EP0936315A1 - Ton-Deckschicht - Google Patents

Ton-Deckschicht Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0936315A1
EP0936315A1 EP98307342A EP98307342A EP0936315A1 EP 0936315 A1 EP0936315 A1 EP 0936315A1 EP 98307342 A EP98307342 A EP 98307342A EP 98307342 A EP98307342 A EP 98307342A EP 0936315 A1 EP0936315 A1 EP 0936315A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sheet material
clay
material layer
water
inner sheet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP98307342A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0936315B1 (de
Inventor
Francis Ryan Mckendrick
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Amcol International Corp
Original Assignee
Amcol International Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Amcol International Corp filed Critical Amcol International Corp
Publication of EP0936315A1 publication Critical patent/EP0936315A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0936315B1 publication Critical patent/EP0936315B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/004—Sealing liners
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0037—Clays
    • E02D2300/004—Bentonite or bentonite-like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0051—Including fibers

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to an improved, flexible geosynthetic clay liner that is an effective water barrier for ponds, lagoons, waste water containment areas, and for lining concrete surfaces such as concrete plaza decks, concrete foundation walls, and the like. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a geosynthetic clay liner comprising two fabric layers and an intermediate layer of water-swellable clay, such as a sodium montmorillonite clay, wherein the two fabric layers are structurally secured to surround an intermediate layer of clay, in any manner, such as by gluing, compression (U.S. 5,584,609) or by sewing or needle-punching the fabric layers together to confine the clay therebetween.
  • gluing U.S. 5,584,609
  • one of the fabric layers, in contact with the pond or lagoon bed, earthen surface, or foundation wall includes an open structure that is sufficiently open to permit the extrusion of the clay therethrough when the clay becomes hydrated and swells.
  • the hydrated clay and some water extrudes through the open fabric structure and contacts an adjacent surface that it is applied against, e.g., a pond or lagoon bed, earthen surface, or concrete foundation wall, thereby blocking the lateral migration of water between the adjacent surface, e.g., concrete foundation wall, and the liner to prevent that water from finding a path through the surface to be protected.
  • the present invention relates to clay geosynthetic liners which are used to form water barriers.
  • the geosynthetic clay liners are useful for lining a surface for protecting that surface against the penetration of water therethrough, particularly for protecting water holding areas, waste water holding areas, concrete surfaces, and the like, such as horizontal plaza decks and vertical concrete foundation walls.
  • water-swellable smectite clay such as sodium bentonite
  • Bentonite is a clay material that occurs naturally and it expands when hydrated upon absorption of water. When the bentonite absorbs water and expands, it is capable of forming a barrier with low permeability to water migration if the bentonite is properly contained.
  • the geosynthetic clay liners of the present invention rely on incomplete clay containment via extrusion of water-containing, water-swellable clay therethrough upon hydration to prevent the lateral migration of water under the liners.
  • Geosynthetic clay liners primarily are made with two sheets, e.g., a carrier sheet and a cover sheet, surrounding a layer of water-swellable clay.
  • the primary backing or carrier sheet is normally the more durable material and the liner is often disposed such that the carrier sheet lies against the surface to be protected against water penetration.
  • the cover sheet also referred to as scrim, is normally less durable than the carrier sheet.
  • the product including a layer of water-swellable bentonite clay disposed between the two sheets (cover sheet and carrier sheet) is often referred to as a geosynthetic clay liner or GCL.
  • the water-swellable clay such as sodium bentonite
  • the bentonite may be held in place by glue applied to the carrier sheet; by compression of two sheets surrounding a wet layer of bentonite, e.g., this assignee's U.S. Patent No. 5,584,609, (hereby incorporated by reference); by needle-punching the cover sheet to the carrier sheet; or by stitching the carrier sheet to the cover sheet, or a combination thereof.
  • the sheets may be manufactured from durable woven or non-woven materials or sheets that do not permit the bentonite to migrate through the material.
  • the bentonite has been properly contained and, upon hydration by water, the bentonite will swell and form an effective water barrier.
  • the geosynthetic clay liners of the present invention provide for controlled migration of water-swellable clay and clay-contained water through an "open" fabric side to prevent lateral migration of water behind the liners.
  • a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is provided that includes a layer of water-swellable smectite clay, e.g., sodium montmorillonite, disposed between a carrier sheet and a cover sheet.
  • An inner sheet disposed against the surface to be protected against water penetration - either the carrier sheet or the cover sheet - is made of material having a more open structure that allows hydrated bentonite to migrate through it.
  • the other, e.g., outer sheet includes a more closed structure and, therefore, precludes bentonite migration through it.
  • the GCL can be held together in any manner known, e.g., by adhesively affixing the clay to the sheet material layers, by high pressure compression (45-85 pounds per lineal inch) of the fabrics together surrounding a wet layer of water-swellable clay (e.g., 20-50% by weight water, based on the dry weight of the clay); or by needle-punching or stitching the sheet material layers together surrounding the intermediate clay layer.
  • a wet layer of water-swellable clay e.g., 20-50% by weight water, based on the dry weight of the clay
  • the smectite clay swells to form the barrier.
  • the outer sheet or fabric includes a relatively more closed structure than the inner sheet, the bentonite is substantially contained and does not substantiallY migrate through the outer sheet.
  • the outer sheet material layer when subjected to a pressure of 54.6 psi, does not permit migration of wet clay therethrough more than about 0.01 gm/cm 2 . More preferably less than 0.006 gm/cm 2 wet clay extrudes through the outer sheet material layer at 54.6 psi.
  • the hydrated bentonite substantially migrates through it in a minimum amount of at least about 0.15 grams (wet basis) per cm 2 , preferably at least about 0.2 grams/cm 2 when subjected to a pressure of 54.6 pounds per square inch (psi), as described in more detail hereinafter.
  • the extruded, hydrated clay that migrates through the inner sheet engages the adjacent surface to be protected, e.g., a pond or waste water lagoon earthen surface or a concrete foundation wall.
  • the substantial migration of the bentonite through the inner sheet ensures that an effective seal is created, to protect against lateral water movement between the geosynthetic clay liner and the adjacent surface to be protected.
  • the open structure of the inner fabric sheet may be obtained by employing a looser weave (i.e., lower warp yarn count) than the closed structure of the outer sheet (higher warp yarn count).
  • a looser weave i.e., lower warp yarn count
  • the surface of the inner sheet should have at least about 5%, preferably at least about 6%, of its surface area as void or open area.
  • the weight of the geotextile in order to provide at least 5% void or open area in its surface, generally should be in the range of about 100 g/m 2 to about 200 g/m 2 , preferably about 125 g/m 2 to about 175 g/m 2 .
  • the basis weight can vary substantially both above and below the 100 g/m 2 to 200 g/m 2 range, particularly when perforated or slit to provide more clay migration, so long as the hydrated clay extrudes through the open fabric sheet in an amount of at least 0.15 g/cm 2 , preferably at least about 0.2 g/cm 2 when subjected to a pressure of 54.6 psi.
  • the more open structure of woven inner sheet materials also may be obtained by a perforation or slitting process that creates a structure that will allow for substantial water-swellable clay migration through it.
  • the method of using a more loosely woven or more open inner sheet is preferred but the looser weave and the perforation/slitting methods are alternative embodiments that are within the scope of the present invention.
  • the needle-punching and perforation/slitting methods are especially adaptable for geosynthetic clay liners made without gluing the bentonite to one of the sheets (i.e., compression consolidated or a needle-punched liner).
  • the loosely woven and perforated/slitted methods provide the open structure for the inner sheet and the term "open" is meant to indicate sufficient open area for ease of hydrated clay migration through the sheet material in an amount of at least 0.15 g/cm 2 , preferably at least 0.2 g/cm 2 , when subjected to a pressure of 54.6 psi (376.5 kN/m 2 ). Regardless of the percent open area, the inner sheet material layer should extrude at least 0.15 g/cm 2 of hydrated clay composition (clay and water) when subjected to a pressure of 54.6 psi, preferably at least 0.2 g/cm 2 .
  • the term "closed” is meant to indicate a structure that does not permit bentonite migration therethrough in an amount of more than 0.01 gm/cm 2 at a pressure of 54.6 psi, e.g., a tightly woven sheet material layer.
  • one aspect of the present invention is to provide a clay liner comprising an inner sheet material layer, an outer sheet material layer, and a layer of water-swellable smectite clay therebetween, wherein said inner sheet material layer includes a more open structure than the outer sheet material layer, such that upon hydration of said clay, the clay extrudes through the inner sheet material layer, but not through the outer sheet material layer, to protect against lateral migration of water between the surface being protected and the outer surface of the inner sheet material layer.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a plurality of clay liners that can be disposed against a sloped, vertical, or horizontal surface side-by-side, without overlap, wherein the clay liner includes an open fabric disposed against the surface to be protected against water penetration, such that upon hydration of the clay contained within the liner, the clay will extrude through the open fabric to stop lateral migration of water that penetrates to the protected surface from between adjacent liners.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of the geosynthetic clay liner 10 including an outer cover sheet 11, a water-swellable smectite clay, e.g., sodium bentonite, layer 12 and an inner carrier sheet 13. All of the Figures and the description below depict the cover sheet as the outer sheet when installed and the carrier sheet as the inner sheet that is disposed against the surface to be protected, when installed.
  • a water-swellable smectite clay e.g., sodium bentonite
  • the outer or cover sheet 11 is more tightly woven or has a more closed structure than the inner or carrier sheet 13.
  • the outer or cover sheet 11 has a higher warp count than the warp count of the inner or carrier sheet 13, or the inner sheet 13 is perforated, or slit to include at least 5%, preferably at least about 6%, up to about 25% void or open area in the surface, preferably about 8% to about 20%, more preferably about 10% to about 15% void area in its outer surface.
  • the inner sheet can be woven; non-woven, particularly a non-woven synthetic fiber, such as polypropylene; and/or a polymeric sheet material layer, each of which may be friction enhanced in accordance with this assignee's U.S. Patent No.
  • Non-woven sheet materials preferably have a weight in the range of about 100 g/m 2 to about 200 g/m 2 , at a thickness of about 1/32 inch to about 1/8 inch, and provide at least 5% open area, preferably at least about 6% open area, in their outer surface, along the entire outer surface, more preferably about 125 g/m 2 to about 175 g/m 2 at a thickness of about 1/32 inch to about 1/8 inch, to provide at least 5% open area along the entire outer surface of the inner sheet material.
  • the inner sheet material layer 13 should be sufficiently "open” such that it extrudes at least about 0.15 grams/cm 2 of hydrated clay (clay plus water) therethrough when subjected to a pressure of 54.6 psi, preferably at least 0.2 grams/cm 2 of wet clay, most preferably about 0.3 gm/cm 2 to 0.5 gm/cm 2 .
  • the amount of clay extruded through the open sheet material layer should be at least about 0.03 gm/cm 2 , preferably at least about 0.04 gm/cm 2 , most preferably about 0.05 gm/cm 2 to about 0.1 gm/cm 2 .
  • the more open inner sheet 13 provides for substantial migration of the bentonite 12 inwardly through the inner sheet 13 upon hydration of the bentonite 12 with water.
  • FIG. 2 An illustration of the installation of the geosynthetic clay liner 10, like the one shown in FIG. 1, is illustrated against a vertical, concrete foundation wall or earthen surface 20 in FIG. 2, and on top of a concrete plaza deck 22 in FIG. 3.
  • the bentonite layer 12 migrates inwardly through the more open inner sheet 13 in an amount of at least about 0.15 gm/cm 2 , preferably at least about 0.2 gm/cm 2 , and engages the surface 20 or 22 to be protected, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the expanding and migrating hydrated bentonite composition 12 forms a seal along the surface 20 or 22 to be protected that prevents the lateral migration of water along the surface 20 or 22.
  • the preferred material for fabrication of the inner or carrier sheets is fabric woven from polypropylene fibers, such as 80-VOL fabric produced by Synthetic Industries, Inc. of Chatanooga, Tennessee, which may be then slit or needle-punched, that extrudes at least 0.15 gm/cm 2 of hydrated clay composition when subjected to a pressure of 54.6 psi.
  • the carrier and cover sheets have a thickness from, for example, about 1/32 inch to about 1/4 inch, preferably about 1/16 inch to about 1/8 inch, and, to achieve the full advantage of the present invention, the inner sheet 13 has a void area of at least about 8% of the surface area.
  • the inner sheet material layer 13 of the geosynthetic clay liner 10 initially has, or can be provided with, at least 5% void area in its outer surface, by slitting or needle-punching to provide slits or holes 24 completely through the inner sheet material layer 13.
  • the optional slits or holes 24 can be formed prior to applying the inner sheet material layer over the clay layer 12 or, preferably, as shown in FIG. 5, are applied through the inner sheet material layer 13 after construction of the geosynthetic clay liner 10. As shown in FIG.
  • a slitting apparatus 26 includes a rotatable slitting bar 27, that carries a plurality of slitting knives 28, and the slitting bar 27 can be rotated via motor 30 to apply a uniform array of slits 24 that are disposed along the entire outer surface of the inner sheet material 13.
  • the slits 24 preferably provide at least 5% void or open area in the outer surface of inner sheet material layer 13, more preferably about 8% to about 15% void or open area.
  • the inner sheet is a polypropylene woven material, 80-VOL from Synthetic Industries, Inc., that extrudes an average of 0.034 gm/cm 2 at 54.6 psi compared with earlier product from this Assignee (prior art) that extruded 0.0056 gm/cm 2 at 54.6 psi.
  • clay liner samples were prepared from pieces of a geosynthetic clay liner having a woven polypropylene sheet material inner layer 13 (80-VOL from Synthetic Industries, Inc.), and a non-woven polypropylene, needle-punched outer sheet material layer 11 (GEOTEX 650 from Synthetic Industries, Inc.) that sandwich a layer of granular sodium bentonite clay 12 therebetween such that the total thickness of the clay liner is 0.8 cm when hydrated and 0.6 cm prior to wetting (as received after manufacture). The samples were immersed in distilled water for 72 hours to completely hydrate the samples.
  • a geosynthetic clay liner having a woven polypropylene sheet material inner layer 13 (80-VOL from Synthetic Industries, Inc.), and a non-woven polypropylene, needle-punched outer sheet material layer 11 (GEOTEX 650 from Synthetic Industries, Inc.) that sandwich a layer of granular sodium bentonite clay 12 therebetween such that the total thickness of the clay liner is

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Porous Artificial Stone Or Porous Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Inorganic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
EP98307342A 1998-02-13 1998-09-10 Ton-Deckschicht Expired - Lifetime EP0936315B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US2393298A 1998-02-13 1998-02-13
US23932 1998-02-13
US13320798A 1998-08-13 1998-08-13
US133207 1998-08-13

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0936315A1 true EP0936315A1 (de) 1999-08-18
EP0936315B1 EP0936315B1 (de) 2003-09-03

Family

ID=26697810

Family Applications (1)

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EP98307342A Expired - Lifetime EP0936315B1 (de) 1998-02-13 1998-09-10 Ton-Deckschicht

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0936315B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2000110140A (de)
KR (1) KR19990071415A (de)
AT (1) ATE248955T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69817753T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0936315T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2206849T3 (de)
SG (1) SG74655A1 (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102367661A (zh) * 2011-09-13 2012-03-07 北京高能时代环境技术股份有限公司 一种钠基膨润土垫的铺设方法
US10036513B2 (en) 2013-08-26 2018-07-31 Red Leaf Resources, Inc. Gas transport composite barrier
CN108755778A (zh) * 2018-05-25 2018-11-06 句容康泰膨润土有限公司 一种钠基膨润土防水毯及其施工方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102433856A (zh) * 2011-12-27 2012-05-02 天津市海岸带工程有限公司 一种以软粘土为主并可快速固结的隔离结构
CN107724338B (zh) * 2017-09-27 2019-07-05 同济大学 一种利用gcl对蓄水水库大坝渗漏问题进行治理的方法

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3561177A (en) * 1968-07-16 1971-02-09 Charles A Cassaro Building component
US5180255A (en) * 1990-02-15 1993-01-19 American Colloid Company Moisture-impervious panel capable of delayed hydration
US5187915A (en) * 1990-02-15 1993-02-23 William Alexander Moisture-impervious panel capable of delayed, rapid hydration
US5258217A (en) * 1991-05-28 1993-11-02 A/A Manufacturing, Inc. Landfill liner
US5350255A (en) 1993-01-19 1994-09-27 James Clem Corporation Geosynthetic clay liner with modified edges for improved sealing
US5360294A (en) * 1993-01-19 1994-11-01 James Clem Corporation Bentonite liner with drainage system protection
US5584609A (en) 1995-04-04 1996-12-17 Claymax Corporation Geosynthetic clay liner and method of manufacture

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3561177A (en) * 1968-07-16 1971-02-09 Charles A Cassaro Building component
US5180255A (en) * 1990-02-15 1993-01-19 American Colloid Company Moisture-impervious panel capable of delayed hydration
US5187915A (en) * 1990-02-15 1993-02-23 William Alexander Moisture-impervious panel capable of delayed, rapid hydration
US5258217A (en) * 1991-05-28 1993-11-02 A/A Manufacturing, Inc. Landfill liner
US5350255A (en) 1993-01-19 1994-09-27 James Clem Corporation Geosynthetic clay liner with modified edges for improved sealing
US5360294A (en) * 1993-01-19 1994-11-01 James Clem Corporation Bentonite liner with drainage system protection
US5584609A (en) 1995-04-04 1996-12-17 Claymax Corporation Geosynthetic clay liner and method of manufacture

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102367661A (zh) * 2011-09-13 2012-03-07 北京高能时代环境技术股份有限公司 一种钠基膨润土垫的铺设方法
CN102367661B (zh) * 2011-09-13 2014-01-01 北京高能时代环境技术股份有限公司 一种钠基膨润土垫的铺设方法
US10036513B2 (en) 2013-08-26 2018-07-31 Red Leaf Resources, Inc. Gas transport composite barrier
CN108755778A (zh) * 2018-05-25 2018-11-06 句容康泰膨润土有限公司 一种钠基膨润土防水毯及其施工方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0936315B1 (de) 2003-09-03
ATE248955T1 (de) 2003-09-15
DE69817753T2 (de) 2004-07-15
ES2206849T3 (es) 2004-05-16
JP2000110140A (ja) 2000-04-18
DE69817753D1 (de) 2003-10-09
SG74655A1 (en) 2000-08-22
KR19990071415A (ko) 1999-09-27
DK0936315T3 (da) 2004-01-12

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