EP0928273B1 - Etiquette, bande et groupe de contenants assemble par une telle bande - Google Patents

Etiquette, bande et groupe de contenants assemble par une telle bande Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0928273B1
EP0928273B1 EP97936877A EP97936877A EP0928273B1 EP 0928273 B1 EP0928273 B1 EP 0928273B1 EP 97936877 A EP97936877 A EP 97936877A EP 97936877 A EP97936877 A EP 97936877A EP 0928273 B1 EP0928273 B1 EP 0928273B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tape
adhesive
label
assembly
container
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97936877A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0928273A1 (fr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Beleggingsmaatschappij Doorgang BV
Original Assignee
Beleggingsmaatschappij Doorgang BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Beleggingsmaatschappij Doorgang BV filed Critical Beleggingsmaatschappij Doorgang BV
Publication of EP0928273A1 publication Critical patent/EP0928273A1/fr
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D63/00—Flexible elongated elements, e.g. straps, for bundling or supporting articles
    • B65D63/10—Non-metallic straps, tapes, or bands; Filamentary elements, e.g. strings, threads or wires; Joints between ends thereof
    • B65D63/1009—Adhesive tapes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D71/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans or pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D71/0085—Packaging elements adhered to the articles, e.g. a carton sheet

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a label to be applied onto a container, said label comprises a polymeric substrate at one side printed and at the other side to be applied onto the container, coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive, wherein said label is to be obtained from a roll.
  • the invention further relates to a tape to be used to assemble two or more containers and to an assembly of two or more containers joined by an envelope.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing such an adhesive tape or label.
  • European patent application 0 673 839 relates to a method and an apparatus for handling linerless label material wherein the tape of a roll per se is conventional and comprises a substrate, such as plastic or paper, with a pressure sensitive adhesive side or face, and a release material coated face which will not stick to the pressure sensitive adhesive on said face.
  • U.S. patent 5.375.752 relates to an apparatus for facilitating tear off of linerless labels from a web of linerless labels, the label web having a pressure sensitive adhesive face and a non-adhesive face.
  • containers such as bottles, cans and other vessels, in particular filled with a liquid, preferably a beverage, had been marketed as a pack of several containers, for example a pack of six cans, bundled by means of a foil of a reinforced polymer.
  • a drawback of such a pack was that as soon as one of the cans is removed from the pack, the connection between the cans was lost and the remaining pack only consists of five separate cans in an envelope, whereby the cans can freely move with respect to each other, so that the envelope has lost its function.
  • wraparound labels having no pressure sensitive adhesive coating which labels are supplied as printed reels, and applied with special machines, where the individual label is cut away from the reel, and applied onto the container or where the machine itself has previously applied a wax-like material (hot-melt) on the entire area of contact with the item to be labelled, or, more recently, on longitudinal or transversal strips.
  • hot-melt wax-like material
  • a drawback of these wraparound labels is that the hot-melt coating has to be applied with machines, although inherently fast (30,000 - 40,000 bottles/minute on standard 1.5 litre soft drink PET bottles), using a hot-melt coating station.
  • This station causes significant safety and contamination problems, because the heated unit poses significant hazards for machine operators and maintenance personnel and the possibility of leakages and sprays of the melted waxy material contained in the applicator unit poses contamination problems unacceptable for modern food industry standards.
  • pre-cut self-adhesive labels are supplied as pressure sensitive adhesive facestock material, generally printed on the outside, and laminated to a silicone-coated release liner or "backing" material (usually paper).
  • Such labels are pre-cut in their final shape, and they are removed from the release liner and applied onto the surface of the items to be labelled.
  • a drawback of these labels is that the material is a thick laminate and the release material is discarded after application. This gives a waste of material, and causes recyclability/recoverability problems. That system is intrinsically slow and is reasonably suited for medicine droppers, small bottles, or small-size items.
  • the full coverage of adhesive poses problems when applying labels on big items; these problems are typically wrinkles, entrapment of bubbles of air between the label and the item to be labelled.
  • this label comprises a polymeric substrate at one side printed and at the other side to be applied on the container, coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive, wherein said label is to be obtained from a roll, characterized in that the substrate is of a bi-oriented polypropylene and that the adhesive is a water-soluble pressure sensitive adhesive based on an acrylic polymer.
  • a label has been developed which is printed such that it can be used as a tape to assemble two or more containers.
  • a tape it is possible to assemble two or more containers in such a way that the printed area on the tape has the function of the printed text on a label while at the other side the tape can be used to assemble two or more containers.
  • the label material is a plastic film such as a bi-oriented polypropylene that has been surface printed or reverse printed, then coated with a pressure sensitive coating, applied by conventional methods such as hot-melt coating, solvent coating, or aqueous emulsion coating.
  • This coating can be applied with full coverage of the label surface or only in selected areas (patterned coating).
  • the adhesive formulation can be a "permanent” one, to be used on bottles or items where the label cannot be removed, due to safety or security reasons (medicine, etc.). Otherwise, the formulation can be "removable”, to be used on bottles or items where the label must be easily removed, for recycle/recovery purposes.
  • the printed/coated adhesive material is wound on itself without the need of a release layer.
  • the outside of the plastic material has peculiar characteristics that renders unwinding very easy without possibility of removal of the adhesive layer from the surface it was applied upon. Because of this characteristic the material can also be used as a tape to assemble containers such as bottles according to the invention which self-adhesive tape is provided around a part of the circumference and over a part of the height of each container forming part of the assembly. Such an unprinted adhesive tape can be provided over the labels of the containers in such a manner that the label remains clearly legible. It also is possible that the tape is printed and can be used as a label.
  • the assembly consists of three or more bottles filled with a beverage, in particular a soft drink, which bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show the bottles indicated by numerals 1-3 joined into an assembly by means of adhesive tape 4.
  • a handle 5 is incorporated in said adhesive tape, which handle 5 is made of a material different from that of tape 4.
  • handle 5 is made of a material which functions as a substrate for the adhesive tape.
  • the labels on the bottles may remain visible in at least two manners, by making the adhesive tape transparent or by printing the adhesive tape in such a manner that the printed tape coincides with the text present on the labels of the bottles. In that case the text on the adhesive tape must to that end be adapted to the text and the illustration of the labels of the bottles or containers and be provided round the containers with precision.
  • the material of the adhesive tape that is the substrate and the adhesive, must be adapted to the material of which the bottles or containers are made.
  • the adhesive tape must be self-adhesive, which means that when one bottle is removed from the assembly, the adhesive tape can be readily opened by means of a strip provided thereon without damaging the labels on the bottles, the bottle to be used can be removed from the assembly, after which the adhesive tape can be provided around the remaining bottles again.
  • the assembly shown in the drawing is limited to three bottles, it will be apparent that such an assembly may also consist of two, four or more bottles.
  • the method for producing the adhesive tape according to the invention is characterized in that said substrate of a bi-oriented polypropylene is in the form of a film and that said adhesive is a water soluble pressure sensitive adhesive based on an acrylic polymer and applied thereto by means of a smooth roller, which rotates in the same direction as the direction of movement of the film, that the adhesive is applied by having said roller rotate in a vessel filled with an aqueous emulsion of adhesive, that excess adhesive is removed, so that a layer of adhesive having a thickness of 15-50 g/m 2 remains after drying, with the solid matter content of said layer being 30-70 % by weight.
  • the amount of adhesive is 20-40 g/m 2 . If a print is provided on the adhesive tape, the substrate is first provided with said print, after which said layer of adhesive is applied to said print, so that the text or the illustration is screened by the substrate on the outside.
  • a 40 ⁇ m thick tensilized film of bi-oriented polypropylene was provided with a print by means of a flexography press, using a polyamide-based ink.
  • Said ink is commercially available from Sun Chemical under the designation PM 214.
  • An adhesive was applied to the printed side of said printed film by means of a roll coater.
  • Said roll coater rotated through a bath filled with an adhesive consisting of an aqueous dispersion of modified acryl polymer, which is commercially available from Rohm & Haas under the designation PS 6120.
  • the adhesive was applied to the film by having the roll coater rotate in the vessel, with the film being moved over the roll coater in the same direction as the direction of rotation of said roll coater.
  • the excess amount of adhesive was removed from the film by means of a Mayer bar, resulting in an amount of 15 g/m 2 of adhesive on the film after drying.
  • the adhesive tape thus obtained was cut to a width of 10 cm and affixed to PET bottles provided with polyethylene labels, which were provided with a print on the outside.
  • the adhesive tape could be affixed to said labels in a self-adhesive manner and be removed therefrom, which operation could be carried out repeatedly without the label on the bottle being damaged.
  • an adhesive tape was produced in a conventional manner by means of a 40 ⁇ m thick PVC film, whereby a conventional natural rubber adhesive in a solvent was applied. Said adhesive tape was also cut to a width of 10 cm and affixed to the PET bottles as described above.
  • the speed of forming the assemblies could be increased to more than 50 assemblies per minute, with a smooth and jamming-free operation.
  • the adhesive tape could be readily removed from the roll in order to carry out the method for forming the assemblies.
  • a bottle had to be removed from an assembly the adhesive tape could be readily removed from a bottle without any damage to the label being noticeable thereby, after which the adhesive tape could be affixed round the remaining two bottles. This operation could be carried out repeatedly without any problems.
  • a 500-cc glass jar for medicinal products was traditionally labelled with a conventional adhesive facestock material having the following structure:
  • the labels were pre-cut in the conventional way, and they almost covered the entire circumference of the jar, leaving a 5 mm area free from the square label.
  • the 500-cc jar was labelled on a wraparound machine using an adhesive material being a solvent-based 15 g/m 2 permanent adhesive.
  • the substrate was a 60 ⁇ m white pigmented bi-oriented polypropylene film gravure-printed on the outside and coated with the adhesive on the inside.
  • the printed surface was overlacquered with a 2 g/m 2 transparent varnish, to guarantee an easy unwinding of the adhesive coated roll.
  • the length and width of the label were equivalent to those of example 3a, with no overlapping of the label sides.
  • the labelling system 3a was intrinsically slow, never exceeding 100 bottles/minute and more than 50 % of the weight of the adhesive facestock laminate was discarded.
  • the release liner was a silicone-coated paper, impossible to recycle with conventional systems causing scrap paper/board. Jammings of the labelling machine were frequent, due to the high tack of the adhesive formulation and the large size of the label. Machine downtime was significant and this forced to slow down the labelling operation to 60 bottles/minute.
  • the labelling process 3b according to the invention was practically free from jamming. No scraps of the labelling material were produced, and the wraparound machine operated at speeds consistently in excess of 10,000 bottles/hour.
  • a standard 1,5 litre straight-wall injection-blow moulded PET soft drink bottle was labelled on a wraparound machine with a 37 ⁇ m outside printed white cavitated bi-oriented polypropylene film.
  • This reel-fed labelling machine operated with the conventional hot-melt applicator, applying 1.0 cm wide vertical strips of hot-melt (perpendicular to the web direction of motion or "longitudinal" direction). The machine overlapped the label, so as it was glued to the bottle or on itself on a vertical strip, leaving the label free to adjust to the expansion of the bottle generated by the pressure of the carbonated drink after filing.
  • the hot-melt applicator was removed from the labelling machine, and the machine was run with a labelling material suitable for the process according to the invention.
  • This material was a 35 ⁇ m transparent bi-oriented polypropylene film, reverse printed by rotogravure and coated with a patterned coating of removable acrylic-based aqueous emulsion adhesive (15 g/m 2 on the coated areas),
  • the coating pattern was a transversal stripe, perpendicular to the web direction of motion, 1 cm wide, in register with the cut position of the label.
  • the labels were pre-cut in the conventional way and the labelling machine placed them in a circumferential recessed area on the side of the container.
  • the size of the label was 400 mm x 150 mm.
  • the same 5 litre HDPE container was labelled on a labelling machine (produced by Gandini S.p.A. of Italy, owner of the trademark Twin Pack) with an adhesive material being a hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive.
  • the substrate of the label was a 50 ⁇ m white pigmented bi-oriented polypropylene film gravure-printed on the outside surface, coated on the inside surface with 20 g/m 2 hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive.
  • the outside of the adhesive material was overlacquered with a proper release coating in order to guarantee the correct and even unwinding of the reel-fed adhesive label.
  • the label was cut and applied by the labelling machine on the same recessed area of the container.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Adhesive Tapes (AREA)
  • Labeling Devices (AREA)
  • Package Frames And Binding Bands (AREA)
  • Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)

Claims (21)

  1. Etiquette à appliquer sur un récipient, la dite étiquette comprenant un substrat en polymère, imprimé sur une face et dont l'autre face est à appliquer au récipient, revêtu d'un adhésif sensible à la pression, la dite étiquette étant obtenue à partir d'une bobine, caractérisée en ce que le substrat est en un polypropylène bi-orienté et en ce que l'adhésif est un adhésif sensible à la pression et soluble dans l'eau à base d'un polymère acrylique.
  2. Etiquette selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la dite étiquette est imprimée de sorte qu'elle peut être utilisée comme bande pour assembler deux récipients ou plus.
  3. Groupe de deux récipients ou plus reliés par une enveloppe, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe consiste en une bande selon la revendication 2.
  4. Groupe selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que la bande comporte une poignée prévue dans ou sur la dite bande.
  5. Groupe selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que la bande est auto-adhésive et peut être réutilisée après application et enlèvement.
  6. Groupe de deux récipients ou plus selon les revendications 3 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la dite bande est placée autour d'une partie de la circonférence et sur une partie de la hauteur de chaque récipient faisant partie du groupe.
  7. Groupe selon les revendications 3 à 6, caractérisé en ce que la dite bande est transparente sur une portion importante de sa surface.
  8. Groupe selon les revendications 3 à 7, caractérisé en ce que le dit groupe est constitué de deux bouteilles ou plus, de préférence fabriquées en téréphtalate de polyéthylène.
  9. Etiquette ou bande selon les revendications 1 et 2, caractérisée en ce que la dite bande est auto-adhésive et peut être réutilisée après application et enlèvement.
  10. Etiquette ou bande selon les revendications 1 et 2, caractérisée en ce que le dit adhésif est un aqueux polymère acrylique modifié.
  11. Etiquette ou bande selon les revendications 1, 2 et 9, caractérisée en ce que la quantité de l'adhésif est de 15 à 50 g/m2 après séchage de l'adhésif jusqu'à une teneur en matières solides de 30 à 70% en poids.
  12. Etiquette ou bande selon les revendications 1, 2 et 9 à 11, caractérisée en ce que l'épaisseur du film est de 8 à 100 µm.
  13. Etiquette ou bande selon la revendication 12, caractérisée en ce que l'épaisseur du film est de 20 à 60 µm.
  14. Etiquette ou bande selon les revendications 1, 2 et 9 à 13, caractérisée en ce qu'un code à barres est prévu sur la dite étiquette ou bande, et en ce que le décodage du code à barres sur les récipients individuels peut être rendu impossible au moyen d'une impression présente sur la dite bande adhésive.
  15. Bande selon les revendications 2 et 9 à 14; caractérisée en ce que la dite bande est munie d'un ruban pour ouvrir la bande.
  16. Procédé pour l'application en entourage d'une étiquette ou d'une bande selon la revendication 1 ou selon la revendication 2, sur un récipient, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette ou la bande est fournie en bobines, et l'étiquette ou bande individuelle est coupée par la machine d'étiquetage et appliquée sur le ou les récipients à étiqueter ou à bander.
  17. Procédé selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce qu'une bouteille est utilisée comme récipient.
  18. Procédé de fabrication d'une bande adhésive clairement prévue pour une étiquette selon la revendication 1 ou pour une bande selon la revendication 2, par application d'une couche d'un adhésif sur un substrat, caractérisé en ce que le dit substrat est en un polypropylène bi-orienté et sous la forme d'un film et le dit adhésif est un adhésif sensible à la pression, soluble dans l'eau et à base d'un polymère acrylique et il est appliqué au substrat au moyen d'un rouleau lisse qui tourne dans le même sens que le sens de déplacement du film, en ce que l'adhésif est appliqué par rotation du dit rouleau dans une cuve remplie d'une émulsion aqueuse d'adhésif, et en ce qu'on enlève l'adhésif en excès, de sorte qu'une couche d'adhésif ayant une épaisseur de 15 à 50 g/m2 reste après séchage jusqu'à ce que la teneur en matières solides de la dite couche soit de 30 à 70% en poids.
  19. Procédé selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que la quantité d'adhésif est de 20 à 40 g/m2.
  20. Procédé selon les revendications 16 à 19, caractérisé en ce qu'on effectue d'abord une impression sur le dit substrat, après quoi on applique la dite couche d'adhésif au dit substrat imprimé.
  21. Procédé selon les revendications 16 à 20, caractérisé en ce que la dite bande ou étiquette adhésive est enroulée sur une bobine.
EP97936877A 1996-08-21 1997-08-19 Etiquette, bande et groupe de contenants assemble par une telle bande Expired - Lifetime EP0928273B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1003841A NL1003841C2 (nl) 1996-08-21 1996-08-21 Samenstel van twee of meer houders, kleefband en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een kleefband.
NL1003841 1996-08-21
PCT/NL1997/000470 WO1998007635A1 (fr) 1996-08-21 1997-08-19 Etiquette, bande et porte-contenants

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0928273A1 EP0928273A1 (fr) 1999-07-14
EP0928273B1 true EP0928273B1 (fr) 2001-04-25

Family

ID=19763394

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97936877A Expired - Lifetime EP0928273B1 (fr) 1996-08-21 1997-08-19 Etiquette, bande et groupe de contenants assemble par une telle bande

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0928273B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE200769T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU3953697A (fr)
DE (1) DE69704665T2 (fr)
NL (1) NL1003841C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998007635A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1862518B2 (fr) † 2006-06-01 2014-11-26 Irplast S.p.A. Utilisation de bandes adhésives de film plastique
IT201700047007A1 (it) * 2017-05-02 2018-11-02 Irplast Spa Materiale adesivo multistrato per uso alimentare.

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITMI20091553A1 (it) * 2009-09-10 2011-03-11 Mauro Vincenzo Bonelli Fascia di accoppiamento per contenitori quali bottiglie e similari, confezione multipla di contenitori quali bottiglie e similari nonchè procedimento di realizzazione della confezione stessa
DE102009044519A1 (de) 2009-09-29 2011-03-31 Krones Ag Gebinde aus mehreren Behältern und Verfahren zur Herstellung des Gebindes
DE102011054994A1 (de) * 2011-11-02 2013-05-02 Krones Aktiengesellschaft Gebinde mit Tragegriff, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung solcher Gebinde
ITMI20112205A1 (it) 2011-12-02 2013-06-03 Irplast Spa Film plastici
BR112017022695A2 (pt) 2015-04-24 2018-07-17 3M Innovative Properties Co composições adesivas acrílicas e fitas adesivas acrílicas que permitem a remoção limpa de superfícies delicadas
DE102016217896A1 (de) 2016-09-19 2018-03-22 Krones Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gebinden mit Tragegriffen
DE202016105848U1 (de) 2016-10-19 2018-01-22 Krones Aktiengesellschaft Gebinde mit mindestens zwei zusammengefassten Artikeln oder Behältern

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US2456059A (en) * 1946-03-06 1948-12-14 Beech Nut Packing Co Machine for and method of banding boxes
US4544194A (en) * 1982-05-28 1985-10-01 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Plural bottle carrier
FI894177A (fi) * 1988-09-22 1990-03-23 Ancker Joergensen As Foerfarande och anordning foer etikettering.
DE9107799U1 (fr) * 1991-06-25 1991-10-24 Hansa Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co Kg, 2082 Tornesch, De
US5674345A (en) * 1992-07-01 1997-10-07 Moore Business Forms, Inc. Linerless label printer applicator
US5375752A (en) * 1993-10-14 1994-12-27 Moore Business Forms, Inc. Manual linerless label dispenser
WO1995017304A1 (fr) * 1993-12-21 1995-06-29 Greydon Wesley Nedblake Procede pour la production d'etiquettes a partir d'une bande continue
DE9413462U1 (de) * 1994-08-20 1994-11-10 Basf Magnetics Gmbh Verpackung für gestapelte Gegenstände
US5524996A (en) * 1994-11-22 1996-06-11 Grand Rapids Label Company Linerless label printing apparatus
US5733652A (en) * 1995-02-10 1998-03-31 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Banding system, banding tape and methods of using the same
DE29603563U1 (de) * 1995-10-12 1996-04-11 Saam Bernhard Sammelpackung und Folie als Sammelelement

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1862518B2 (fr) † 2006-06-01 2014-11-26 Irplast S.p.A. Utilisation de bandes adhésives de film plastique
IT201700047007A1 (it) * 2017-05-02 2018-11-02 Irplast Spa Materiale adesivo multistrato per uso alimentare.
WO2018203198A1 (fr) * 2017-05-02 2018-11-08 Irplast S.P.A. Matériau adhésif multicouche à usage alimentaire

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE200769T1 (de) 2001-05-15
DE69704665T2 (de) 2001-08-09
NL1003841C2 (nl) 1998-02-26
EP0928273A1 (fr) 1999-07-14
DE69704665D1 (de) 2001-05-31
WO1998007635A1 (fr) 1998-02-26
AU3953697A (en) 1998-03-06

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