EP0944035A2 - Procédé et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques - Google Patents
Procédé et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0944035A2 EP0944035A2 EP99111417A EP99111417A EP0944035A2 EP 0944035 A2 EP0944035 A2 EP 0944035A2 EP 99111417 A EP99111417 A EP 99111417A EP 99111417 A EP99111417 A EP 99111417A EP 0944035 A2 EP0944035 A2 EP 0944035A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- acoustic
- location
- transducers
- medium
- diffuser
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/18—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound
- G10K11/26—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning
- G10K11/34—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning using electrical steering of transducer arrays, e.g. beam steering
- G10K11/341—Circuits therefor
- G10K11/346—Circuits therefor using phase variation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R27/00—Public address systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods and focusing and time compression devices of acoustic energy.
- acoustic should be taken in a general sense, without limiting it to frequencies audible. It is even likely to apply to waves radio-electric, in so far as they have a mode of propagation which approaches that of acoustic waves.
- the invention is applicable in many fields of the technique, among which the following may be mentioned.
- the invention allows energy to be concentrated acoustics at a given location.
- This location can by example being that of a fixed target that we are trying to locate or to destroy. This last case is that of lithotripsy or destruction of a tumor in the body. It is also that of the destruction of an explosive device, such as a mine.
- the location (or a set of such locations) can still be located on an industrial chain where are successively presented objects to receive each one or more intense acoustic energy pulses, brief and localized.
- Such methods perform focusing of energy on a target, i.e. compression spatial energy.
- the present invention aims in particular to produce, in more than one spatial compression per focusing, one temporal compression of energy.
- the invention notably proposes a method as set out in claim 1.
- step (a) a pulse lasting less than ten periods and preferably five, from the fundamental period in case of resonant transducers.
- the second duration is chosen to correspond to the spreading of the arrival times of the acoustic energy having traveled the multi-diffuser environment by all paths possible within this environment, at least as long as the energy transmitted remains appreciable.
- multi-diffuser medium means a medium deliberately placed between the target location and the network of transducers, and in which are dispersed or distributed individually reflecting or diffusing elements acoustic energy, with low absorption, such as to cause a spread of at least an order of magnitude of the duration of the initial pulse.
- mean free path 1 of the acoustic waves in this environment that is to say by the distance over which a incoming initial plane wave completely loses memory of its initial direction.
- This mean free path 1 is equal to 1 / n ⁇ where n is the density of the diffusing elements and where ⁇ is their scattering cross section.
- Free course is all the smaller that ⁇ is large, which is obtained when the frequency of the acoustic waves is close resonant frequencies of the elements.
- These elements can be very diverse in nature. They can be including rods, glitter, beads, gas bubbles, reflective particles. Typically, the average dimension has particles is such that 2 ⁇ a / ⁇ is of the order of the unit, ⁇ being the wavelength of the acoustic waves emitted, or the wavelength corresponding to the frequency central of the emitted spectrum.
- the thickness e of such a medium must be greater than average free path; a thickness of at least five times is often desirable.
- the reflective elements of the multi-diffuser environment can still be spread around the periphery of the middle of spread. They may in particular consist of impedance discontinuities between the propagation medium and the external environment.
- the multi-diffuser medium then comprises an acoustic channel between the concentration location of waves and transducers, the walls of which realize by multiple reflections, the temporal spread of the pulse initial, and the despreading of the return waves.
- step (b) registration takes place during a time window which, in particular when a acoustic signal is likely to come from several separate locations, is chosen according to the selected location and the nature of the environment.
- the diffusing medium acts after reversal temporal, like a transmitter whose angular opening, seen of the location, can be much greater than the opening angular under which the network is seen.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a focusing and time compression device of acoustic energy as set forth in claim 13.
- FIG. 1 shows the multi-diffuser medium 10 interposed between a source 12, which constitutes a target located at a location where the concentration, and a network of 14 transceiver transducers, connected to a circuit 16 having as many channels transceiver that there are transducers.
- This circuit 16 has a constitution of the kind already described in the documents EP-A-0 383 650 and EP-A-0 591 061.
- the tests were carried out with a target 12 constituted by a hydrophone provided with an excitation circuit 18 and capable of emitting short pulses, from 1 microsecond, with a center frequency of 3 MHz.
- the middle multi-diffuser 10 is made up of 0.5 mm rods length, with an average spacing of around 2 mm.
- the thickness e of the medium was 45 mm.
- the width w was of the order of 120 mm.
- Circuit 16 included, for each channel, a analog-digital converter, a memory organized in queue and reading facilities with a timeline inverted and amplified.
- a measurement of the characteristics of the return wave having passed through the medium 10 has shown that the beam is refocus on an area having a width, at - 6 dB, substantially equal to ⁇ F / w, F being the distance between the plane of exit from the multi-diffuser medium and the target.
- This task focal length is finer than it would have been in the absence of multi-diffuser medium. The latter indeed presents a angular aperture, view from target, much higher than the array of transducers 14.
- the device schematically illustrated in the figure 2 (where the organs corresponding to those already shown in figure 1 are designated by the same reference number) is intended to focus, on a passive target 12, a short pulse and intense, with low power emission means.
- a multi-diffuser medium 10 is interposed between the network of piezoelectric transducers 14 and the target 12.
- the transducers 14, or at least some of them, are scheduled to send to target 12, which is reflective, a short pulse at the frequency of acoustic waves to concentrate. It is also possible to use different transducers for the first illumination (step (a) above) and for receiving and re-transmission (steps (b) and (c)).
- an opening 20 of dimension sufficient to allow passage of an illumination shot in short, without dissemination. The illuminated target returns, towards the multi-diffuser medium 10 and the network of transducers 14, the wave which is then returned in time.
- the received wave and reflected by target 12 may have variation in the time shown schematically in Figure 3A.
- This kind of signal from some fundamental and broadband periods, can in particular be obtained using transducers in composite technology.
- the echo signal received by a particular transducer will then have, because a part at less of the reflected energy has undergone multicasting, a 17 shape which is for example that shown in Figure 3B.
- means such as mirrors 22 can be arranged around multi-diffuser medium 10, so as to reduce re-emissions of acoustic energy towards directions other than that of the target and / or to constitute an acoustic channel.
- the signal returned by each transducer 14 is not obtained by analog amplification of the returned signal, but by return of a signal consisting of pulses alternately positive and negative, each having the same duration and the same sign as the corresponding alternation ( Figure 3C).
- the multi-diffuser medium 10 is placed opposite the target 12 with respect to the array of transducers 14.
- the first illumination is carried out by a transmitter additional 24 (in the direction f0 of Figure 4).
- the acoustic energy reflected by the target 12 passes through two times the middle 10, with an intermediate reflection on a mirror 26, as indicated by the arrow f1.
- Network 14 retransmits him also towards the mirror 26 (arrow f2).
- step (a) can only be carried out during a phase calibration. Subsequently, the energy concentration is done by repeating step (c).
- This latter embodiment makes it possible in particular to transmit messages that cannot be received with a high power and intelligibly only in one area well determined.
- the multi-diffuser medium must then be completely stationary.
- the amplifier provided on the channel associated with the transducer i will be planned so that the emission by the transducer is of the form ei ( ⁇ -t) ⁇ s (t), ⁇ being a fixed delay, identical for all transducers.
- Demodulation will take place classical, whatever the modulation of the signal s (t).
- the network of transducers can be targeted relative to the target and oriented towards a wall of the underwater acoustic channel, as the surface or the bottom.
- the multi-diffuser medium 30 does not include elements randomly distributed in the middle volume of propagation, but only reflective elements distributed on its surface, thus defining a channel or guide acoustic wave.
- the array of transducers 14 is placed at one end of this waveguide.
- the calibration source 12 is placed at the other end of the waveguide 30.
- the many reflections on the reflecting wall spread the duration of the initial pulse at network 14, and inversely compress this duration during the retransmission focused on the location originally occupied by the calibration source.
- a transducer 24 is placed near the end of waveguide 30 to illuminate the reflecting target 12 in the direction opposite to the guide 30 during the initial stage.
- the transducer 24 can be fixed by means of a mount which does not prevent the spread of waves, such as three wires oriented radially with respect to to the axis of the guide, 120 ° from each other.
- the part of brief beam of illumination returned by target 12 to the guide 30 then undergoes multiple reflections which spread its duration. After time reversal and amplification, energy will focus on the reflective target 12 if it has not moved too much.
- transducers and an associated circuit for setting up implements the above-mentioned processes. Indeed, the constitution of circuits can be similar to that already given in previous patent applications mentioned. It is only necessary that the memories organized in queue intended to record the complex signal received by the transducers 14 have a sufficient capacity. The capacity of these memories will still be increased if you want to store the waveforms previously registered for several separate locations, later selectable at will in the re-emission phases. The gain of amplifiers provided on each channel of transducers will be, for a given power to be concentrated, function of the time spread produced by the multi-diffuser medium 10.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Circuit For Audible Band Transducer (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- la figure 1 est un schéma de principe montrant les conditions d'un essai destiné à prouver la faisabilité du procédé selon l'invention ;
- la figure 2 est un schéma d'un premier mode de réalisation ;
- les figures 3A à 3C montrent l'allure des signaux acoustiques ; et
- les figures 4 à 6 montrent trois variantes de réalisation.
Claims (16)
- Procédé de focalisation et de compression temporelle d'énergie acoustique en au moins un emplacement, suivant lequel :a) on provoque l'émission depuis ledit emplacement (12) d'une impulsion acoustique courte, de première durée,b) on recueille sur un réseau de transducteurs (14) et on enregistre, pendant une seconde durée, supérieure d'au moins un ordre de grandeur à la première durée, les signaux acoustiques provenant dudit emplacement à travers un milieu multi-diffuseur (10;30) ; etc) on émet vers le milieu multi-diffuseur, à partir des dits transducteurs (14), des signaux de retour obtenus par inversion temporelle et amplification de ceux recueillis pendant la seconde durée.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on donne, au milieu multi-diffuseur (10;30), une ouverture angulaire, vue dudit emplacement (12), supérieure à l'ouverture angulaire du réseau (14).
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'on amplifie les signaux inversés temporellement avec un gain fonction croissante du retard d'arrivée sur les transducteurs.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les signaux de retour au cours de l'étape (c) sont d'amplitude constante et ont le signe des signaux enregistrés.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 12, caractérisé en ce qu'on module les signaux de retour par un message à transmettre.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'on effectue une seule fois les étapes (a) et (b) au cours d'une phase d'étalonnage et en ce qu'on émet des signaux de retour de façon répétitive, le milieu multi-diffuseur (10;30) étant stationnaire.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le milieu multi-diffuseur (10) comporte une ouverture (20), et en ce que l'étape (a) comporte l'émission depuis le réseau de transducteurs (14) d'un faisceau d'illumination à travers l'ouverture du milieu multi-diffuseur, et la réflexion du faisceau d'illumination par une cible réfléchissante (12) définissant ledit emplacement.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'étape (a) comporte l'émission depuis un transducteur (24) n'appartenant pas au réseau (14) d'un faisceau d'illumination, et la réflexion du faisceau d'illumination par une cible réfléchissante (12) définissant ledit emplacement.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications à 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que ledit milieu multi-diffuseur comprend un milieu de propagation et des éléments réfléchissants répartis.
- Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que les éléments réfléchissants sont répartis dans le volume du milieu de propagation.
- Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que les éléments réfléchissants sont répartis à la périphérie du milieu de propagation.
- Procédé selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que les éléments réfléchissants sont constitués par des discontinuités d'impédance acoustique entre le milieu de propagation et le milieu extérieur.
- Dispositif de focalisation et de compression temporelle d'énergie acoustique en un emplacement, comprenant :des moyens (18;24) pour provoquer l'émission d'une impulsion acoustique brève depuis ledit emplacement (12) ;un réseau de transducteurs (14) ;un milieu multi-diffuseur (10;30) destiné à être interposé entre le réseau de transducteurs et ledit emplacement, et agencé pour étaler temporellement ladite impulsion acoustique de façon à augmenter sa durée d'au moins un ordre de grandeur au niveau du réseau de transducteurs, le réseau de transducteurs étant commandé pour émettre des signaux acoustiques obtenus par inversion temporelle et amplification de signaux acoustiques captés en réponse à l'émission de ladite impulsion.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur du milieu multi-diffuseur (10) est sensiblement supérieure au libre parcours moyen des ondes dans ce milieu.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 13 ou 14, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte de plus des moyens définissant un canal acoustique.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que le réseau de transducteurs est orienté vers une paroi du canal acoustique.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9508543 | 1995-07-13 | ||
FR9508543 | 1995-07-13 | ||
EP96925774A EP0842508B1 (fr) | 1995-07-13 | 1996-07-11 | Procede et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96925774A Division EP0842508B1 (fr) | 1995-07-13 | 1996-07-11 | Procede et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques |
EP96925774.0 Division | 1997-01-30 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0944035A2 true EP0944035A2 (fr) | 1999-09-22 |
EP0944035A3 EP0944035A3 (fr) | 2001-04-18 |
EP0944035B1 EP0944035B1 (fr) | 2011-03-30 |
Family
ID=9480993
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99111417A Expired - Lifetime EP0944035B1 (fr) | 1995-07-13 | 1996-07-11 | Procédé et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques |
EP96925774A Expired - Lifetime EP0842508B1 (fr) | 1995-07-13 | 1996-07-11 | Procede et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96925774A Expired - Lifetime EP0842508B1 (fr) | 1995-07-13 | 1996-07-11 | Procede et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6198829B1 (fr) |
EP (2) | EP0944035B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3675836B2 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE69638347D1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997003438A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE69638347D1 (de) * | 1995-07-13 | 2011-05-12 | Applic Du Retournement Temporel Soc Pour | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Fokussierung akustischer Welle |
FR2815717B1 (fr) * | 2000-10-20 | 2003-01-10 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede et dispositif non invasif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques |
FR2830468B1 (fr) * | 2001-10-04 | 2004-02-20 | Inst Nat Sante Rech Med | Dispositif et procede de production d'impulsions ultrasonores de forte pression |
FR2840418B1 (fr) * | 2002-06-04 | 2004-08-20 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede pour generer un champ d'ondes predetermine |
US20040059265A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-03-25 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Dynamic acoustic focusing utilizing time reversal |
FR2858099B1 (fr) | 2003-07-25 | 2006-03-24 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede et dispositif de focalisation d'ondes acoustiques |
WO2005106842A2 (fr) * | 2004-04-16 | 2005-11-10 | Raytheon Company | Procede et systeme de signalisation de refus a un plongeur |
FI20060910A0 (fi) * | 2006-03-28 | 2006-10-13 | Genelec Oy | Tunnistusmenetelmä ja -laitteisto äänentoistojärjestelmässä |
FR2912817B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-21 | 2009-05-22 | Super Sonic Imagine Sa | Procede d'optimisation de la focalisation d'ondes au travers d'un element introducteur d'aberations. |
US7613076B2 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2009-11-03 | Avago Technologies Wireless Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Acoustic power transformer including lens |
EP2315458A3 (fr) * | 2008-04-09 | 2012-09-12 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung e.V. | Appareil et procédé pour générer des caractéristiques de filtres |
TW201026009A (en) * | 2008-12-30 | 2010-07-01 | Ind Tech Res Inst | An electrical apparatus, circuit for receiving audio and method for filtering noise |
FR2977671B1 (fr) * | 2011-07-08 | 2013-11-29 | 01Db Metravib | Procede et dispositif pour controler des structures par retournement temporel |
FR2991807B1 (fr) * | 2012-06-06 | 2014-08-29 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Dispositif et procede de focalisation d'impulsions |
FR2991791B1 (fr) | 2012-06-06 | 2014-08-08 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Interface de stimulation tactile par retournement temporel |
FR3076941B1 (fr) * | 2018-01-12 | 2021-06-04 | Valeo Systemes Dessuyage | Procede de calibration pour systeme de focalisation acoustique |
FR3076940B1 (fr) * | 2018-01-12 | 2021-04-16 | Valeo Systemes Dessuyage | Procede d'emission sonore focalisee et systeme de focalisation acoustique |
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US5092336A (en) * | 1989-02-08 | 1992-03-03 | Universite Paris Vii-Bureau De La Valorisation Et De Relations Industrielle | Method and device for localization and focusing of acoustic waves in tissues |
US5428999A (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1995-07-04 | Universite Paris Vii | Method and apparatus for acoustic examination using time reversal |
US5438624A (en) * | 1992-12-11 | 1995-08-01 | Jean-Claude Decaux | Processes and devices for protecting a given volume, preferably arranged inside a room, from outside noises |
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FR2334953A1 (fr) * | 1975-12-11 | 1977-07-08 | Labo Electronique Physique | Systeme d'analyse par ultrasons et son application a l'echographie |
US4882714A (en) * | 1984-02-07 | 1989-11-21 | Nec Corporation | Object detecting system using ultrasonic waves |
US5267320A (en) * | 1991-03-12 | 1993-11-30 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Noise controller which noise-controls movable point |
FR2683323B1 (fr) | 1991-11-05 | 1994-02-11 | Paris Vii Universite | Procede et dispositif de controle interne de pieces par ultrasons. |
WO1994024662A1 (fr) * | 1993-04-21 | 1994-10-27 | Sri International | Methode de calcul de la ponderation de filtres pour systemes de neutralisation des ondes de pression |
US5327496A (en) * | 1993-06-30 | 1994-07-05 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Communication device, apparatus, and method utilizing pseudonoise signal for acoustical echo cancellation |
FR2726115B1 (fr) * | 1994-10-20 | 1996-12-06 | Comptoir De La Technologie | Dispositif actif d'attenuation de l'intensite sonore |
US5745580A (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1998-04-28 | Lord Corporation | Reduction of computational burden of adaptively updating control filter(s) in active systems |
DE69638347D1 (de) * | 1995-07-13 | 2011-05-12 | Applic Du Retournement Temporel Soc Pour | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Fokussierung akustischer Welle |
US5699437A (en) * | 1995-08-29 | 1997-12-16 | United Technologies Corporation | Active noise control system using phased-array sensors |
JPH09303477A (ja) * | 1996-05-16 | 1997-11-25 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 能動型騒音振動制御装置 |
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-
1996
- 1996-07-11 DE DE69638347T patent/DE69638347D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-11 EP EP99111417A patent/EP0944035B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-11 DE DE69606179T patent/DE69606179T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-11 EP EP96925774A patent/EP0842508B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-11 WO PCT/FR1996/001083 patent/WO1997003438A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1996-07-11 JP JP50556897A patent/JP3675836B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-01-09 US US09/004,927 patent/US6198829B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-12-13 US US09/737,194 patent/US6978028B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US5092336A (en) * | 1989-02-08 | 1992-03-03 | Universite Paris Vii-Bureau De La Valorisation Et De Relations Industrielle | Method and device for localization and focusing of acoustic waves in tissues |
US5428999A (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1995-07-04 | Universite Paris Vii | Method and apparatus for acoustic examination using time reversal |
US5438624A (en) * | 1992-12-11 | 1995-08-01 | Jean-Claude Decaux | Processes and devices for protecting a given volume, preferably arranged inside a room, from outside noises |
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Title |
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FINK M: "TIME REVERSAL OF ULTRASONIC FIELDS-. ÖPART I: BASIC PRINCIPLES" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL,US,IEEE INC. NEW.YORK, vol. 39, no. 5, 1 septembre 1992 (1992-09-01), pages 555-566, XP000306730 ISSN: 0885-3010 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0944035B1 (fr) | 2011-03-30 |
DE69638347D1 (de) | 2011-05-12 |
WO1997003438A1 (fr) | 1997-01-30 |
EP0842508B1 (fr) | 2000-01-12 |
US20010001603A1 (en) | 2001-05-24 |
JP3675836B2 (ja) | 2005-07-27 |
DE69606179T2 (de) | 2000-08-17 |
US6198829B1 (en) | 2001-03-06 |
DE69606179D1 (de) | 2000-02-17 |
JP2000501896A (ja) | 2000-02-15 |
EP0842508A1 (fr) | 1998-05-20 |
EP0944035A3 (fr) | 2001-04-18 |
US6978028B2 (en) | 2005-12-20 |
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