EP0962604A1 - Wärmedämmendes und schallabsorbierendes Dach - Google Patents

Wärmedämmendes und schallabsorbierendes Dach Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0962604A1
EP0962604A1 EP99400859A EP99400859A EP0962604A1 EP 0962604 A1 EP0962604 A1 EP 0962604A1 EP 99400859 A EP99400859 A EP 99400859A EP 99400859 A EP99400859 A EP 99400859A EP 0962604 A1 EP0962604 A1 EP 0962604A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vapor barrier
layer
porous layer
support
vapor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99400859A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0962604B1 (de
Inventor
Marc Mullier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rockwool Isolation SA
Original Assignee
Rockwool Isolation SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=9526764&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0962604(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Rockwool Isolation SA filed Critical Rockwool Isolation SA
Priority to DK99400859T priority Critical patent/DK0962604T3/da
Publication of EP0962604A1 publication Critical patent/EP0962604A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0962604B1 publication Critical patent/EP0962604B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/16—Insulating devices or arrangements in so far as the roof covering is concerned, e.g. characterised by the material or composition of the roof insulating material or its integration in the roof structure
    • E04D13/1606—Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure
    • E04D13/1643—Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure the roof structure being formed by load bearing corrugated sheets, e.g. profiled sheet metal roofs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/88—Insulating elements for both heat and sound
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8433—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling with holes in their face

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a building covering device comprising a ribbed sheet support, a vapor barrier comprising a layer impermeable to water vapor, a thermally insulating mattress and a waterproofing membrane, mutually superimposed in this order, the waterproofing membrane covering the upper extremities of organs assembly which cross the other aforementioned constituents of the device.
  • Such devices are well known and are defined for example in the French standard NF P 84-206.
  • the impermeable layer of the vapor barrier is a thin sheet of aluminum, which is glued, to ensure its mechanical strength and allow its manipulation, on a glass veil with an areal mass of approximately 40 g / m 2 .
  • the vapor barrier does not give the device any sound absorption property.
  • the components of the device are generally assembled together by means of screws which pass through them.
  • the thickness of the membrane covers the head of the screw. If a person walks in the vicinity of a screw and the porous layer of the vapor barrier crashes there, this results in a sagging of the overlying layers and the screw passes through the second layer of the waterproofing membrane, destroying the waterproofing of the roof.
  • the invention relates in particular to a device of the kind defined in the introduction, and provides that the vapor barrier further comprises a layer with open porosity of a surface mass of at least 240 g / m 2 , giving the device properties of sound absorption and practically not being crushed when a person steps on it.
  • vapor barrier here designates all of the layers interposed between the ribbed support and the thermal mattress insulator, which is preferably a preconstituted subset, but which can if necessary be made up of layers applied independently.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show the known structure of a device of building cover.
  • This device includes a support 1 made of perforated ribbed sheet steel, forming gutters 2 of trapezoidal profile, open upwards, extending parallel to each other. The edges of two neighboring gutters are connected together by a strip of material 3, the different bands 3 extending in a same plan.
  • the support 1 is pierced with a multitude of holes 4 with a radius of 5 mm arranged with a mutual center distance of 12.5 mm.
  • the perforation rate of the support is 22%.
  • Each gutter 2 is filled with a profiled block 5 having a corresponding trapezoidal cross-section, for example formed of mineral wool and surrounded by a waterproof sheet.
  • the latter may be made of high density polyethylene and used to avoid dust emission.
  • Blocks 5 play the role of thermal and / or acoustic absorbent.
  • the substantially continuous planar surface defined by the strips 3 and the upper face of the blocks 5 is covered a vapor barrier 6 which will be described later, on which rests a thermal insulation mattress 7 for example based mineral wool.
  • Figure 1 also shows two layers 8 and 9 of a waterproofing membrane, glued to each other, as well as the flat head 10 of a screw used for the mutual assembly of components of the device.
  • the lower layer 8 can be crossed by the rod of the screw, the head 10 thereof applying it to the upper face of the insulating mattress 7.
  • the continuity of the membrane seal is then ensured by layer 9.
  • layer 8 can cover the screw head and be glued to the mattress 7.
  • the vapor barrier 6 comprises a waterproof upper layer 6a (FIG. 2) constituted by aluminum foil.
  • the sheet 6a is bonded to a porous layer 6b constituted by a glass fiber veil with a surface mass of at least 240 g / m 2 .
  • layer 6b can be obtained by superimposing several layers totaling a surface mass of at least 240 g / m 2 .
  • Figure 3 shows the variation of the sound absorption coefficient ⁇ S , measured according to the French standard NF EN 20354, as a function of the median frequency f in hertz. The measurements were carried out on a device according to FIGS. 1 and 2, the insulating blanket being made of rock wool and having a thickness of 60 mm and a density of 160 kg / m 3 , and the waterproofing membrane being composed two layers of bitumen, each having a thickness of 3.5 mm and a surface mass of 8.8 kg / m 2 .
  • Figure 4 is similar to Figure 3, and relating to a cover device in which blocks 5 have been omitted.
  • the coefficient ⁇ W was also determined according to the draft international standard ISO / DIS 11654. This coefficient is equal to 0.85 with blocks 5 and 0.70 in the absence of these.
  • the invention provides good characteristics sound absorption, especially when blocks 5 are present, but also when they are omitted.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
  • Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)
  • Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
EP99400859A 1998-05-27 1999-04-08 Wärmedämmendes und schallabsorbierendes Dach Expired - Lifetime EP0962604B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK99400859T DK0962604T3 (da) 1998-05-27 1999-04-08 Varmeisolerende og akustisk absorberende tagdækning

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9806676A FR2779166B1 (fr) 1998-05-27 1998-05-27 Toiture thermiquement isolante et acoustiquement absorbante
FR9806676 1998-05-27

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0962604A1 true EP0962604A1 (de) 1999-12-08
EP0962604B1 EP0962604B1 (de) 2004-06-16

Family

ID=9526764

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99400859A Expired - Lifetime EP0962604B1 (de) 1998-05-27 1999-04-08 Wärmedämmendes und schallabsorbierendes Dach

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0962604B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE269460T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69917992T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0962604T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2224567T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2779166B1 (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1111147A2 (de) * 1999-12-13 2001-06-27 Fratelli Re S.r.l. Aufbau einer Wärme- und Schallisolierenden monolithischen gebogenen Platte, insbesondere nützlich zur Eindeckung von Zivil- und Industriegebäuden
FR2827889A1 (fr) * 2001-07-27 2003-01-31 Saint Gobain Isover Systeme d'isolation a fixer ayant une feuille d'etancheite
WO2013093057A1 (en) * 2011-12-22 2013-06-27 Rockwool International A/S Insulating element for the insulation of flat roofs
EP3467230A1 (de) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-10 HILTI Aktiengesellschaft Baugruppe mit profilblech und brandschutz- und oder schallschutzelement sowie brandschutz- und /oder schallschutzelement zur bildung einer baugruppe

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI13095Y1 (fi) * 2021-11-11 2022-01-21 Rautaruukki Oyj Akustiikkaprofiili

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2635603A1 (fr) * 1988-08-22 1990-02-23 Smac Acieroid Paroi interieure d'absorption acoustique
GB2261846A (en) * 1991-11-27 1993-06-02 Salex Acoustic Materials Limit Acoustic composite material

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2635603A1 (fr) * 1988-08-22 1990-02-23 Smac Acieroid Paroi interieure d'absorption acoustique
GB2261846A (en) * 1991-11-27 1993-06-02 Salex Acoustic Materials Limit Acoustic composite material

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1111147A2 (de) * 1999-12-13 2001-06-27 Fratelli Re S.r.l. Aufbau einer Wärme- und Schallisolierenden monolithischen gebogenen Platte, insbesondere nützlich zur Eindeckung von Zivil- und Industriegebäuden
EP1111147A3 (de) * 1999-12-13 2001-09-05 Fratelli Re S.r.l. Aufbau einer Wärme- und Schallisolierenden monolithischen gebogenen Platte, insbesondere nützlich zur Eindeckung von Zivil- und Industriegebäuden
FR2827889A1 (fr) * 2001-07-27 2003-01-31 Saint Gobain Isover Systeme d'isolation a fixer ayant une feuille d'etancheite
WO2013093057A1 (en) * 2011-12-22 2013-06-27 Rockwool International A/S Insulating element for the insulation of flat roofs
CN104185711A (zh) * 2011-12-22 2014-12-03 罗克伍尔国际公司 用于平屋顶隔绝的隔绝件
EA026537B1 (ru) * 2011-12-22 2017-04-28 Роквул Интернэшнл А/С Изоляционный элемент для изоляции плоских кровель
EP3467230A1 (de) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-10 HILTI Aktiengesellschaft Baugruppe mit profilblech und brandschutz- und oder schallschutzelement sowie brandschutz- und /oder schallschutzelement zur bildung einer baugruppe

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69917992D1 (de) 2004-07-22
ES2224567T3 (es) 2005-03-01
FR2779166A1 (fr) 1999-12-03
EP0962604B1 (de) 2004-06-16
DE69917992T2 (de) 2005-07-07
DK0962604T3 (da) 2004-11-01
ATE269460T1 (de) 2004-07-15
FR2779166B1 (fr) 2000-07-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP2591508B1 (de) Vorrichtung als stütze und zur befestigung von platten oder dergleichen und dachsystem mit einer derartigen vorrichtung
EP0962604B1 (de) Wärmedämmendes und schallabsorbierendes Dach
FR2540538A1 (fr) Procede de construction d'une structure de maconnerie isotherme, brique, hourdis et poutrelle profilee pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
EP0461328A1 (de) Schalldämmendes System zum Gebrauch in einem Innenraum
CH646222A5 (fr) Element prefabrique pour la realisation d'une couverture d'immeuble, procede de fabrication d'un tel element et procede de realisation d'une couverture d'immeuble a l'aide de tels elements.
EP0415825A1 (de) Steildachisolierung, insbesondere für alte Konstruktionen
FR2905391A1 (fr) Materiau de revetement de batiment,isolant thermique et de preference egalement phonique
EP0538145B1 (de) Dach mit integrierter Schalldämpfung
WO2000026487A1 (fr) Bardage thermiquement isolant et acoustiquement absorbant
FR2982628A1 (fr) Batiment comprenant un toit-terrasse en bacs acier et procede pour rendre etanche a l'air un tel batiment
EP0373017B1 (de) Mit Fliesen ausgerüstetes Einkleidungselement zum Abführen des Kondenswassers
WO2003012220A1 (fr) Materiau d'isolation a base de laine minerale, systeme d'isolation, methode d'isolation
EP0557170B1 (de) Wärmedämmende und wasserdichte Gebäudeeindeckung
FR2693222A1 (fr) Elément d'isolation acoustique destiné à être posé sur une dalle en béton sous un plancher flottant.
FR2843144A1 (fr) Panneau sandwich pourvu de parties anti-feu
FR3076310A1 (fr) Construction anticyclonique comportant un toit resistant aux vents violents
FR2792667A1 (fr) Isolant thermique et phonique global destine au batiment et capable de reduire tous les transferts d'energies et d'inconforts rencontres dans les habitations habitees, dans les locaux occupes, particulierement dans les combles
EP2381048A1 (de) Panel, roof insulation and use
BE842678A (fr) Perfectionnements relatifs a des toitures
BE1028016B1 (fr) Système de plafond isolé acoustique
FR2765260A1 (fr) Panneau isolant prefabrique pour mur et toiture et ensemble de fixation de celui-ci
EP0304352A1 (de) Isolationspaneel mit kleinem Elastizitätsmodulus und solch ein Paneel nützendes Verkleidungsverfahren
FR2630767A1 (fr) Panneau composite de facade
FR2617222A1 (fr) Plaque comprenant un capuchon de protection anti-perforation pour dispositif de maintien de couches multiples pour couverture isolante etanche
FR3074819A1 (fr) Dispositif d'isolation au feu d'une jonction de deux elements de structure

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT DE DK ES FI FR GB IT SE

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19991106

AKX Designation fees paid

Free format text: AT DE DK ES FI FR GB IT SE

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20030129

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT DE DK ES FI FR GB IT SE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: NOT ENGLISH

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69917992

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20040722

Kind code of ref document: P

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: SE

Ref legal event code: TRGR

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: T3

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: RT

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: CJ

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: CD

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2224567

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

PLAQ Examination of admissibility of opposition: information related to despatch of communication + time limit deleted

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSDOPE2

PLAR Examination of admissibility of opposition: information related to receipt of reply deleted

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSDOPE4

PLBQ Unpublished change to opponent data

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS OPPO

PLBI Opposition filed

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009260

PLAX Notice of opposition and request to file observation + time limit sent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNOBS2

26 Opposition filed

Opponent name: SAINT GOBAIN ISOVER

Effective date: 20050314

PLAF Information modified related to communication of a notice of opposition and request to file observations + time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSCOBS2

PLBB Reply of patent proprietor to notice(s) of opposition received

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNOBS3

RDAF Communication despatched that patent is revoked

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREV1

APBM Appeal reference recorded

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREFNO

APBP Date of receipt of notice of appeal recorded

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA2O

APAH Appeal reference modified

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSCREFNO

APBQ Date of receipt of statement of grounds of appeal recorded

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA3O

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20100420

Year of fee payment: 12

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20110408

APBU Appeal procedure closed

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA9O

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Payment date: 20120411

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 20120411

Year of fee payment: 14

Ref country code: FI

Payment date: 20120411

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 20120327

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20130403

Year of fee payment: 15

PLCK Communication despatched that opposition was rejected

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREJ1

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: SE

Ref legal event code: EUG

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: EBP

Effective date: 20130430

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20130409

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20130408

PLBN Opposition rejected

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009273

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: OPPOSITION REJECTED

27O Opposition rejected

Effective date: 20131108

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20130430

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R100

Ref document number: 69917992

Country of ref document: DE

Effective date: 20131108

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R119

Ref document number: 69917992

Country of ref document: DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: MM01

Ref document number: 269460

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20140408

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R119

Ref document number: 69917992

Country of ref document: DE

Effective date: 20141101

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20141101

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20140408

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 18

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 19

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20180503

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20180425

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20180427

Year of fee payment: 20

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: PE20

Expiry date: 20190407

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION

Effective date: 20190407

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 20201202

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION

Effective date: 20190409