EP0924395A2 - Method of manufacturing an electromagnetic actuator - Google Patents

Method of manufacturing an electromagnetic actuator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0924395A2
EP0924395A2 EP98123153A EP98123153A EP0924395A2 EP 0924395 A2 EP0924395 A2 EP 0924395A2 EP 98123153 A EP98123153 A EP 98123153A EP 98123153 A EP98123153 A EP 98123153A EP 0924395 A2 EP0924395 A2 EP 0924395A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plunger
armature
hardened
anchor
surface treatment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP98123153A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0924395A3 (en
Inventor
Michael Nagel
Matthias Gramann
Wolfgang Thiel
Rudolf Wilczek
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Conti Temic Microelectronic GmbH
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Temic Telefunken Microelectronic GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Temic Telefunken Microelectronic GmbH filed Critical Temic Telefunken Microelectronic GmbH
Publication of EP0924395A2 publication Critical patent/EP0924395A2/en
Publication of EP0924395A3 publication Critical patent/EP0924395A3/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F7/00—Magnets
    • H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
    • H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L9/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically
    • F01L9/20—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically by electric means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of the claim 1.
  • Electromagnetic actuators are used in particular to actuate Gas exchange valves used in internal combustion engines.
  • Such an actuator is known for example from DE 296 04 946 U1.
  • This previously known Actuator has a plunger and one transverse to the plunger longitudinal axis attached anchor on and two electromagnets with opposite Pole faces, between which the armature counteracts the force of two springs is linearly movable.
  • By alternately energizing the two Electromagnets become the anchor of electromagnets that are switched off by the springs approximately in the middle between the pole faces of the Electromagnet is held between the pole faces of the electromagnet moved back and forth and over the plunger moving with the anchor a gas exchange valve actuated.
  • the main disadvantage of this actuator is that disturbances, in particular Temperature fluctuations, changes in the viscosity of the lubricant or contamination of the actuator to operational fluctuations the magnetic force acting on the armature and consequently increased Wear material, so that safe continuous operation of the actuator is not guaranteed.
  • the invention has for its object a method according to the preamble of claim 1 specify that inexpensive to carry out and which increases the lifespan of the actuator to ensure a safe To enable continuous operation.
  • the anchor and the plunger connected to it hardened in a common process step by surface treatment.
  • the armature and the plunger are two separate components manufactured in a preceding surface treatment Process step to an anchor-ram assembly firmly connected become.
  • the anchor and the plunger from a single blank as a one-piece anchor plunger assembly manufactured.
  • the entire surface is advantageously used for the surface treatment the anchor tappet assembly, for example by salt bath nitriding, with a wear-resistant layer, in particular with a titanium nitride layer, coated.
  • the anchor tappet assembly can also be hardened by nitriding processes in which nitrogen is added to the Surface of the anchor tappet assembly is introduced, for example by plasma nitriding.
  • the actuator has an effect with a gas exchange valve 5 standing plunger 2, one with the plunger 2 transversely to the longitudinal axis of the plunger attached armature 1, and one acting as an opening magnet Electromagnet 3 and one of these in the direction of the ram longitudinal axis spaced apart, acting as a closer magnet, further electromagnets 4 on.
  • the electromagnets 3, 4 are by means of a housing part 7 connected to one another and have opposite pole faces 31, 41 on, between which the armature 1 by alternating energization of the excitation coils 30, 40 of the two electromagnets 3, 4 is moved linearly.
  • Two counteracting actuating springs 60, 63 which are between the opening magnet 3 and the gas exchange valve 5 are arranged and by means of two spring plates 61, 62 attached to the actuator or cylinder head 8 of the internal combustion engine are causing the armature 1 in the de-energized state of the excitation coils 30, 40 in an intermediate position approximately in the middle between the pole faces 31, 41 of the electromagnets 3, 4 is held.
  • the excitation coil 40 of the closing magnet 4 is energized, so that the armature 1 moves in the direction of the pole face 41 of the closing magnet 4 and is held there until the current flow is interrupted. Accordingly, the armature 1 for opening the gas exchange valve 5 through Energizing the excitation coil 30 of the opening magnet 3 to the pole face 31 moved there and held there.
  • the electromagnets 3, 4 and the armature 1 are made of soft magnetic Made of materials with high magnetic permeability. You assign one rectangular cross-section, so that you make optimal use of space reached when installing the actuator in the internal combustion engine.
  • the anchor 1 and the plunger 2 are first of all welded, glued, Solder or deform to anchor-plunger assembly 1, 2 firmly together connected and both in a subsequent common process step at the same time as anchor plunger assembly 1, 2 with the wear-resistant Layer 9 coated.
  • this is a through Salt bath nitriding on the entire surface of the anchor tappet assembly 1, 2 applied titanium nitride layer.
  • the anchor-plunger assembly 1, 2 can be the anchor and plunger material regardless of the material strength.
  • the anchor 1 is advantageously made of a material with a high magnetic saturation flux density manufactured, because then little anchor material to guarantee the required magnetic forces are required and the accelerated Mass is thus kept low.
  • the electromagnets 3, 4 are not hardened, so that the life of the Actuator through with only a small amount of work and materials feasible surface treatment of the armature 1 and plunger 2 inexpensive way is increased.
  • the anchor 1 and the plunger 2 in the present example made from two different blanks as two separate components, which only become an anchor-tappet assembly 1, 2 after their completion be connected to each other.
  • a blank, d. H. manufactured in one piece one-piece anchor-plunger assembly The anchor 1 and the plunger 2 represent each represent an area of such an assembly.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)

Abstract

Electromagnetic actuator production involves combined surface hardening of an armature (1) and a ram (2). In production of an electromagnetic actuator having one or more electromagnets (3, 4) for moving an armature (1) connected to a ram (2), the armature (1) and the ram (2) are hardened in a common surface treatment step. Preferred Feature: The surface treatment involves coating the components with a wear resistant titanium nitride layer (9) or introducing nitrogen into the component surfaces, especially by plasma nitriding.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method according to the preamble of the claim 1.

Elektromagnetische Aktuatoren werden insbesondere zur Betätigung vom Gaswechselventilen in Brennkraftmaschinen verwendet. Ein derartiger Aktuator ist beispielsweise aus der DE 296 04 946 U1 bekannt. Dieser vorbekannte Aktuator weist einen Stößel und einen quer zur Stößel-Längsachse befestigten Anker auf sowie zwei Elektromagnete mit sich gegenüberliegenden Polflächen, zwischen denen der Anker gegen die Kraft zweier Stellfedern linear bewegbar ist. Durch abwechselnde Bestromung der beiden Elektromagnete wird der Anker, der bei stromlos geschalteten Elektromagneten durch die Stellfedern etwa in der Mitte zwischen den Polflächen der Elektromagnete festgehalten wird, zwischen den Polflächen der Elektromagnete hin- und herbewegt und über den mit dem Anker mitbewegten Stößel ein Gaswechselventil betätigt.Electromagnetic actuators are used in particular to actuate Gas exchange valves used in internal combustion engines. Such an actuator is known for example from DE 296 04 946 U1. This previously known Actuator has a plunger and one transverse to the plunger longitudinal axis attached anchor on and two electromagnets with opposite Pole faces, between which the armature counteracts the force of two springs is linearly movable. By alternately energizing the two Electromagnets become the anchor of electromagnets that are switched off by the springs approximately in the middle between the pole faces of the Electromagnet is held between the pole faces of the electromagnet moved back and forth and over the plunger moving with the anchor a gas exchange valve actuated.

Der wesentliche Nachteil dieses Aktuators liegt darin, daß Störgrößen, insbesondere Temperaturschwankungen, Viskositätsänderungen des Schmiermittels oder Verschmutzungen des Aktuators zu betriebsbedingten Schwankungen der auf den Anker wirkenden Magnetkraft und folglich zu erhöhtem Materialverschleiß führen, so daß ein sicherer Dauerbetrieb des Aktuators nicht gewährleistet ist.The main disadvantage of this actuator is that disturbances, in particular Temperature fluctuations, changes in the viscosity of the lubricant or contamination of the actuator to operational fluctuations the magnetic force acting on the armature and consequently increased Wear material, so that safe continuous operation of the actuator is not guaranteed.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1 anzugeben, das kostengünstig durchführbar ist und durch das die Lebensdauer des Aktuators erhöht wird, um einen sicheren Dauerbetrieb zu ermöglichen. The invention has for its object a method according to the preamble of claim 1 specify that inexpensive to carry out and which increases the lifespan of the actuator to ensure a safe To enable continuous operation.

Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale im Kennzeichen des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.The object is achieved by the features in the characteristic of Claim 1 solved. Advantageous refinements and developments result from the subclaims.

Erfindungsgemäß werden der Anker und der mit diesem verbundene Stößel in einem gemeinsamen Prozeßschritt durch Oberflächenbehandlung gehärtet. Vorzugsweise werden der Anker und der Stößel als zwei getrennte Bauteile hergestellt, die in einem der Oberflächenbehandlung vorangehenden Prozeßschritt zu einer Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe fest miteinander verbunden werden. In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens werden der Anker und der Stößel aus einem einzigen Rohling als einteilige Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe hergestellt.According to the anchor and the plunger connected to it hardened in a common process step by surface treatment. Preferably, the armature and the plunger are two separate components manufactured in a preceding surface treatment Process step to an anchor-ram assembly firmly connected become. In a further embodiment of the method, the anchor and the plunger from a single blank as a one-piece anchor plunger assembly manufactured.

Bei der Oberflächenbehandlung wird vorteilhafterweise die gesamte Oberfläche der Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe, beispielsweise durch Salzbadnitrieren, mit einer verschleißhemmenden Schicht, insbesondere mit einer Titan-Nitrid-Schicht, beschichtet. Alternativ kann die Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe auch durch Nitrierverfahren gehärtet werden, bei denen Stickstoff in die Oberfläche der Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe eingebracht wird, beispielsweise durch Plasmanitrieren.The entire surface is advantageously used for the surface treatment the anchor tappet assembly, for example by salt bath nitriding, with a wear-resistant layer, in particular with a titanium nitride layer, coated. Alternatively, the anchor tappet assembly can also be hardened by nitriding processes in which nitrogen is added to the Surface of the anchor tappet assembly is introduced, for example by plasma nitriding.

Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand der Figur näher beschrieben. Diese zeigt als bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel einen Aktuator zur Betätigung eines Gaswechselventils in einer Brennkraftmaschine.The invention is described below with reference to the figure. This shows as a preferred embodiment an actuator for actuation of a gas exchange valve in an internal combustion engine.

Gemäß der Figur weist der Aktuator einen in Kraftwirkung mit einem Gaswechselventil 5 stehenden Stößel 2, einen mit dem Stößel 2 quer zur Stößel-Längsachse befestigten Anker 1, sowie einen als Öffnermagnet wirkenden Elektromagneten 3 und einen von diesem in Richtung der Stößel-Längsachse beabstandet angeordneten, als Schließermagnet wirkenden, weiteren Elektromagneten 4 auf. Die Elektromagnete 3, 4 sind mittels eines Gehäuseteils 7 miteinander verbunden und weisen gegenüberliegende Polflächen 31, 41 auf, zwischen denen der Anker 1 durch abwechselnde Bestromung der Erregerspulen 30, 40 der beiden Elektromagnete 3, 4 linear bewegt wird. Zwei gegensinnig wirkende Stellfedern 60, 63, die zwischen dem Offnermagnet 3 und dem Gaswechselventil 5 angeordnet sind und mittels zweier Federteller 61, 62 am Aktuator bzw. Zylinderkopf 8 der Brennkraftmaschine befestigt sind, bewirken, daß der Anker 1 im stromlosen Zustand der Erregerspulen 30, 40 in einer Zwischenstellung etwa in der Mitte zwischen den Polflächen 31, 41 der Elektromagnete 3, 4 festgehalten wird. Zum Schließen des Gaswechselventils 5 wird die Erregerspule 40 des Schließermagnets 4 bestromt, so daß der Anker 1 in Richtung Polfläche 41 des Schließermagnets 4 bewegt wird und dort bis zur Unterbrechung des Stromflusses festgehalten wird. Entsprechend wird der Anker 1 zum Öffnen des Gaswechselventils 5 durch Bestromung der Erregerspule 30 des Öffnermagneten 3 zu dessen Polfläche 31 hin bewegt und dort festgehalten.According to the figure, the actuator has an effect with a gas exchange valve 5 standing plunger 2, one with the plunger 2 transversely to the longitudinal axis of the plunger attached armature 1, and one acting as an opening magnet Electromagnet 3 and one of these in the direction of the ram longitudinal axis spaced apart, acting as a closer magnet, further electromagnets 4 on. The electromagnets 3, 4 are by means of a housing part 7 connected to one another and have opposite pole faces 31, 41 on, between which the armature 1 by alternating energization of the excitation coils 30, 40 of the two electromagnets 3, 4 is moved linearly. Two counteracting actuating springs 60, 63 which are between the opening magnet 3 and the gas exchange valve 5 are arranged and by means of two spring plates 61, 62 attached to the actuator or cylinder head 8 of the internal combustion engine are causing the armature 1 in the de-energized state of the excitation coils 30, 40 in an intermediate position approximately in the middle between the pole faces 31, 41 of the electromagnets 3, 4 is held. To close the gas exchange valve 5, the excitation coil 40 of the closing magnet 4 is energized, so that the armature 1 moves in the direction of the pole face 41 of the closing magnet 4 and is held there until the current flow is interrupted. Accordingly, the armature 1 for opening the gas exchange valve 5 through Energizing the excitation coil 30 of the opening magnet 3 to the pole face 31 moved there and held there.

Die Elektromagnete 3, 4 und der Anker 1 werden aus weichmagnetischen Materialien mit hoher magnetischer Permeabilität gefertigt. Sie weisen einen rechteckigen Querschnitt auf, so daß man eine optimale Raumausnützung beim Einbau des Aktuators in die Brennkraftmaschine erreicht.The electromagnets 3, 4 and the armature 1 are made of soft magnetic Made of materials with high magnetic permeability. You assign one rectangular cross-section, so that you make optimal use of space reached when installing the actuator in the internal combustion engine.

Der Anker 1 und der Stößel 2 werden zunächst durch Schweißen, Kleben, Löten oder Verformen zur Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe 1, 2 miteinander fest verbunden und in einem darauffolgenden gemeinsamen Prozeßschritt beide gleichzeitig als Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe 1, 2 mit der verschleißhemmenden Schicht 9 beschichtet. Diese ist im vorliegenden Beispiel eine durch Salzbadnitrieren auf die gesamte Oberfläche der Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe 1, 2 aufgebrachte Titan-Nitrid-Schicht.The anchor 1 and the plunger 2 are first of all welded, glued, Solder or deform to anchor-plunger assembly 1, 2 firmly together connected and both in a subsequent common process step at the same time as anchor plunger assembly 1, 2 with the wear-resistant Layer 9 coated. In the present example, this is a through Salt bath nitriding on the entire surface of the anchor tappet assembly 1, 2 applied titanium nitride layer.

Aufgrund der durch die Oberflächenbehandlung erhöhten Verschleißfestigkeit der Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe 1, 2 kann das Anker- und Stößelmaterial ohne Rücksicht auf die Materialfestigkeit ausgewählt werden. Der Anker 1 wird vorteilhafterweise aus einem Material mit hoher magnetischer Sättigungsflußdichte hergestellt, da dann wenig Ankermaterial zur Gewährleistung der erforderlichen magnetischen Kräfte benötigt wird und die beschleunigte Masse somit gering gehalten wird.Due to the increased wear resistance due to the surface treatment the anchor-plunger assembly 1, 2 can be the anchor and plunger material regardless of the material strength. The anchor 1 is advantageously made of a material with a high magnetic saturation flux density manufactured, because then little anchor material to guarantee the required magnetic forces are required and the accelerated Mass is thus kept low.

Die Elektromagnete 3, 4 werden nicht gehärtet, so daß die Lebensdauer des Aktuators durch die mit lediglich geringem Arbeits- und Materialmehraufwand durchführbare Oberflächenbehandlung des Ankers 1 und Stößels 2 auf kostengünstige Weise erhöht wird. The electromagnets 3, 4 are not hardened, so that the life of the Actuator through with only a small amount of work and materials feasible surface treatment of the armature 1 and plunger 2 inexpensive way is increased.

Des weiteren werden der Anker 1 und der Stößel 2 im vorliegenden Beispiel aus zwei unterschiedlichen Rohlingen als zwei getrennte Bauteile hergestellt, welche erst nach ihrer Fertigstellung zur Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe 1, 2 miteinander verbunden werden. Denkbar ist jedoch auch eine, beispielsweise durch Fließpressen, aus einem Rohling, d. h. in einem Stück, hergestellte einteilige Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe. Der Anker 1 und der Stößel 2 stellen dabei jeweils einen Bereich einer derartigen Baugruppe dar.Furthermore, the anchor 1 and the plunger 2 in the present example made from two different blanks as two separate components, which only become an anchor-tappet assembly 1, 2 after their completion be connected to each other. However, one is also conceivable, for example by extrusion, from a blank, d. H. manufactured in one piece one-piece anchor-plunger assembly. The anchor 1 and the plunger 2 represent each represent an area of such an assembly.

Claims (8)

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektromagnetischen Aktuators mit mindestens einem Elektromagneten (3, 4), einem durch Magnetkraft des mindestens einen Elektromagneten (3, 4) bewegbaren Anker (1) und einem mit dem Anker (1) verbundenen Stößel (2), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Anker (1) und der mit diesem verbundene Stößel (2) in einem gemeinsamen Prozeßschritt durch Oberflächenbehandlung gehärtet werden.Method for producing an electromagnetic actuator with at least an electromagnet (3, 4), one by magnetic force of the at least an electromagnet (3, 4) movable armature (1) and one with the armature (1) connected plunger (2), characterized in that the Anchor (1) and the plunger (2) connected to it in a common Process step can be hardened by surface treatment. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Anker (1) und der Stößel (2) als zwei getrennte Bauteile hergestellt werden, die in einem der Oberflächenbehandlung vorangehenden Prozeßschritt miteinander fest verbunden werden.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the armature (1) and the plunger (2) are manufactured as two separate components, which in one the process step preceding the surface treatment with one another be firmly connected. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Anker (1) und der Stößel (2) als einteilige Anker-Stößel-Baugruppe hergestellt werden.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the armature (1) and the plunger (2) are manufactured as a one-piece anchor-plunger assembly. Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Anker (1) und der Stößel (2) durch Beschichtung mit einer verschleißhemmenden Schicht (9) gehärtet werden.Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the armature (1) and the plunger (2) by coating with a wear-resistant Layer (9) are hardened. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Anker (1) und der Stößel (2) durch Beschichtung mit einer Titan-Nitrid-Schicht (9) gehärtet werden.A method according to claim 4, characterized in that the armature (1) and the plunger (2) is hardened by coating with a titanium nitride layer (9) become. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Anker (1) und der Stößel (2) durch Einbringen von Stickstoff in ihre Oberfläche gehärtet werden.Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that that the armature (1) and the plunger (2) by introducing nitrogen into their Surface to be hardened. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Anker (1) und der Stößel (2) durch Plasmanitrieren gehärtet werden. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the armature (1) and the plunger (2) are hardened by plasma nitriding. Verwendung eines nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche hergestellten Aktuators zur Betätigung eines Gaswechselventils (5) in einer Brennkraftmaschine.Use of one manufactured according to one of the preceding claims Actuator for actuating a gas exchange valve (5) in an internal combustion engine.
EP98123153A 1997-12-20 1998-12-04 Method of manufacturing an electromagnetic actuator Withdrawn EP0924395A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19757169A DE19757169A1 (en) 1997-12-20 1997-12-20 Method of manufacturing an electromagnetic actuator
DE19757169 1997-12-20

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EP0924395A2 true EP0924395A2 (en) 1999-06-23
EP0924395A3 EP0924395A3 (en) 2000-07-12

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Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1111203A3 (en) * 1999-12-09 2002-05-15 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Electromagnetic actuator and valve-open-close mechanism
EP2362125A1 (en) * 2010-02-22 2011-08-31 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Actuating components of an electromagnetic positioning unit of a hydraulic valve

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016123827A1 (en) * 2016-12-08 2018-06-14 ECO Holding 1 GmbH Central actuator for a solenoid valve of a Schwenkmotorverstellers

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US4231525A (en) * 1979-05-10 1980-11-04 General Motors Corporation Electromagnetic fuel injector with selectively hardened armature
DE3733809A1 (en) * 1986-10-08 1988-04-28 Mitsubishi Motors Corp Solenoid valve
US5012982A (en) * 1986-11-15 1991-05-07 Hitachi, Ltd. Electromagnetic fuel injector
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Title
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1111203A3 (en) * 1999-12-09 2002-05-15 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Electromagnetic actuator and valve-open-close mechanism
EP2362125A1 (en) * 2010-02-22 2011-08-31 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Actuating components of an electromagnetic positioning unit of a hydraulic valve
US8844900B2 (en) 2010-02-22 2014-09-30 Schaeffler Technologies Gmbh & Co. Kg Activation element of an electromagnetic actuating unit of a hydraulic valve

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EP0924395A3 (en) 2000-07-12
DE19757169A1 (en) 1999-07-01

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