'évaporateur pendant la phase de démarrage de la chaudière. Le débit d'eau dans la conduite 38 est réglé par une vanne de réglage 40 sous la commande d'un thermomètre 42 mesurant la température en aval de la conduite 38.The outlet of the evaporator 10 is also connected through an adjustment valve 30 to the inlet of the superheater 12. The outlet of the latter is connected through an outlet pipe 32 to the condenser and to the steam turbine not shown. The pressure in the superheater circuit 12 is controlled by an expansion valve 34 under the control of a pressure gauge 36 during the start-up phase, and by the steam turbine in stabilized operation. One of the features which characterizes the circuit of the boiler according to the present invention is a pipe 38 in bypass between the inlet pipe 1 8 and the outlet pipe 24 of the evaporator and which allows the mixing of a controlled quantity of "cold" water with the two-phase mixture produced by the evaporator during the start-up phase of the boiler. The water flow rate in line 38 is adjusted by an adjustment valve 40 under the control of a thermometer 42 measuring the temperature downstream of line 38.
On va maintenant décrire le fonctionnement de la chaudière schématisée sur la figure. Avant le démarrage de la turbine à gaz, l'évaporateur est pressurisé à une pression compatible avec la température des gaz de la turbine. Cette pression qui est contrôlée par la vanne de détente 26 peut être inférieure à la pression nominale (par exemple 1 00 bars) . Un débit minimal (par exemple 30%) est assuré par la pompe 1 6 et réglé par la vanne 20 avec retour vers le condenseur à travers la vanne de détente 26. La vanne de réglage 30 est à ce moment fermée et le surchauffeur 1 2 est isolé du circuit de l'évaporateur 10.We will now describe the operation of the boiler shown diagrammatically in the figure. Before starting the gas turbine, the evaporator is pressurized to a pressure compatible with the temperature of the gas in the turbine. This pressure which is controlled by the expansion valve 26 can be lower than the nominal pressure (for example 1 00 bar). A minimum flow (for example 30%) is ensured by the pump 1 6 and regulated by the valve 20 with return to the condenser through the expansion valve 26. The control valve 30 is then closed and the superheater 1 2 is isolated from the evaporator circuit 10.
La turbine à gaz est alors démarrée et stabilisée à une charge telle que la température des gaz d'échappement soit supérieure d'environ 1 00°C à la température de saturation dans l'évaporateur 10, soit à environ 400°C pour la pression choisie.The gas turbine is then started and stabilized at a load such that the temperature of the exhaust gases is approximately 1,00 ° C. higher than the saturation temperature in the evaporator 10, ie approximately 400 ° C. for the pressure. chosen.
La température de l'eau à la sortie de l'évaporateur 10 au point A augmente rapidement jusqu'à la température de saturation et se stabilise ensuite au palier de l'évaporation. Lorsque cette température est presque atteinte au point B, le thermomètre 42 commande l'ouverture progressive de la vanne 40 pour permettre l'écoulement, vers la conduite 24, d'un débit réglé d'eau "froide" de manière que la température soit inférieure à la température de saturation (par exemple 300°C). Ainsi, la vapeur qui commence à se former dans l'évaporateur 10 à partir de la température de saturation se transforme, par cet apport d'eau "froide", en eau, si bien que la vanne de détente 26 reste toujours en eau à son entrée (avec un mélange eau/vapeur, elle ne pourrait pas fonctionner) et garde sa capacité de réglage.The temperature of the water leaving the evaporator 10 at point A increases rapidly to the saturation temperature and then stabilizes at the level of evaporation. When this temperature is almost reached at point B, the thermometer 42 controls the progressive opening of the valve 40 to allow the flow, towards the pipe 24, of a regulated flow of "cold" water so that the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature (for example 300 ° C). Thus, the vapor which begins to form in the evaporator 10 from the saturation temperature is transformed, by this supply of "cold" water, into water, so that the valve trigger 26 always remains in water at its inlet (with a water / steam mixture, it could not operate) and retains its adjustment capacity.
Au fur et à mesure de l'évaporation, la proportion de vapeur augmente au détriment de la proportion d'eau à la sortie de l'évaporateur 10. Par conséquent, la vanne 40, sous la commande du thermomètre 42, s'ouvre davantage pour permettre l'apport de la quantité d'eau nécessaire à la condensation de toute la vapeur et afin que la température en B soit maintenue en-dessous de la température de saturation. Ce scénario dure jusqu'à ce qu'il n'y ait plus d 'eau à la sortie de l'évaporateur. A partir de ce moment, la température augmente à nouveau par suite d'une surchauffe de la vapeur. L'absence d'eau à la sortie de l'évaporateur est donc aisément repérable par une augmentation de la température en A. Cette détection est utilisée pour ouvrir progressivement la vanne 30 pour dévier la vapeur 30 vers le surchauffeur 1 2 et pour fermer progressivement la vanne 40 et la vanne de détente 26.As the evaporation progresses, the proportion of steam increases at the expense of the proportion of water at the outlet of the evaporator 10. Consequently, the valve 40, under the control of the thermometer 42, opens more to allow the supply of the quantity of water necessary for the condensation of all the vapor and so that the temperature at B is kept below the saturation temperature. This scenario lasts until there is no more water leaving the evaporator. From then on, the temperature rises again due to overheating of the steam. The absence of water at the outlet of the evaporator is therefore easily identifiable by an increase in temperature at A. This detection is used to gradually open the valve 30 to divert the steam 30 to the superheater 1 2 and to gradually close the valve 40 and the expansion valve 26.
La vapeur est maintenant surchauffée à la température souhaitée dans l'échangeur 12 dont la pression est contrôlée par la vanne de détente 34. Lorsque la vanne de réglage 30 est complètement ouverte, ou éventuellement court-circuitée par un by-pass, l'entièreté du débit traverse les deux échangeurs, ce qui termine la phase de démarrage et débute la marche stabilisée.The steam is now superheated to the desired temperature in the exchanger 12, the pressure of which is controlled by the expansion valve 34. When the control valve 30 is completely open, or possibly short-circuited by a bypass, the whole of the flow passes through the two exchangers, which ends the start-up phase and begins the stabilized operation.
A partir de ce moment, la charge de la turbine à gaz peut être augmentée. Le débit d 'eau sera réglé par les températures de la vapeur aux sorties de l'évaporateur 10 et du surchauffeur 1 2 et la vanne de détente 34 augmente la pression jusqu'à la valeur nominale.From this moment, the load of the gas turbine can be increased. The water flow rate will be regulated by the temperatures of the steam at the outlets of the evaporator 10 and of the superheater 12, and the expansion valve 34 increases the pressure to the nominal value.
En marche stabilisée, la température de la vapeur à la sortie de l'évaporateur garde une légère surchauffe de l'ordre de 50°C. La température finale de la vapeur à la sortie de la chaudière sera telle que demandée à l'allure nominale ou peut être contrôlée par un éventuel désurchauffeur supplémentaire pour les charges partielles ou de pointe.In stabilized operation, the temperature of the steam leaving the evaporator keeps a slight overheating of around 50 ° C. The final temperature of the steam leaving the boiler will be as requested at the nominal rate or may be controlled by a possible additional desuperheater for partial or peak loads.
Le fonctionnement décrit ci-dessus est valable pour une pression nominale d'utilisation super-critique ou non. Il peut également être utilisé pour des pressions relativement faibles. Si la température de chauffe est particulièrement faible, le système de transformation de la vapeur en eau lors du démarrage peut être transposé en sortie de chaudière qui, dès lors, ne comporterait plus qu'un seul échangeur. The operation described above is valid for a nominal pressure of super-critical use or not. It can also be used for relatively low pressures. If the heating temperature is particularly low, the system for converting steam into water during start-up can be transposed to the boiler outlet, which would therefore only include one exchanger.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1 . Procédé de conduite d'une chaudière à circulation forcée, notamment pour une turbine à vapeur, la chaudière comprenant au moins un premier échangeur de chaleur ( 1 0) dont l'entrée est relié à une conduite d'alimentation en eau ( 1 8) et dont la sortie est reliée, à travers une vanne de réglage (30), soit à l'entrée d'un second échangeur de chaleur ( 1 2) , dont la sortie est reliée à la turbine à vapeur, soit directement à la turbine à vapeur, caractérisé en ce que, pendant la phase de démarrage, la vanne de réglage (30) est fermée, en ce que, aussi longtemps que le fluide à la sortie du premier échangeur ( 1 0) est un fluide diphasique constitué d 'un mélange d'eau et de vapeur, on transforme, par condensation, toute la vapeur en eau et en ce que, lorsque le fluide à la sortie du premier évaporateur est de la vapeur pure, on ouvre progressivement la vanne de réglage (30) . 1. Method of operating a forced circulation boiler, in particular for a steam turbine, the boiler comprising at least a first heat exchanger (1 0), the inlet of which is connected to a water supply pipe (1 8) and the outlet of which is connected, through an adjustment valve (30), either to the inlet of a second heat exchanger (1 2), the outlet of which is connected to the steam turbine, or directly to the turbine steam, characterized in that, during the start-up phase, the regulating valve (30) is closed, in that, as long as the fluid at the outlet of the first exchanger (1 0) is a two-phase fluid consisting of a mixture of water and steam, all the steam is converted into water by condensation and in that, when the fluid at the outlet of the first evaporator is pure steam, the control valve (30) is gradually opened .
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que l'on provoque la condensation à la sortie du premier évaporateur ( 1 0) par mélange du fluide diphasique avec de l'eau d'alimentation.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that one causes the condensation at the outlet of the first evaporator (1 0) by mixing the two-phase fluid with feed water.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'eau de condensation est recyclée vers l'entrée du premier échangeur de chaleur, via un condenseur et une pompe ( 1 6) .3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the condensation water is recycled to the inlet of the first heat exchanger, via a condenser and a pump (1 6).
4. Chaudière à circulation forcée, notamment, pour turbine à vapeur, comprenant au moins un premier échangeur de chaleur ( 10) dont l'entrée est reliée à une conduite d'alimentation en eau ( 1 8) et dont la sortie est reliée, à travers une première vanne de réglage (30), à une turbine à vapeur, soit directement, soit à travers un second échangeur de chaleur ( 1 2), caractérisée en ce que la sortie du premier échangeur ( 1 0) est reliée à travers une seconde vanne de réglage (40) à la conduite d'alimentation ( 1 8) et à travers une vanne de détente (26) à un condenseur et en ce que la seconde vanne de réglage (40) est contrôlée par la température dans la conduite (24) en amont de la vanne de détente (26), en B, de manière à ce que, pendant la phase de démarrage, cette température reste inférieure à la température de saturation. 4. Forced circulation boiler, in particular for a steam turbine, comprising at least a first heat exchanger (10), the inlet of which is connected to a water supply pipe (1 8) and the outlet of which is connected, through a first regulating valve (30), to a steam turbine, either directly or through a second heat exchanger (1 2), characterized in that the outlet of the first exchanger (1 0) is connected through a second control valve (40) to the supply line (1 8) and through an expansion valve (26) to a condenser and in that the second control valve (40) is controlled by the temperature in the line (24) upstream of the expansion valve (26), at B, so that, during the start-up phase, this temperature remains below the saturation temperature.
EP97938700A 1996-09-02 1997-09-01 Method for operating a boiler with forced circulation and boiler for its implementation Expired - Lifetime EP1009951B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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BE9600735 1996-09-02
BE9600735A BE1010594A3 (en) 1996-09-02 1996-09-02 Process for conducting the boiler boiler and forced circulation for its implementation.
PCT/BE1997/000098 WO1998010222A1 (en) 1996-09-02 1997-09-01 Method for operating a boiler with forced circulation and boiler for its implementation

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DE102010028720A1 (en) * 2010-05-07 2011-11-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for operating a steam generator
WO2014175871A1 (en) * 2013-04-24 2014-10-30 International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc Turbine protection system
JP6290063B2 (en) * 2014-10-06 2018-03-07 トクデン株式会社 Superheated steam generator
CN108506921B (en) * 2018-04-25 2024-04-30 西安西热节能技术有限公司 Medium-high pressure industrial steam supply system and method for power station boiler

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CN1232533A (en) 1999-10-20
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DE69717165D1 (en) 2002-12-19
US6152085A (en) 2000-11-28
EP1009951B1 (en) 2002-11-13
DK1009951T3 (en) 2003-03-10
WO1998010222A1 (en) 1998-03-12
BE1010594A3 (en) 1998-11-03
ATE227822T1 (en) 2002-11-15
JP2001508164A (en) 2001-06-19
AU4107097A (en) 1998-03-26
CA2264898C (en) 2007-01-09
CN1138943C (en) 2004-02-18
CA2264898A1 (en) 1998-03-12
DE69717165T2 (en) 2003-07-17
ES2186921T3 (en) 2003-05-16

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