EP0990075B1 - Böschungsmauersystem - Google Patents

Böschungsmauersystem Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0990075B1
EP0990075B1 EP98925353A EP98925353A EP0990075B1 EP 0990075 B1 EP0990075 B1 EP 0990075B1 EP 98925353 A EP98925353 A EP 98925353A EP 98925353 A EP98925353 A EP 98925353A EP 0990075 B1 EP0990075 B1 EP 0990075B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
retaining wall
panel
loop
footing
footing member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98925353A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0990075A1 (de
Inventor
David W. Ash
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Northern Stresswall Canada Ltd
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Northern Stresswall Canada Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Northern Stresswall Canada Ltd filed Critical Northern Stresswall Canada Ltd
Publication of EP0990075A1 publication Critical patent/EP0990075A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0990075B1 publication Critical patent/EP0990075B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/025—Retaining or protecting walls made up of similar modular elements stacked without mortar

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to soil engineering and retaining walls and more specifically to modular precast concrete retention systems.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,668,129 (Babcock et al) discloses a modular precast concrete retaining wall system that utilizes rigid counterfort elements that interact with the surrounding backfill or bulk material to redistribute stresses within the retained soil mass.
  • the wall configurations disclosed in the above referenced patent are capable of providing high stable retaining walls, none of the walls provide a smooth visually unbroken face. This is because the concrete retaining wall panels are supported at each end by bearing directly upon the vertical columns of each adjacent precast concrete counterfort. These column portions must be of sufficient thickness and strength to withstand the transmitted earth loads from the wall panels retaining the earth mass.
  • Patent 4,668,129 typically result in substantial protruding vertical columns that are regularly spaced vertically or horizontally along the length of the retaining wall. Many situations preclude the use of such a retaining wall configuration. For example, if directly next to a roadway the protruding vertical concrete columns may be deemed to be a dangerous obstruction or if columns are incompatible with architectural aspects of the facing.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,655,646 attempts to overcome the problem of exposed vertical counterfort columns by providing configurations that hold prestressed wall panels with horizontal continuous precast concrete beams placed at the base and top of the precast concrete counterforts. While the configurations provided by U.S. Patent 4,655,646 eliminate the vertical counterfort columns the disclosed configurations still do not provide a smooth unbroken architectural face. Also, the wall configurations of U.S. Patent 4,655,646 require additional precast beam components which are expensive and difficult to transport and handle. Erection proves most difficult and construction tolerances are greatly reduced.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,884,921 discloses a modular "T" unit that can be stacked in multiple configurations to create a smooth faced retaining wall system.
  • the stacking of these "T" units creates a brick bonded system from the top to the bottom of the wall system. This direct stacking of the modular units without backfill between adjacent vertical units precludes soil arching and provides none of the desired geotechnical benefits disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 4,668,129.
  • FR-A-2 474 562 discloses a construction component for the building of retaining walls comprising a vertical member for the retention of the soil and a horizontal member, the two members being connected together during construction of the retaining wall.
  • the vertical and horizontal members are respectively provided with reinforcing rods which are connected by a key for locking the vertical and horizontal members in position.
  • this is only an initial connection. In order to securely locate the vertical and horizontal members in position, it is necessary to pour concrete over the connection to embed the reinforcing rods and key. This requires the use of poured concrete at the construction site.
  • the invention provides a retaining wall module in accordance with claim 1 of the appended claims.
  • a modular wall retaining system comprising a plurality of the retaining wall modules arranged in a row along the ground with the wall panel members in abutting relationship with one another.
  • the modular retaining wall system may comprise a plurality of the rows arranged in tiers.
  • a retaining wall module comprising a pair of opposing wall panel members, each having a front and a rear and provided with a connection member at its rear and a footing member extending between the rears of the wall panel members and being mechanically connected to each wall panel member by means of the connection members.
  • Figure 1 shows an assembled retaining wall module 1 of the present invention.
  • the assembled components depicted in Figure 1 comprise a precast concrete wall panel member 2 and a precast concrete footing member 4.
  • Panel 2 is mechanically attached to the footing member 4 by a connecting loop 10 that is an integral component of panel 2.
  • Connecting loop 10 fits into a matching connecting loop groove 20 ( Figure 2) that is a manufactured component of footing member 4.
  • Connecting loop 10 may be made of any structurally suitable material, such as a steel rod or cable, and be incorporated into panel 2 by any conventional method.
  • Extension clip 12 is a continuous tie-back element which is preferably in the form of a rigid steel rod. It is attached to footing member 4 by looping it into a connecting groove 22 (Figure 2) that is part of footing head 8. Once attached to the footing member 4, extension clip 12 may be used to strengthen and stabilize backfill material 6 or may be connected to a deadman anchor 36, as shown in Figure 5. Footing member 4 is also manufactured with a raised formation 14 to securely lock the retaining wall module 1 into the material backfill 6.
  • retaining wall modules 1 can be used to construct numerous retaining wall configurations to meet design requirements. More specific design methods and the geotechnical engineering advantages are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,668,129.
  • FIG 2 more fully illustrates the footing member 4 of the retaining wall module 1 of Figure 1.
  • Footing member 4 is of a general rectangular shape with the head portion 8 having an assembly facet 26 and connecting grooves 20 and 22. Footing member 4 is typically manufactured having a flat bottom to facilitate alignment on a graded surface and backfill interaction, respectively. Footing member 4 includes a panel bearing area 24. Head 8 must be of sufficient size and strength to withstand the shear forces imparted by connecting loop 10 ( Figure 1) and the shear forces generated by extension clip 12 when used. Panel bearing area 24 is used to effect the final alignment of panel 2 with footing member 4.
  • FIG 3 more fully discloses panel member 2 of the retaining wall module 1 depicted in Figure 1.
  • Panel 2 is of general rectangular shape having connecting loop 10 laterally centered on the rear of the panel 2.
  • Panel 2 must be of sufficient thickness and strength to transmit the retained earth loads from panel 2 through the moment connection between connecting loop 10 and panel bearing area 24 to the coupled footing member 4 ( Figure 1).
  • the edge cross section of panel 2 may be varied as dictated by design or architectural requirements.
  • FIG 4 shows a cross section of a typical three tier retaining wall using the retaining wall modules 1 of the present invention.
  • Tier one components 29 are erected on a base excavation 32 and backfill 6 is placed to the level of the base of the next higher tier 31.
  • Tier two components 31 are then erected and backfill placed up to the base level of the top tier components 33.
  • backfill 6 is placed for the tier three retaining wall components 33 and compacted to the final grade line 27.
  • Multiple retaining wall modules as described in Figure 1, comprising panels 2 connected to footing members 4 by connecting loops 10 are used to construct the three tier wall.
  • a clearance 34 is provided between adjacent tiers to allow for vertical movement between the vertically adjacent tiers and is maintained during the construction sequence so that the footing member 4 can react with the backfill 6 to produce the stable retention structure.
  • FIG 5 illustrates the use of a vertical tiered configuration of the retaining wall modules of Figure 1 in conjunction with additional stabilization devices that may be required by specific retaining wall designs.
  • the retaining wall modules comprise panels 2 connected to footing member 4 by means of connecting loops 10 ( Figure 1).
  • tier 29 is placed at the base of excavation 32 and is anchored to bedrock 41 by rock anchor 42.
  • the tier 31 footing members are in this case anchored by soil nails 40 before backfill 6 is placed and compacted for tier 31.
  • third tier 33 footing members are anchored by soil nails 40 after being erected.
  • the footing members 4 used as components for tier 29 through tier 33 are designed and manufactured to accept the rock anchors or soil nails and may be field modified as required. Once the backfill 6 is placed to a grade at the top of tier 33, the fourth tier 35 components are erected. The tier 35 retaining wall modules are used in conjunction with a geogrid 38 stabilizing element attached by placing the footing member 4 over the geogrid 38.
  • the fifth tier 37, of the retaining wall system, illustrated in Figure 5, incorporates extension clips 12 attached as depicted in Figure 1 to the retaining wall modules to increase stability in the lateral direction.
  • the lateral resistance provided by the extension clip 12 embedded in backfill 6 is sufficient to provide a required additional lateral resistance.
  • the extension clip 12 attached to the tier six retaining wall modules 39 is also connected to a deadman anchor 36 to generate an additional required lateral resistance after backfill 6 is placed to plan and grade.
  • Deadman anchors 36 would typically be necessary on the top tiers of walls constructed in high seismic zones or in cases where a wall supports a significant active surcharge load such as a railroad.
  • the wall system depicted in Figure 5 is a hybrid system specifically chosen to illustrate the use of known techniques and components of the earth retention art with the precast concrete retaining wall module 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a specific variation of the footing member 4 of the present invention.
  • the footing member is precast having two heads 8, one on each opposing end, to create a fence footing member 46. Both heads 8 of the footing member 46 have associated connecting grooves 20.
  • the footing member 46 has a pair of opposed longitudinal sides 46.1 and a pair of opposed transverse sides 46.2.
  • the footing member 46 has a third pair of sides 46.3 which are located diagonally opposite each other.
  • the sides 46.1, 46.2 and 46.3 are slanted, as shown in Figure 7.
  • the footing member 46 is also provided with a lip 47 extending around its lower periphery. This lip 47 can be removed by knocking it off with a mason hammer, depending on the type of application, as will be described below.
  • the utility of the fence footing member 46 is that it allows the creation of free standing precast concrete wall structures which may be utilized as fences, median dividers, and sound walls, for material segregation etc.
  • the outer face of the lip 47 provides a bearing surface 24 for contact with a wall panel member, such as the wall panel member 49, a number of which are shown in Figure 8.
  • a free standing wall is formed by attaching a pair of opposed panel members 49 at a pair of opposed sides of the footing member 47, as shown in Figure 8.
  • Each panel member 49 has a connecting loop 10 which is engaged with the groove 20 on the head 8 of the footing member 46.
  • the one panel member 49 is connected to the one head 8 and the opposing panel member 49 is connected to the other head 8.
  • each panel member 49 has a front side 49.1 which is inclined relative to its rear side 49.2 so that when the rear sides 49.2 of a pair of opposed panel members 49 are in a vertical position, the front sides of the panel members 49 are tapered upwardly.
  • the wall shown in Figure 8 is a three tier tapered wall.
  • the footing member 46 is located transversely relative to the panel members 49, so that the lips 47 on the opposed sides 46.2 are in contact with the panel members 49, as shown in Figure 9A.
  • the footing member 46 is located diagonally between the panel members 49, so that it is the lips 47 on the diagonally opposed sides 46.3 which are in contact with the panel members 49, as shown in Figure 9B.
  • the footing member 46 is located longitudinally between the panel members 49 so that it is the lips 47 on the opposed longitudinal sides 46.1 which are in contact with the panel members 49. (For the sake of simplicity, the lip 47 and loops 10 are not shown in Figures 9A, B and C).
  • backfill 6 is introduced between the wall panels 49 so that the tiers are stacked vertically.
  • a free standing wall with vertical outside faces can be constructed, as shown in Figure 10.
  • a bearing surface 24 is provided at the face where the lip 47 has been removed.
  • the opposed transverse sides 46.2 are in contact with the panel members 49 so that the footing member 46 is located transversely, but walls of different thickness can be constructed by orienting the footing member 46 diagonally or longitudinally, as shown in Figures 9B and 9C, respectively.
  • Figure 11 shows an isometric cut-away drawing of a single tier free standing wall construction using a differently shaped footing member 51.
  • Panels 2 (or 49) are coupled to both ends of the footing member 51 by the connecting loops 10 that are hooked over each head 8. The panels 2 bear on the panel bearing area 24.
  • Backfill 6 is placed, to a design elevation, between panels 2 for added mass and increased stability.
  • a fence cap 48 covers and joins the two opposing panels 2.
  • horizontal earth loads are substantially decreased by the reduced volume of backfill 6. This allows significantly taller panels to be supported in the fence configurations.
  • the design width of fence footing member 51 and/or the batter angle of panel bearing surface 24 can be varied as desired and provide the degree of versatility necessary to create structures of varied geometries. For example, a structure having a trapezoidal cross section may be built by stacking fence footing members 46 of decreasing width.
  • a cap 48 may also be used to cover the opposing panels 49 in the top most tier of the walls of Figures 8 and 10.
  • Figures 12 and 15 are a series of sequential illustrations detailing the assembly method for the retaining wall module 1.
  • the panel 2 is mechanically coupled, at its lateral center point, to footing member 4 by connecting loop 10.
  • a necessary requirement to create a secure rigid coupling of panel 2 with footing member 4 is that connecting loop 10 be firmly fixed into connecting loop groove 20.
  • Figure 12 depicts the two components prior to assembly.
  • the footing member 4 is positioned to line and grade and any required extensions clips are connected to footing member 4 at connecting groove 22.
  • the panel 2 is then supported above and at an angle to the footing member head 8 with a hand truck, a crane, or manually, depending upon the size and weight of panel 2.
  • FIG. 12 The panel positioning depicted in Figure 12 facilitates hooking connecting loop 10 in connecting groove 20 on the head 8 of footing member 4 as illustrated in Figure 13.
  • Figures 13 and 14 also illustrate the utility of assembly facet 26 which allows panel 2 to rotate to a vertical position without impinging upon footing member head 8 while keeping connecting loop 10 securely seated in connecting groove 20.
  • Figure 15 illustrates a completely assembled retaining wall module 1 of the present invention. Loads from panel 2 are transferred to footing member 4 at the panel bearing area 24. When required by design, an extension clip may be attached to footing member 4 at connecting groove 22 during assembly of the retaining wall module 1.
  • Figure 16 is a schematic cross-section of a single tier retaining wall, using the retaining wall module 1 of this invention, that illustrates the resultant force vectors generated by earth loads upon the assembled and backfilled module.
  • Backfill 6 is placed in excavation 32 covering footing member 4 and is retained by panel 2.
  • Backfill 6 having specific design characteristics exerts lateral force 50 on panel 2 which is transferred to footing member 4 through connecting loop 10 and vertical force 51 on footing member 4.
  • the lateral force 50 is opposed by friction force 54 that is generated as a result of material reactions to loading from backfill 6.
  • Geotechnical design insures that satisfactory design factors of safety are maintained for each specific retaining wall installation. A detailed description of geotechnical design procedures is disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 4,668,129.
  • Figure 17 is a perspective view of a completed retaining wall of retaining wall modules 1 of the present invention and illustrates the smooth unbroken architectural wall face 58 that is achieved with the invention.
  • Figure 18 shows an isometric view of a panel 60, similar to the panel 2 of Figure 3, but with a connecting loop 62 which is not integral with the panel 60.
  • the panel 60 is provided with a pair of recesses 64 in its rear, each recess 64 being provided with a connection pin.66, as shown in Figure 17.
  • the loop 62 is configured into a hook 68 at each end (see Figure 20) for engagement with the connection pins 66.
  • the loop 62 may therefore be attached to the panel 60 at the construction site, thereby facilitating transportation of the panel 60.
  • a footing member 70 which has hooks 72 which are integral therewith, as shown in Figure 21.
  • the footing member 70 is attached to the panel 60 by engaging the hooks 72 with the connecting pins 66. This is achieved by initially locating the footing member 70 in an inclined position relative to the panel 60, as shown in Figure 22, engaging the hooks 72 with the pins 66 and then lowering the footing member 70 to lock it in position.
  • the present invention provides a novel and unique method and apparatus for building precast concrete retaining walls having architecturally uniform wall faces while using a geotechnically preferred design procedure.
  • the necessary precast concrete components (footing member and panel) assemble to make a standardized retaining wall module that can be used to create many and varied retention structures.
  • a special fence footing member component allows the invention to be used to build free standing median dividers, fences, and sound walls.
  • the present invention allows the coupling of the panel to the footing member (counterfort) to be made at the lateral mid-point of the panel. The structural forces are therefore concentrated toward the center of the precast panel where it is most desirable structurally. Previous walls of this type effected the load transfer between panel and counterfort at the panel edges where it is difficult and expensive to provide the necessary structural reinforcement.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Threshing Machine Elements (AREA)
  • Eye Examination Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Stützwandmodul (1) mit einem Wandplattenelement (2,60), das im Einsatz eine Vorderseite und eine Rückseite aufweist und mit einer Querschlaufe (10,62) auf seiner Rückseite versehen ist, und einem Sockelelement (4), das mit der Rückseite des Plattenelements (2,60) mittels jeweils am Wandelement (2,60) und am Sockelelement (4) vorgesehener, ineinandergreifender Elemente mechanisch verbunden ist,
       dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Querschlaufe (10,62) das an dem Wandelement (2,60) vorgesehene, ineinandergreifende Element umfasst, das Sockelelement (4) eine längliche Basis und einen Kopf (B) an einem Ende der Basis, der in Eingriff mit der Schlaufe (10,62) steht, umfasst, und der Kopf (8) das an dem Sockelelement (4) vorgesehene ineinandergreifende Element umfasst.
  2. Stützwandmodul nach Anspruch 1, wobei sich die Schlaufe (10,62) im wesentlichen mittig am Wandplattenelement (2,60) befindet.
  3. Stützwandmodul nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Schlaufe (10,62) aus einem starren Material gefertigt ist.
  4. Stützwandmodul nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Plattenelement (2,60) aus vorgegossenem Beton gefertigt ist und die Schlaufe (10,62) integral mit dem Plattenelement (2,60) ausgebildet ist.
  5. Stützwandmodul nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Schlaufe (10,62) an dem Plattenelement (60) mittels ineinandergreifender Formationen (66,68), die jeweils an dem Plattenelement (60) und an der Schlaufe (62) vorgesehen sind, angebracht ist.
  6. Stützwandmodul nach Anspruch 5, wobei die ineinandergreifenden Formationen ein Paar Ausnehmungen (64) auf der Rückseite des Plattenelements (60) umfassen, wobei sich in jeder Ausnehmung (64) ein Verbindungsstift bzw.-zapfen (66) und an der Schlaufe (62) ein Paar Haken (68) zum Eingriff mit den Verbindungsstiften bzw. -zapfen (66) in den Ausnehmungen (64) befinden.
  7. Stützwandmodul nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Sockelelement (4) mit einer Nut bzw. Rille (20) am Kopf (B) zur Aufnahme der Schlaufe (10,62) versehen ist.
  8. Stützwandmodul nach Anspruch 7, wobei das Sockelelement (4) mit einer Sekundär-Nut bzw. -Rille (22) zum Eingriff mit einem Rückhalteelement (12) versehen ist, das sich rückwärts vom Wandplattenelement (2,60) erstreckt.
  9. Modulares Stützwandsystem, das mehrere der Module gemäß Anspruch 1 umfasst, die in einer Reihe entlang dem Boden angeordnet sind, wobei die Wandplattenelemente (2,60) miteinander in Stoßbeziehung stehen.
  10. Modulares Stützwandsystem nach Anspruch 9, mit mehreren der Reihen, die in Lagen bzw. Ebenen angeordnet sind.
EP98925353A 1997-06-17 1998-06-12 Böschungsmauersystem Expired - Lifetime EP0990075B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/877,423 US6113316A (en) 1997-06-17 1997-06-17 Retaining wall system
US877423 1997-06-17
PCT/CA1998/000545 WO1998058133A1 (en) 1997-06-17 1998-06-12 Retaining wall system

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0990075A1 EP0990075A1 (de) 2000-04-05
EP0990075B1 true EP0990075B1 (de) 2003-04-23

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98925353A Expired - Lifetime EP0990075B1 (de) 1997-06-17 1998-06-12 Böschungsmauersystem

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6113316A (de)
EP (1) EP0990075B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE238463T1 (de)
AU (1) AU731399B2 (de)
CA (2) CA2234360A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69813809T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2199443T3 (de)
NZ (1) NZ502318A (de)
WO (1) WO1998058133A1 (de)

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US20080292413A1 (en) * 2007-05-23 2008-11-27 Mateer Stephen A Cast stone, earthen retaining wall system incorporating geogrid, textile or fabric as the soil reinforcement.
US20090148242A1 (en) * 2007-12-10 2009-06-11 Bruce Collet Retaining wall system
ITMO20090009A1 (it) 2009-01-20 2010-07-21 Geotech Lizenz A G Elemento da costruzione per l'erezione di muri con riempimento di materiale di riporto, particolarmente terra o simili
US7908799B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2011-03-22 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Wall blocks, wall block kits, walls resulting therefrom, and methods
US8256182B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2012-09-04 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Free-standing wall arrangement and methods
JP6047397B2 (ja) * 2012-12-26 2016-12-21 矢作建設工業株式会社 盛土・地山複合補強土壁構造及び盛土・地山複合補強土壁工法
US9103089B2 (en) * 2013-03-15 2015-08-11 Tricon Precast, Ltd. Loop and saddle connection system and method for mechanically stablized earth wall
US9856622B2 (en) 2016-03-30 2018-01-02 Robert Gordon McIntosh Retaining wall system, method of supporting same, and kit for use in constructing same
US10100485B1 (en) * 2017-09-28 2018-10-16 Northern Stresswell Canada Ltd. Retaining wall counterfort and retaining wall system
JP6346369B1 (ja) * 2017-12-17 2018-06-20 四国ブロック工業株式会社 補強土壁工事の安全対策用柵
CA183952S (en) 2018-10-05 2019-08-12 Rocky Mountain Stone Works Ltd Block for a retaining wall

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2199443T3 (es) 2004-02-16
CA2296383A1 (en) 1998-12-23
AU731399B2 (en) 2001-03-29
ATE238463T1 (de) 2003-05-15
EP0990075A1 (de) 2000-04-05
DE69813809D1 (de) 2003-05-28
US6113316A (en) 2000-09-05
CA2296383C (en) 2004-12-07
DE69813809T2 (de) 2004-03-11
NZ502318A (en) 2001-05-25
WO1998058133A1 (en) 1998-12-23
AU7753598A (en) 1999-01-04
CA2234360A1 (en) 1998-12-17

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