EP0950797B1 - Method for reducing the clearance between a fluid supply conduit and the vane cavity of a turboreactor - Google Patents
Method for reducing the clearance between a fluid supply conduit and the vane cavity of a turboreactor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0950797B1 EP0950797B1 EP99400783A EP99400783A EP0950797B1 EP 0950797 B1 EP0950797 B1 EP 0950797B1 EP 99400783 A EP99400783 A EP 99400783A EP 99400783 A EP99400783 A EP 99400783A EP 0950797 B1 EP0950797 B1 EP 0950797B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vane cavity
- guide vane
- liner
- clearance
- brazing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D9/00—Stators
- F01D9/06—Fluid supply conduits to nozzles or the like
- F01D9/065—Fluid supply or removal conduits traversing the working fluid flow, e.g. for lubrication-, cooling-, or sealing fluids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/49318—Repairing or disassembling
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/4932—Turbomachine making
Definitions
- the invention relates to the high turbine pressure of a turbomachine, such as that used on turbojets intended for the propulsion of aircraft. More specifically, it concerns the fixing of the shirt inside a dispenser the high pressure turbine and, in particular, the reduction of the play between this distributor and its shirt, lower platform level, to improve the tightness of the assembly.
- the invention also relates to soldering partial or complete of metal parts.
- FIG. 1 shows a partial section a turbojet engine on which the process is used according to the invention.
- the chamber 1 followed by the high pressure turbine 2.
- a series of rectifiers 3 fixed on the one hand to an upper sheet 5, placed between the hot runner and the cold runner, and, on the other hand, on a lower platform 6, separating the hot runner of an annular circulation pipe air 7.
- the jacket 8 therefore allows free movement an air, or a cooling gas, on the part and other rectifiers 3, especially in the annular air circulation pipe 7 se located at the level of the lower platform 6.
- Each distributor 3 is crossed by a pipe materialized by a jacket 8 opening into the air supply line 7.
- This shirt is a component part of a cooling circuit of a part of the turbojet engine, in particular distributors and other bodies.
- Figure 2 therefore shows, in a more detailed, the location of the folder 8, that is to say in the middle of the stiffener 3 which is inclined with respect to the direction of the air flow, so that straighten it downstream, towards the low turbine pressure.
- the shirt 8 must be fixed in the stiffener 3. It is fixed in its part superior by brazing 9 at the level of the sheet superior 5. Taking into account the marked differences in temperatures prevailing during operation of the turbomachine, very large expansions occur occur on all metal parts. It is therefore necessary to leave a degree of freedom to the shirt 8 and not to attach it to its lower part at the level of the lower platform 6. Therefore, there is a clearance between the sleeve 8 and the stiffener 3 at the lower platform 6.
- the object of the invention is therefore to remedy this drawback by trying to resolve this sealing problem at the bottom of the jacket 8 of a stiffener 3 of a high turbine pressure.
- the main object of the invention is a method for reducing the existing play between a high pressure turbine distributor of a turbojet engine, at the level of the lower platform, and the shirt going through such a dispenser and in front be fixed inside the dispenser, at the upper sheet.
- the reduction in clearance by brazing is made by reloading by diffusion brazing.
- a bonding paste for superalloy comprising, among other things, an element of filler making it more fusible than superalloys.
- Brazing ends with an operation consisting in passing the assembly in the oven so that the dough diffuse in the game between the shirt and the distributor.
- the protective deposit is a non-stick ceramic deposit, of the zirconate type.
- this protective deposit is that the subsequent soldering does not come to weld, or fix, the folder 8 to stiffener 3. It is recommended to use a non-stick ceramic type deposit of the type zirconate, or other equivalent product. We use, in particular, a product marketed under the name of NETCO 204 NS, by the SULZER Company.
- the jacket 8 is then introduced into the hole 11 of rectifier 3 and is fixed at its level higher by brazing 9, as shown in the figure 2.
- the reduction of the game, at the level of the platform lower 6, between the outer surface of the jacket 8 and the hole 11 of the rectifier 3 in which it is introduced, is done by brazing recharging broadcast (RBD).
- brazing recharge diffusion is carried out by means of a paste which one apply around the bottom of the shirt 8, at the level of the soldering which it is desired to carry out. A heat treatment must then take place so that the paste melts and diffuses. The assembly thus assembled is then put in the oven for diffusion of the dough in the game that is to be filled. Brazing 10, thus represented in FIG. 2, is therefore produced without the jacket 8 is fixed at this level to the rectifier 3. The dough thus spreads in the game to be quenched by capillarity. We note that the laying of the dough is done preferably when mounting between platform 6 and the lower sheet.
- diffusion brazing is a process which uses a paste comprising mainly a powder composed of the alloys or metals constituting both parties involved in soldering.
- An additive is however added to this paste to make it more fuse. It is, in general, an additive to nickel base, in a content such as its liquidus temperature is lower than the temperature solidus of the alloys and metals constituting the base powder.
- the metals generally making up these elements are nickel-based superalloys, or cobalt.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Description
L'invention concerne la turbine haute pression d'une turbomachine, telle que celle utilisée sur les turboréacteurs destinés à la propulsion des avions. Elle concerne, plus précisément, la fixation de la chemise à l'intérieur d'un distributeur de la turbine haute pression et, en particulier, la réduction du jeu existant entre ce distributeur et sa chemise, au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure, afin d'améliorer l'étanchéité de l'ensemble.The invention relates to the high turbine pressure of a turbomachine, such as that used on turbojets intended for the propulsion of aircraft. More specifically, it concerns the fixing of the shirt inside a dispenser the high pressure turbine and, in particular, the reduction of the play between this distributor and its shirt, lower platform level, to improve the tightness of the assembly.
L'invention concerne également le brasage partiel ou complet de pièces métalliques.The invention also relates to soldering partial or complete of metal parts.
L'art antérieur et le procédé selon l'invention sont décrits à l'aide de deux figures représentant respectivement :
- figure 1, en coupe longitudinale partielle, un turboréacteur dans lequel le procédé selon l'invention peut être utilisé ; et
- figure 2, en coupe partielle, un redresseur de turbine haute pression sur lequel le procédé selon l'invention est utilisé.
- Figure 1, in partial longitudinal section, a turbojet in which the method according to the invention can be used; and
- Figure 2, in partial section, a high pressure turbine rectifier on which the method according to the invention is used.
Les turbomachines actuelles ou futures, telles que les turboréacteurs qui équipent les avions civils et militaires, font actuellement l'objet d'études visant à l'amélioration des performances et de la maintenance de ces turbomachines. Les conséquences de ces améliorations sont l'obtention d'une diminution de la consommation de carburant et des frais d'entretien du moteur, que ce dernier soit placé sous l'aile de l'avion ou en atelier de révision. En conséquence, la prise en compte de ces objectifs oblige les avionneurs à reconsidérer la définition de certaines parties de ces turbomachines. C'est en effet le cas concernant l'étanchéité au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure d'un distributeur de turbine haute pression. Un tel distributeur est montré dans le document US-A- 4 987 736.Current or future turbomachinery, such as the turbojets that equip airplanes civilians and military, are currently the subject studies aimed at improving performance and maintenance of these turbomachines. The results of these improvements are getting a decrease fuel consumption and costs engine maintenance, that it is placed under aircraft wing or overhaul workshop. In consequently, taking these objectives into account requires aircraft manufacturers to reconsider the definition of certain parts of these turbomachines. It is indeed the case concerning tightness at the lower platform of a turbine distributor high pressure. Such a dispenser is shown in document US-A-4,987,736.
La figure 1 représente une coupe partielle
d'un turboréacteur sur lequel est utilisé le procédé
selon l'invention. On distingue à gauche et en amont du
flux de circulation des gaz dans le moteur, la chambre
de combustion 1 suivie de la turbine haute pression 2.
A la sortie de cette dernière et en amont de la turbine
basse pression se trouve une série de redresseurs 3,
fixés d'une part sur une tôle supérieure 5, placée
entre le canal chaud et le canal froid, et, d'autre
part, sur une plate-forme inférieure 6, séparant le
canal chaud d'une canalisation annulaire de circulation
d'air 7. La chemise 8 permet donc la libre circulation
d'un air, ou d'un gaz de refroidissement, de part et
d'autre des redresseurs 3, notamment dans la
canalisation annulaire de circulation d'air 7 se
trouvant au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure 6.
Chaque distributeur 3 est traversé par une conduite
matérialisée par une chemise 8 débouchant dans la
canalisation d'alimentation en air 7. Cette chemise est
une partie constitutive d'un circuit de refroidissement
d'une partie du turboréacteur, notamment des
distributeurs et d'autres organes.Figure 1 shows a partial section
a turbojet engine on which the process is used
according to the invention. We can see on the left and upstream of
gas flow in the engine, the
La figure 2 montre donc, de manière plus
détaillée, l'endroit où se trouve la chemise 8,
c'est-à-dire au milieu du raidisseur 3 qui se trouve
incliné par rapport au sens du flux d'air, de manière à
redresser celui-ci en aval, vers la turbine basse
pression.Figure 2 therefore shows, in a more
detailed, the location of the
On voit que la chemise 8 doit être fixée
dans le raidisseur 3. Elle est fixée dans sa partie
supérieure par un brasage 9 au niveau de la tôle
supérieure 5. Compte tenu des différences notoires de
températures qui règnent pendant le fonctionnement de
la turbomachine, des dilatations très importantes se
produisent sur toutes les pièces métalliques. Il est
donc nécessaire de laisser un degré de liberté à la
chemise 8 et de ne pas la fixer à sa partie inférieure
au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure 6. De ce fait,
il existe un jeu entre la chemise 8 et le raidisseur 3
au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure 6.We see that the
Ce jeu existant au niveau de la plate-forme
6 nuit, d'une manière notoire, à l'étanchéité au niveau
des raidisseurs et affecte quelque peu le rendement du
turboréacteur. Le but de l'invention est donc de
remédier à cet inconvénient en essayant de résoudre ce
problème d'étanchéité au niveau de la partie inférieure
de la chemise 8 d'un raidisseur 3 d'une turbine haute
pression. This game existing at the
A cet effet, l'objet principal de l'invention est un procédé pour réduire le jeu existant entre un distributeur de turbine haute pression d'un turboréacteur, au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure, et la chemise traversant un tel distributeur et devant être fixée à l'intérieur du distributeur, au niveau de la tôle supérieure.To this end, the main object of the invention is a method for reducing the existing play between a high pressure turbine distributor of a turbojet engine, at the level of the lower platform, and the shirt going through such a dispenser and in front be fixed inside the dispenser, at the upper sheet.
Selon l'invention, le procédé consiste à braser le jeu existant au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure, sans que le brasage ne touche la chemise. Les différentes phases du procédé sont donc les suivantes :
- appliquer un dépôt de protection sur la surface externe de la partie inférieure de la chemise ;
- monter la chemise dans le distributeur ;
- fixer la chemise dans le distributeur au niveau de la partie supérieure et de la tôle supérieure ;
- réduire le jeu par brasage entre la surface externe de la partie inférieure de la chemise recouverte du dépôt et la surface intérieure du distributeur au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure.
- apply a protective deposit on the external surface of the lower part of the shirt;
- mount the shirt in the dispenser;
- fix the jacket in the distributor at the level of the upper part and the upper plate;
- reduce the clearance by brazing between the external surface of the lower part of the liner covered with the deposit and the internal surface of the distributor at the level of the lower platform.
Dans la réalisation principale du procédé selon l'invention, la réduction du jeu par brasage se fait par rechargement par brasage diffusion.In the main implementation of the process according to the invention, the reduction in clearance by brazing is made by reloading by diffusion brazing.
Dans ce cas, il est préférable d'effectuer le rechargement par l'application d'une pâte de liaison pour superalliage comprenant, en autres, un élément d'apport la rendant plus fusible que les superalliages. In this case, it is best to perform reloading by applying a bonding paste for superalloy comprising, among other things, an element of filler making it more fusible than superalloys.
Le brasage se termine par une opération consistant à passer le montage au four pour que la pâte diffuse dans le jeu entre la chemise et le distributeur.Brazing ends with an operation consisting in passing the assembly in the oven so that the dough diffuse in the game between the shirt and the distributor.
De préférence, le dépôt de protection est un dépôt céramique anti-adhérent, du type zirconate.Preferably, the protective deposit is a non-stick ceramic deposit, of the zirconate type.
En se reportant à la figure 2 et, en
particulier, à la référence 10 représentant un brasage,
la réduction du jeu, selon le procédé suggéré par
l'invention, s'effectue quand même par brasage, malgré
la fonction première du brasage qui est de fixer.
Néanmoins, il est impératif de ne pas braser la chemise
8 sur le redresseur 3, à ce niveau de la plate-forme
inférieure 6, puisque la chemise 8 est déjà fixée sur
le raidisseur 3, au niveau de la tôle supérieure 5, par
un brasage 9.Referring to Figure 2 and, in
particular, with
En conséquence, avant que la chemise 8 ne
soit introduite dans le redresseur 3, on applique un
dépôt de protection sur une petite hauteur de la
surface externe de la chemise 8 se trouvant en regard
de la surface interne du trou 11 du redresseur 3 et,
ceci, au niveau de la partie inférieure de la chemise
8. En d'autres termes, la partie inférieure de la
surface externe de la chemise 8 est recouverte d'un
dépôt au niveau de la plate-forme inférieure 6.Consequently, before the
Ce dépôt de protection a pour but que le
brasage ultérieur ne vienne pas souder, ou fixer, la
chemise 8 au raidisseur 3. Il est recommandé d'utiliser
un dépôt du type céramique anti-adhérent du type
zirconate, ou autre produit équivalent. On utilise, en
particulier, un produit commercialisé sous le nom de
NETCO 204 NS, par la Société SULZER.The purpose of this protective deposit is that the
subsequent soldering does not come to weld, or fix, the
La chemise 8 est ensuite introduite dans le
trou 11 du redresseur 3 et est fixée à son niveau
supérieur par un brasage 9, comme le montre la figure
2. La réduction du jeu, au niveau de la plate-forme
inférieure 6, entre la surface extérieure de la chemise
8 et le trou 11 du redresseur 3 dans laquelle elle est
introduite, se fait par un rechargement par brasage
diffusion (RBD).The
Ce type de rechargement par brasage
diffusion s'effectue au moyen d'une pâte que l'on
applique autour de la partie inférieure de la chemise
8, au niveau du brasage que l'on désire réaliser. Un
traitement thermique doit ensuite avoir lieu pour que
la pâte fonde et diffuse. L'ensemble ainsi monté est
ensuite passé au four pour diffusion de la pâte dans le
jeu qui est à combler. Le brasage 10, ainsi représenté
sur la figure 2, est donc réalisé sans que la chemise 8
ne soit fixée, à ce niveau, sur le redresseur 3. La
pâte se répand ainsi dans le jeu à étancher par
capillarité. On note que la pose de la pâte se fait de
préférence lors du montage entre la plate-forme 6 et la
tôle inférieure.This type of brazing recharge
diffusion is carried out by means of a paste which one
apply around the bottom of the
On rappelle que le brasage diffusion est un procédé qui utilise une pâte comprenant principalement une poudre composée des alliages ou métaux constituant les deux parties concernées par le brasage. Un additif est toutefois rajouté dans cette pâte pour la rendre plus fusible. Il s'agit, en général, d'un additif à base de nickel, dans une teneur telle que sa température de liquidus est inférieure à la température de solidus des alliages et métaux constituant la base de la poudre.Remember that diffusion brazing is a process which uses a paste comprising mainly a powder composed of the alloys or metals constituting both parties involved in soldering. An additive is however added to this paste to make it more fuse. It is, in general, an additive to nickel base, in a content such as its liquidus temperature is lower than the temperature solidus of the alloys and metals constituting the base powder.
Dans le cadre de cette application à la pose d'une chemise dans un distributeur d'un turboréacteur, les métaux composant généralement ces éléments sont des superalliages à base de nickel, ou de cobalt.As part of this application to the fitting a shirt in a vending machine turbojet, the metals generally making up these elements are nickel-based superalloys, or cobalt.
En annulant pratiquement entièrement le jeu
existant entre la chemise 8 et le redresseur 3, au
niveau de la plate-forme inférieure 6, il est possible
d'annuler le débit de fuites à ce niveau là. Ainsi, on
améliore substantiellement les performances du
turboréacteur.By virtually canceling the game
existing between the
Claims (5)
- Method for reducing the clearance there is between a turbojet high-pressure turbine nozzle guide vane cavity (3) at the lower platform (6) and the liner (8) passing through such a guide vane cavity (3) and that has to be fixed to the inside of this guide vane cavity (3) at the upper sheet (5), the method being characterised by the following various phases:applying a protective deposit to the external surface of the lower part of the liner (8);mounting the liner (8) in the guide vane cavity (3);fixing the liner (8) into the guide vane cavity (3) at the upper part; andreducing by brazing between the external surface of the lower part of the liner (8) covered with the deposit and the interior surface of the nozzle guide vane cavity (3) at the lower platform (6).
- Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the reduction of the clearance by brazing is done by building up material using diffusion brazing.
- Method according to Claim 2, characterized in that the building-up of material is done by applying a bonding paste for a superalloy containing a filler element rendering this paste more readily meltable than the superalloys of which the sleeve (8) and the guide vane cavity (3) are made.
- Method according to Claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the set-up is then subjected to heat treatment in a furnace so that the paste diffuses the clearance between the liner (8) and the nozzle guide vane cavity (3).
- Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the protective deposit is a non-stick ceramic deposit of the zirconate type.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9804423A FR2777318B1 (en) | 1998-04-09 | 1998-04-09 | PROCESS FOR REDUCING THE EXISTING CLEARANCE BETWEEN A SHIRT AND A TURBINE DISTRIBUTOR OF A TURBOREACTOR |
| FR9804423 | 1998-04-09 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0950797A1 EP0950797A1 (en) | 1999-10-20 |
| EP0950797B1 true EP0950797B1 (en) | 2004-05-26 |
Family
ID=9525041
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99400783A Expired - Lifetime EP0950797B1 (en) | 1998-04-09 | 1999-03-31 | Method for reducing the clearance between a fluid supply conduit and the vane cavity of a turboreactor |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6163959A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0950797B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3848485B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2268402C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69917524T2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2777318B1 (en) |
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-
1998
- 1998-04-09 FR FR9804423A patent/FR2777318B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-03-19 US US09/272,774 patent/US6163959A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-25 JP JP08165399A patent/JP3848485B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-31 DE DE69917524T patent/DE69917524T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-31 EP EP99400783A patent/EP0950797B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-07 CA CA002268402A patent/CA2268402C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6163959A (en) | 2000-12-26 |
| JP3848485B2 (en) | 2006-11-22 |
| CA2268402A1 (en) | 1999-10-09 |
| DE69917524D1 (en) | 2004-07-01 |
| FR2777318A1 (en) | 1999-10-15 |
| CA2268402C (en) | 2006-12-19 |
| EP0950797A1 (en) | 1999-10-20 |
| JPH11324796A (en) | 1999-11-26 |
| DE69917524T2 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
| FR2777318B1 (en) | 2000-05-12 |
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