EP0956918A1 - Verfahren zur Herstellung eines spritzgussfähigen Zwischenprodukts - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Herstellung eines spritzgussfähigen Zwischenprodukts Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0956918A1 EP0956918A1 EP99109012A EP99109012A EP0956918A1 EP 0956918 A1 EP0956918 A1 EP 0956918A1 EP 99109012 A EP99109012 A EP 99109012A EP 99109012 A EP99109012 A EP 99109012A EP 0956918 A1 EP0956918 A1 EP 0956918A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- raw materials
- binder
- mixing
- paste
- mixing container
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/22—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip
- B22F3/225—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip by injection molding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/80—Falling particle mixers, e.g. with repeated agitation along a vertical axis
- B01F25/90—Falling particle mixers, e.g. with repeated agitation along a vertical axis with moving or vibrating means, e.g. stirrers, for enhancing the mixing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
- B01F27/80—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
- B01F33/70—Mixers specially adapted for working at sub- or super-atmospheric pressure, e.g. combined with de-foaming
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/90—Heating or cooling systems
- B01F35/92—Heating or cooling systems for heating the outside of the receptacle, e.g. heated jackets or burners
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
- B22F1/148—Agglomerating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an injection-moldable intermediate product from dry, pasty or liquid raw materials and at least one Binder.
- the raw materials are combined with the binder within the device (kneader) Treated with the help of kneading elements by a separate heating device warmed and after melting the binder kneaded into a paste. Then the paste be removed from the device to be obtained from the "Feedstock” designated intermediate product (paste) to be produced Splash object. This still means Firing processes or sintering object to be cured Called "green body”. If necessary, the intermediate be further treated before injection molding. This further treatment can be in a granulation or a grinding the cooled paste exist.
- the raw materials must be used to manufacture the intermediate and the binder disadvantageously between 2 and Kneaded for 20 hours.
- the produced paste only little homogeneity. This minor or lack of homogeneity also affects the recycling process or the use of injection molding Waste products from the device again be fed. It shows that there is a big difference in the flow behavior between pure raw materials and recycled Product waste is present.
- the insufficient homogeneity of the Paste also means that the paste may be in an extruder or has to be treated on a roller mill.
- Carrying out the kneading treatment of a mixture of raw materials and at least one binder is dependent of the mixture used only possible if a corresponding one Mixture is selected. Not every type of kneader is suitable for any mixture, so that the mixture under Circumstances must be changed.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method for production of a high quality, to develop injection-moldable intermediate.
- This task is solved by a process using raw materials and at least one binder in a mixing container using rapidly rotating mixing elements to one Powder mixture processed and then with the help of mechanical processing of the powder mixture by the mixing elements and / or other internals (digestion tools, rod-shaped elements, knives, etc.) heated and to the intermediate product are processed.
- the mixing elements are said to be one Have circumferential speed> 20 m per second.
- the components of the mixture are either simultaneous or added to the mixing container one after the other.
- the heating process can in exceptional cases still supported by wall heating of the mixing container or be started. In this stage of the process there is an intensive premixing of the raw materials with each other and with the binder. There is one mostly free-flowing powder mixture of high mixing quality.
- agglomerate or a paste as an intermediate arise that are sprayed in a form into an object can be. Both the agglomerate and the paste show great homogeneity. This mix quality also has an effect quality enhancing on the end product, which from the intermediate product can be produced.
- the attached to a fast rotating mixing shaft Mixing elements enable the duration of the process in the limit most cases to 10 to 20 minutes.
- Processing of raw materials and binders in the Device with the help of the rapidly rotating mixing elements can be independent of the mixture fed to the device of raw materials and binders.
- One on the mixture adjusted speed of the mixing shaft can by a control of the device can be set so that the desired premixing and heating of the mixture entry.
- the mixing elements can still be rigid or movable Work internals in the mixing room so that the Mixing and / or digestion and heating times can be shortened can.
- the method according to the invention advantageously leads to a reduction in investment and operating costs and works also the service life of a device to perform the procedure positively.
- the mixture is made of the raw materials and the at least one binder mechanical processing to below the binder melting point warmed and agglomerated.
- the frictional heat generated by the mixing elements occurs to melt the surface of the binder particles, which can then adhere to the raw material particles and which Can cause the formation of agglomerates.
- the agglomerate can already be injection molded Intermediate product of the device can be removed.
- the binder is passed through the mechanical processing melted in the mixing container, whereby from the mixture of raw materials and at least a paste a paste is produced.
- the raw material particles can be a viscous with the binder particles Form a mass of doughy consistency.
- the connection the raw material particles and binder particles leads to a flowable intermediate.
- the moldable paste is through their processing using the mixing elements as well highly homogenized.
- the paste can be cooled and agglomerated again to further process an agglomerate with an injection molding machine.
- Bulk, solid and also fluid can be used as raw materials Various types of raw materials are used.
- the process is also based on metal powder or ceramic powder Raw materials applicable. Therefore, the manufacturing process of intermediates used for the Powder Injection Molding (PIM) technology are suitable.
- PIM Powder Injection Molding
- Here is a modified plastic injection molding machine from a raw material powder-binder mixture the so-called Grünling here. The sprayed and hardened green body can then be processed in different ways become.
- An organic binder can preferably be used as at least one Binders are used. Binders are coming into consideration, which react with the raw materials and / or which Accelerate the connection between the raw material particles can.
- the organic binder can be sufficient Ensure fluidity in the injection molding machine and that sprayed and hardened blank (green body) a large Give form stability.
- the binder can come from the green compact can be removed by burning or sintering.
- the inventive method is equally for MIM (Metal Injection Molding) and CIM (Ceramic Injection Molding) usable.
- a device 1 has for carrying out a method for the production of an injection-moldable intermediate product Raw materials and at least one binder one vertically arranged, a feed direction 2 and a removal direction 3 having mixing container 4.
- the mixing container 4 can the raw materials and the at least one binder be introduced in the feed direction 2.
- the generated Intermediate product can the mixing container 4 in the removal direction 3 leave.
- the raw materials can be in the mixing container 4 be stored before processing begins. At high Part of the binder is recharged.
- the raw materials can also be refilled, to influence the mixture of raw materials and binders.
- the mixing container 4 has a bottom 5 and a lid 6 on.
- a rotatable shaft 7 is arranged in the mixing container 4, which penetrates a bearing 8 in the floor area.
- the Bearing 8 is on the one hand on the mixing container 4 and on the other hand flanged to the machine frame 9.
- the gas and product tight lockable cover 6 can be pivoted in the direction of arrow 10.
- On the cover 6 there is a product entry nozzle 11, a gas discharge port 12 and a liquid addition port 13 provided.
- the mixing container 4 has also via a double jacket 15, which in connection with Stub 16, 17 stands and the side walls of the mixing container 4 surrounds.
- the double jacket 15 can optionally for Temperature control of the mixing room or for cooling the manufactured one Find intermediate product by using fluids over the nozzle 16, 17 can flow into the double jacket 15.
- Mixing elements 18 to 18 '' 'on shaft 6 are exemplary attached to a located in the mixing container 4 Process multi-component mixture of raw materials and binders to be able to.
- the shaft 7 by a motor 20, preferably one Electric motor, which is driven, is the mixture of raw materials and premixed at least one binder and homogenized.
- the one located in the mixing container 4 Is good when the shaft 7 rotates in the direction of arrow 19 forcibly moved.
- the shaft 7 rotates at a high speed, so that the mixture within the mixing container 4 is a material flow or can form a mix ring.
- surfaces binder particles can be melted, so that they form an agglomerate together with the raw material particles form.
- the agglomerate can be used as an injection-molded intermediate can be removed from the mixing container 4.
- the binder can be processed in the mixing container 4 also heated in such a way with the mixing elements 18 to 18 '' ' be that it will reach the binder melting point can come. In this case, it is created in the mixing container 4 a flowable paste through an intimate connection the raw material particles with each other and with the binder particles. Due to the rotary movement of the shaft 7, an amount of energy from 0.5 to 1.5 [KW / (kg of mixed material)] become. The speed of the shaft 7 can be controlled of the motor 20 continuously adjustable. Even the manufactured one Paste can over the product discharge nozzle 14 in the removal direction 3 are removed from the mixing container 4.
- the paste produced can also be in the mixing container 4 with the help of the double jacket 15 designed as a cooling jacket be cooled so that an agglomerate again from the paste can be won.
- the agglomerate can then be used accordingly removed from the mixing container 4 and processed further become.
- a process for making an injection moldable intermediate from dry, pasty or liquid raw materials and at least one binder is in one Mixing container 4 feasible.
- Mixing elements 18 to 18 '' ' are the raw materials and the least a binder first to a free-flowing Powder mixture processed, which is then processed using the mechanical processing of the powder mixture by the mixing elements 18 to 18 '' 'and / or other internals heated and is processed into the intermediate product.
- the process enables the most effective possible production of a qualitative high-quality, injection-moldable intermediate product in one significantly reduced working hours.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Producing Shaped Articles From Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (6)
- Verfahren zur Herstellung eines spritzgußfähigen Zwischenprodukts aus trockenen, pastösen oder flüssigen Rohstoffen und mindestens einem Bindemittel,die in einem Mischbehälter (4) mittels schnell rotierender Mischelemente (18, 18', 18'', 18''') zunächst zu einer Pulvermischung verarbeitet undanschließend mit Hilfe der mechanischen Bearbeitung der Pulvermischung durch mindestens die Mischelemente (18 bis 18''') erwärmt und zu dem Zwischenprodukt verarbeitet werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mischung aus den Rohstoffen und dem mindestens einen Bindemittel durch mechanische Bearbeitung bis unterhalb des Bindemittelschmelzpunktes erwärmt und agglomeriert wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Bindemittel durch die mechanische Bearbeitung in dem Mischbehälter (4) aufgeschmolzen wird, wobei aus der Mischung der Rohstoffe und des mindestens einen Bindemittels eine Paste erzeugt wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Paste in dem Mischbehälter (4) abgekühlt und agglomeriert wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Rohstoffe Metallpulver oder Keramikpulver verwendet werden.
- Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens ein organisches Bindemittel verwendet wird.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19821072A DE19821072C2 (de) | 1998-05-12 | 1998-05-12 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines spritzgußfähigen Zwischenprodukts |
| DE19821072 | 1998-05-12 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0956918A1 true EP0956918A1 (de) | 1999-11-17 |
| EP0956918B1 EP0956918B1 (de) | 2002-08-07 |
Family
ID=7867413
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99109012A Expired - Lifetime EP0956918B1 (de) | 1998-05-12 | 1999-05-06 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines spritzgussfähigen Zwischenprodukts |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6234660B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0956918B1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE19821072C2 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2181334T3 (de) |
| IL (1) | IL129822A0 (de) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2765123A1 (de) * | 2013-07-26 | 2014-08-13 | Comadur S.A. | Zwangsmischer von Rohstoff für die Pulvermetallurgie |
| EP2801560A2 (de) | 2013-05-07 | 2014-11-12 | Comadur S.A. | Mischmaschine, Mischung von Rohstoff für die Pulvermetallurgie |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10328628A1 (de) * | 2003-06-26 | 2005-01-20 | Volkswagen Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Befeuchtung eines Gasstroms |
| US9403213B2 (en) * | 2006-11-13 | 2016-08-02 | Howmedica Osteonics Corp. | Preparation of formed orthopedic articles |
| US10022845B2 (en) | 2014-01-16 | 2018-07-17 | Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation | Tool bit |
| CN212351801U (zh) | 2017-12-01 | 2021-01-15 | 米沃奇电动工具公司 | 用于驱动紧固件的工具头 |
| USD921468S1 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2021-06-08 | Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation | Driver bit |
| CN112871043A (zh) * | 2019-11-29 | 2021-06-01 | 内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司 | 一种用于乳制品配料的真空循环化料系统及化料方法 |
| AU2021200246A1 (en) | 2020-01-31 | 2021-08-19 | Howmedica Osteonics Corp. | Injection molding feedstock delivery system |
| CN113005637A (zh) * | 2021-02-18 | 2021-06-22 | 金艺炜 | 一种熔喷无纺布的加工工艺 |
Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4197118A (en) * | 1972-06-14 | 1980-04-08 | Parmatech Corporation | Manufacture of parts from particulate material |
| US4228116A (en) * | 1973-03-23 | 1980-10-14 | G.O.R. Applicazioni Speciali S.P.A. | Process for producing remoldable panels |
| DE2927053A1 (de) * | 1979-07-04 | 1981-01-08 | Mikuni Seisakusho | Zusammengesetzte materialzusammensetzungen unter verwendung von altpapier und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
| DE3611271A1 (de) * | 1986-04-04 | 1987-10-15 | Licentia Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von metallformteilen |
| US5401292A (en) * | 1992-08-03 | 1995-03-28 | Isp Investments Inc. | Carbonyl iron power premix composition |
| EP0655310A1 (de) * | 1993-03-05 | 1995-05-31 | Misawa Homes Co. Ltd | Verfahren zum herstellen eines holzartigen gegenstandes und so hergestellter gegenstand |
| EP0688746A1 (de) * | 1994-05-27 | 1995-12-27 | Technische Universiteit Delft | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Formen aus metallischem oder keramischem Pulver und dabei verwendbares Bindemittelsystem |
| EP0764616A1 (de) * | 1995-09-22 | 1997-03-26 | Corning Incorporated | Verformbare Kunststoffmischungen und Verfahren zur Anwendung |
| US5746957A (en) * | 1997-02-05 | 1998-05-05 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Gel strength enhancing additives for agaroid-based injection molding compositions |
| EP0899043A1 (de) * | 1997-08-29 | 1999-03-03 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Pulvermischung auf Eisenbasis und Verfahren ihrer Herstellung |
| EP0930281A1 (de) * | 1997-12-15 | 1999-07-21 | Ceramet Technologies Pte. Ltd. | Formbare Zusammensetzung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Sinterkörpern daraus |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1100935B (de) * | 1956-10-15 | 1961-03-02 | Henschel Werke G M B H | Verfahren zur Herstellung weichmacherhaltiger Produkte von thermoplastischen Polymerisaten |
| US4057227A (en) * | 1976-08-27 | 1977-11-08 | United Technologies Corporation | Method for making ceramic casting slurries |
| DD139543A1 (de) * | 1978-11-09 | 1980-01-09 | Armin Rumpf | Vorrichtung zum aufbereiten von plastischen und elastischen massen |
| US5083871A (en) * | 1990-12-21 | 1992-01-28 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Method and apparatus for mixing ceramic powder and binder for injection molding |
| JP3144163B2 (ja) * | 1992-07-20 | 2001-03-12 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 粉体材料の定量供給装置及び粉体材料圧縮製品の製造方法 |
| US5678165A (en) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-10-14 | Corning Incorporated | Plastic formable mixtures and method of use therefor |
-
1998
- 1998-05-12 DE DE19821072A patent/DE19821072C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-04-19 US US09/293,966 patent/US6234660B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-05-06 EP EP99109012A patent/EP0956918B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-05-06 DE DE59902246T patent/DE59902246D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-05-06 IL IL12982299A patent/IL129822A0/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-05-06 ES ES99109012T patent/ES2181334T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4197118A (en) * | 1972-06-14 | 1980-04-08 | Parmatech Corporation | Manufacture of parts from particulate material |
| US4228116A (en) * | 1973-03-23 | 1980-10-14 | G.O.R. Applicazioni Speciali S.P.A. | Process for producing remoldable panels |
| DE2927053A1 (de) * | 1979-07-04 | 1981-01-08 | Mikuni Seisakusho | Zusammengesetzte materialzusammensetzungen unter verwendung von altpapier und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
| DE3611271A1 (de) * | 1986-04-04 | 1987-10-15 | Licentia Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von metallformteilen |
| US5401292A (en) * | 1992-08-03 | 1995-03-28 | Isp Investments Inc. | Carbonyl iron power premix composition |
| EP0655310A1 (de) * | 1993-03-05 | 1995-05-31 | Misawa Homes Co. Ltd | Verfahren zum herstellen eines holzartigen gegenstandes und so hergestellter gegenstand |
| EP0688746A1 (de) * | 1994-05-27 | 1995-12-27 | Technische Universiteit Delft | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Formen aus metallischem oder keramischem Pulver und dabei verwendbares Bindemittelsystem |
| EP0764616A1 (de) * | 1995-09-22 | 1997-03-26 | Corning Incorporated | Verformbare Kunststoffmischungen und Verfahren zur Anwendung |
| US5746957A (en) * | 1997-02-05 | 1998-05-05 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Gel strength enhancing additives for agaroid-based injection molding compositions |
| EP0899043A1 (de) * | 1997-08-29 | 1999-03-03 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Pulvermischung auf Eisenbasis und Verfahren ihrer Herstellung |
| EP0930281A1 (de) * | 1997-12-15 | 1999-07-21 | Ceramet Technologies Pte. Ltd. | Formbare Zusammensetzung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Sinterkörpern daraus |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2801560A2 (de) | 2013-05-07 | 2014-11-12 | Comadur S.A. | Mischmaschine, Mischung von Rohstoff für die Pulvermetallurgie |
| EP2801560A3 (de) * | 2013-05-07 | 2014-12-31 | Comadur S.A. | Mischmaschine, Mischung von Rohstoff für die Pulvermetallurgie |
| US9908261B2 (en) | 2013-05-07 | 2018-03-06 | Comadur S.A. | Mixer, method of mixing raw material for powder metallurgy binder for injection moulding composition |
| EP2765123A1 (de) * | 2013-07-26 | 2014-08-13 | Comadur S.A. | Zwangsmischer von Rohstoff für die Pulvermetallurgie |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE19821072A1 (de) | 1999-11-25 |
| ES2181334T3 (es) | 2003-02-16 |
| DE59902246D1 (de) | 2002-09-12 |
| IL129822A0 (en) | 2000-02-29 |
| DE19821072C2 (de) | 2000-09-21 |
| EP0956918B1 (de) | 2002-08-07 |
| US6234660B1 (en) | 2001-05-22 |
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