EP0954400A1 - Outil de coupe rapporte ou ebauche d'outil de coupe rapporte et procede de fabrication de tels outils revetus pour usinage par enlevement de copeaux - Google Patents

Outil de coupe rapporte ou ebauche d'outil de coupe rapporte et procede de fabrication de tels outils revetus pour usinage par enlevement de copeaux

Info

Publication number
EP0954400A1
EP0954400A1 EP97953666A EP97953666A EP0954400A1 EP 0954400 A1 EP0954400 A1 EP 0954400A1 EP 97953666 A EP97953666 A EP 97953666A EP 97953666 A EP97953666 A EP 97953666A EP 0954400 A1 EP0954400 A1 EP 0954400A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cutting insert
opening
cutting
diameter
insert
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP97953666A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Udo KÖNIG
Hartmut Westphal
Wolfgang Hintze
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Widia GmbH
Original Assignee
Widia GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19703848A external-priority patent/DE19703848B4/de
Application filed by Widia GmbH filed Critical Widia GmbH
Publication of EP0954400A1 publication Critical patent/EP0954400A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
    • B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
    • B23B27/141—Specially shaped plate-like cutting inserts, i.e. length greater or equal to width, width greater than or equal to thickness
    • B23B27/145—Specially shaped plate-like cutting inserts, i.e. length greater or equal to width, width greater than or equal to thickness characterised by having a special shape
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
    • C23C14/50—Substrate holders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/458—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for supporting substrates in the reaction chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2200/00—Details of cutting inserts
    • B23B2200/36—Other features of cutting inserts not covered by B23B2200/04 - B23B2200/32
    • B23B2200/3618—Fixation holes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2222/00—Materials of tools or workpieces composed of metals, alloys or metal matrices
    • B23B2222/16—Cermet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2222/00—Materials of tools or workpieces composed of metals, alloys or metal matrices
    • B23B2222/28—Details of hard metal, i.e. cemented carbide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2224/00—Materials of tools or workpieces composed of a compound including a metal
    • B23B2224/04—Aluminium oxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2226/00—Materials of tools or workpieces not comprising a metal
    • B23B2226/12—Boron nitride
    • B23B2226/125—Boron nitride cubic [CBN]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2226/00—Materials of tools or workpieces not comprising a metal
    • B23B2226/18—Ceramic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2226/00—Materials of tools or workpieces not comprising a metal
    • B23B2226/31—Diamond

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a coated cutting insert or cutting insert blank for coating from a gas phase with a rake face and a parallel support surface.
  • the invention further relates to a method for the production of coated cutting inserts for machining without a fastening hole.
  • cutting inserts are fastened either in a holder by means of a clamping screw that passes through a central fastening hole with an upper countersink, or by means of a clamping claw. Furthermore, center hole plates can be tensioned via an eccentric or a toggle lever.
  • the subject of the present application are cutting inserts or cutting insert blanks which are held by means of a clamping claw or a clamping arm or the like and accordingly have no central central fastening hole.
  • the coating, in particular the PCVD or the PVD coating of such cutting inserts usually requires preparatory work, such as pre-cleaning either by sand or wet blasting treatment and finally the coating.
  • this support should be designed so that the clamping in a clamping claw or in a clamping finger is not deteriorated. This means that any gill troughs adapted to the clamping finger or the like should still be present or realizable on the rake face as well as the rake face geometries normally used.
  • the cutting insert or cutting insert blank according to claim 1 which is characterized in accordance with the invention in that it has an opening which runs continuously from the rake face to the support surface, the cross-sectional profile of which is at least partially non-circular or at least partially circular, and the largest possible inscribed circle is one Has a diameter which is either ⁇ 0.2 x IC or ⁇ 1.5 mm, preferably ⁇ 1 mm or has a diameter which is> 0.65 IC, preferably> 0.75 IC or> 13.5 mm, preferably > 15 mm, where IC denotes the inner circle diameter.
  • the openings in question are selected either considerably smaller or significantly larger according to the present invention, in the latter case the recess in question by a precisely fitting insert is closed, which will be discussed later.
  • this opening lies centrally or centrally with respect to the rake face, but in such a way that due to its small size the clamping is not impaired by the system of the clamping finger and the gill trough.
  • the opening can be located in the center of a gill trough, which is not required when the tool (cutting insert) is clamped or is not acted upon by the clamping finger.
  • the opening can also have non-round cross-sectional shapes, which has the advantage that it provides possibilities for centering and positioning the cutting insert both during the pre-cleaning, the sintering and the coating, and later when aligning in the holder. Any cross-sectional shape that allows, even if only partially, such alignment or indexing is to be understood as non-circular in the sense of the present invention.
  • the cross-sectional profile can thus be geometrically regular, that is to say star-shaped, oval, elongated round or polygonal (polygonal, in particular octagonal) or, with the exception of a groove or a rib or other rotary indexing, round.
  • the diameter is preferably ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ IC, which the largest circle that can be inscribed in the cross-sectional profile has.
  • Rotary indexing options can also be created by providing two small-diameter openings instead of just a single opening. Apart from any possible rotations, which may still be possible with two circular openings, the cross-section of the opening is no longer important with regard to the desired rotary indexing.
  • the possibility of fixing the cutting insert or cutting insert blank in pretreatments and created during coating as is generally used for perforated plates.
  • the openings in question are accordingly used in the same way for threading or plugging. This eliminates the otherwise necessary magnetic brackets, the use of complicated conditions, possible wiring of the cutting inserts in question, in part with the procedural disadvantage that the cutting inserts in question have to be subjected to multiple coating processes in order to finally coat the areas that were previously used as points of contact or contact have served.
  • hard metals for example, have a thermal conductivity of less than 1 W / (cm ⁇ K). Furthermore, it is known that during cutting work on the cutting edge considerable temperatures occur, which are only dissipated to a small extent according to the prior art, so that even when using the cutting insert for the first time in a cutting operation, it cannot be ruled out that the heat generated during the cutting can be ruled out the cutting edges that are not used are impaired by changes in the temperature of the material structure in such a way that they have significantly shorter service lives or wear properties.
  • the heat generated in the cutting insert can be correspondingly better, in particular via the contact surface, but also via the clamping arm in the holder.
  • the only requirement for this is a surface contact of the insert with the wall of the opening.
  • the dissipation of heat via this insert into the clamping arm or clamping finger and into the support of the holder can be influenced by a suitable choice of material for the holder and in particular by the material of the insert, which is made of a metal or a metal alloy with good thermal properties, preferably aluminum, Copper, an aluminum or copper alloy or a low alloy steel.
  • the insert and the opening have an outer dimension that is substantially similar to the outer contour of the cutting insert, preferably the opening top edge and the outer edge of the insert are arranged parallel to the cutting edges delimiting the rake face.
  • the cutting insert with "inner" insert has the further advantage that less expensive material can be used for the insert.
  • the cutting insert itself consists of a coated substrate material. The extent of the insert, which is accommodated in the opening of the cutting insert, is practically only limited by the required stability of the cutting insert. In other words, the thickness of the cutting insert from the outer edge or the free surface to the edge of the opening must still be sufficiently stable against cracking.
  • the opening has the same cross section over its entire length.
  • the opening in cutting inserts with free surfaces can taper conically or stepwise towards the contact surface at a positive clearance angle.
  • the cutting insert can consist of a composite body which has a substrate body and a single-layer or multilayer layer deposited thereon. Cermets, hard metals or ceramics can be used as substrate body material.
  • the coatings known from the prior art can be used as coatings, such as hard materials, preferably carbides, nitrides and / or carbonitrides of the metals of the IVa to Vla metals of the periodic table, AI2O 3 and / or Zr0 2 , BN, diamond-like Layers, amorphous carbon layers, both as a single layer and as a multiple layer with different of the aforementioned substances.
  • a cutting insert blank is produced by pressing, which has an opening that runs from the rake face to the support surface and whose cross-sectional profile is at least partially non-round or at least partially circular with a diameter that is either ⁇ 0.2 x IC or ⁇ 1.5 mm, preferably ⁇ 1 mm or which has a diameter which is> 0.65 IC, preferably> 0.75 IC or> 13.5 mm, preferably> 15 mm, wherein IC is the inner circle diameter.
  • This opening is used after sintering to thread the cutting insert both for pre-cleaning and for holding during coating.
  • the procedure outlined creates the advantage that the holding of the cutting inserts during the pre-cleaning and the coatings can be simplified and therefore cheaper. In addition, the possibility is created to improve the cleaning or the coating itself or to avoid multiple coating passes.
  • the benefits outlined arise to a particular degree in coating processes with directional deposition or in low-temperature coating processes, such as, for example, the PVD process.
  • Fig. 1 is a plan view of a clamp holder with a
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view of a cutting insert
  • FIGS. 8a to f are top views of cutting inserts each with at least 2 openings and
  • 9a to f are top views of cutting inserts with a central but non-circular opening
  • Fig. 10a, b is a side view and a plan view of a square cutting insert with a substantially trefoil-shaped opening and
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 each show a square cutting insert with a larger opening in a side view and a top view, respectively in FIGS. 10 and 11 the largest possible inscribed circles are shown.
  • FIG. 1 shows a clamp holder 8 with a clamp claw 9 provided in a manner known from the prior art, by means of which a square indexable insert 10 is held.
  • the invention can be implemented without exception in any cutting insert shapes known in the prior art.
  • a common feature of the cutting inserts 10 is that they have a rake face 11, which can optionally be provided with elevations and / or depressions, chamfers etc., and a bearing surface 12.
  • the rake face 11 and the bearing surface 12 are substantially parallel, which is not a mandatory requirement.
  • the cutting inserts can be designed as multi-use indexable inserts, in which both the rake face 11 and the support surface 12 are designed identically, so that after the turning, the support surface can be used as a rake face.
  • the rake face 11 is delimited by cutting edges 17, which also represent the boundary line to open areas 13 and 14, respectively.
  • the cutting insert 10 has a relatively large opening in which an insert 15 is arranged, the surface of which, for example, is flush with the rake face 11 surrounding it and also adjoins it. Alternatively, it can also protrude from the surrounding rake face.
  • the boundary line roughly follows the course of the cutting edge 17, the free surface 13, 14 additionally being inclined at a positive clearance angle.
  • the cutting insert 10 can have a step 18; in a corresponding manner, the insert 15 has a reset paragraph.
  • the insert 15 can as shown in FIG. 6, be cuboid or additionally (see FIG. 3) with an upper chamfer 19.
  • the thermally conductive insert 15 can consist, for example, of aluminum or copper, the thermal conductivities of 2.37 W / (cm x K) or 3.98 W / (cm x K), that is to say substantially greater thermal conductivities than the hard metal used with 0.88 W. / (cm x K).
  • the thermal conductivity of the insert 15, on which both the clamping claw 9 rests, and thus also the cutting insert support of the holder 8 comes into contact with it, ensure that heat generated during the machining can be dissipated, as a result of which the wear of the cutting plate 10 is reduced and the service life is extended .
  • the cross-sectional shape of the insert 15 does not necessarily have to follow the course of the cutting edges in the outer contours; equally, in plan view or in cross section, circular, rectangular, hexagonal, oval or other shaped inserts 15 are possible, which are suitable for heat in the clamping claw or the contact surface of the holder.
  • the material of the insert 15 can be selected in particular with a view to minimizing the material costs, i.e. this can be a material that fulfills its placeholder function for machining.
  • the insert 22 with a central bore 23 (FIG. 5). This should be considered in particular if the cutting insert 10 is already connected to the insert 15 before sintering or coating.
  • FIGS. 1 to 6 all show cutting inserts with relatively large openings
  • the cutting inserts shown in FIGS. 7 to 9 are each provided with openings of only a small diameter.
  • the opening 16 of the cutting insert 10 shown in FIGS. 7a, b is in cross section circular and has a diameter that is ⁇ 0.2 x IC.
  • the recess in question can end with a chamfer.
  • FIGS. 7c, d differs from the one described above by a groove-shaped additional recess 25, which allows rotary indexing.
  • the groove 25 extends over the entire cutting insert height.
  • trough-shaped depressions 26 are provided for rotary indexing only on the rake face 11 and are distributed like a cloverleaf around the central hole 26.
  • FIGS. 7g and h has a central opening which is cross-shaped in cross section.
  • the cross-shaped cross-section in question is kept constant over the entire height of the cutting insert.
  • the cutting insert 20 can have a clamping trough 21 in the case shown in FIGS. 7i to 9.
  • the openings which have been described in relation to FIGS. 7a to h, are provided centrally in the gill trough, possibly also decentrally.
  • FIGS. 8a to f differ from the ones described above in that at least two openings are provided in each case.
  • a cutting insert 30 which is triangular in plan view, these are three openings 28 which are equidistant from the cutting edge and which are each circular and have a diameter of less than 0.2 ⁇ IC.
  • the cutting insert 20 according to FIG. 8b has recesses 29 which are elongated in cross section and are mirror-symmetrical to a surface diagonal.
  • the diamond-shaped cutting insert 31 according to FIG. 8c has circular openings 32 in cross section in the region of the obtuse-angled cutting corners, which are symmetrical to the longer diagonal.
  • An embodiment with four openings 33 is realized on the square cutting insert 20 according to FIG. 8d, each of which lies mirror-symmetrically on the two diagonals.
  • the diamond-shaped cutting insert 31 according to FIG. 8e likewise has two openings with a circular cross section, which, however, in contrast to the embodiment according to FIG. 8c, are arranged on the longer diagonal.
  • the cutting insert which is square in plan view according to FIG. 8f, only two openings 35 with a circular cross-section are provided, which lie asymmetrically on one half.
  • FIGS. 8a to f show further design variants of the cutting insert types 30, 20, 31 shown in FIGS. 8a to f.
  • only one central opening is used, which is triangular in cross section, following the edge profile (see number 36), square (37), diamond-shaped (38), oval (39) lenticular with two tips (40) or essentially circular (41) with a flattened area 42.
  • the outer cutting edge course is essentially followed.
  • the small cross-sectional openings have advantages in particular in the mechanical pretreatment of cutting insert blanks and in a final coating, since they can be easily threaded using these openings.
  • the openings still have advantages during the sintering. Because of the additional outer surface created in the area of the bore, the cutting insert can be better "degassed" during sintering and thus compressed. This improves the structure quality and thus the cutting properties.
  • Centrally arranged openings 16, 25, 26, 27 and 36 to 41 are expedient in the case of clamps acting eccentrically on the rake face or in clamp constructions in which the rake face represents the reference contact face to the carrier body.
  • the outer central arrangement of the openings 28 to 35 is particularly advantageous in the case of clamping finger constructions which act from above (on the rake face) if their pressure point lies in the central region of the indexable insert.
  • the rake surface around the opening can be designed to be slightly concave.
  • the edge of the opening can be chamfered.
  • FIG. 10 shows a cutting insert which is essentially square in plan view and which shows an opening 27 in a cloverleaf or cross shape analogous to the illustrations in FIG. 7h.
  • the largest possible inscribed circle 43 can be seen from this illustration.
  • the opening 44 is made significantly larger with the largest possible inscribed circle 45.
  • the opening 46 in question differs from the circular shape by four recesses, each offset by 90 ° and extending over the entire height of the cutting insert, the additional recesses 47 being designed in the form of a lobe in cross section, so that there is approximately a recess 46 with a rectangular cross section results.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un outil de coupe à plaquette rapportée revêtue ou une ébauche d'outil de coupe pour revêtement à partir d'une phase gazeuse, présentant une face de coupe et une face d'appui parallèle à la face de coupe. L'invention concerne en outre un procédé de fabrication d'outils de coupe rapportés revêtus, sans trou de fixation, pour l'usinage par enlèvement de copeaux. L'invention est caractérisée en ce que l'ébauche de l'outil de coupe rapporté est fabriquée par pressage et présente une ouverture s'étendant de la face de coupe à la face d'appui, dont le profil de la section transversale est au moins partiellement non circulaire ou au moins partiellement circulaire, et en ce que ladite ouverture est utilisée, après frittage, pour enfiler l'outil de coupe rapporté, aussi bien lors d'un pré-nettoyage, que lors d'un revêtement.
EP97953666A 1996-12-30 1997-12-20 Outil de coupe rapporte ou ebauche d'outil de coupe rapporte et procede de fabrication de tels outils revetus pour usinage par enlevement de copeaux Ceased EP0954400A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19654760 1996-12-30
DE19654760 1996-12-30
DE19703848A DE19703848B4 (de) 1996-12-30 1997-02-03 Beschichteter Schneideinsatz oder Schneideinsatzrohling und Verfahren zur Herstellung von beschichteten Schneideinsätzen zum Zerspanen
DE19703848 1997-02-03
PCT/DE1997/003005 WO1998029211A1 (fr) 1996-12-30 1997-12-20 Outil de coupe rapporte ou ebauche d'outil de coupe rapporte et procede de fabrication de tels outils revetus pour usinage par enlevement de copeaux

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0954400A1 true EP0954400A1 (fr) 1999-11-10

Family

ID=26032878

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97953666A Ceased EP0954400A1 (fr) 1996-12-30 1997-12-20 Outil de coupe rapporte ou ebauche d'outil de coupe rapporte et procede de fabrication de tels outils revetus pour usinage par enlevement de copeaux

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0954400A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE29724599U1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998029211A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10239451A1 (de) * 2002-08-28 2004-03-11 Ceramtec Ag Innovative Ceramic Engineering Schneidplatte mit Doppelmulde
CN102781610A (zh) * 2009-12-22 2012-11-14 陶瓷技术有限责任公司 夹紧系统

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3341921A (en) * 1966-01-10 1967-09-19 Gen Electric Cutting insert
SE424273B (sv) * 1980-11-17 1982-07-12 Sandvik Ab Skerverktyg
US4378184A (en) * 1980-12-12 1983-03-29 Briese Leonard A Rotary tool cutting insert
EP0704274A1 (fr) * 1994-09-30 1996-04-03 TIGRA Hartstoff GmbH Plaquette en métal dur, en particulier plaquettes de coupe, avec perçage de précision
US5643523A (en) * 1995-04-18 1997-07-01 Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corp. Method of manufacturing diamond-coated cutting tool inserts

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9829211A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1998029211A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
DE29724599U1 (de) 2002-06-13

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