Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D223/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D223/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D223/16—Benzazepines; Hydrogenated benzazepines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
  • C07D333/54—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel guanidine substituted compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, processes for their preparation, and use thereof in treating IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 and NAP-2 mediated diseases.
• Interleukin-8 Interleukin-8
• NAP-1 neutrophil attractant/activation protein- 1
• MDNCF monocyte derived neutrophil chemotactic factor
• NAF neutrophil activating factor
• Interleukin-8 is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, basophils, and a subset of T-cells. It is produced by a majority of nucleated cells including macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells exposed to TNF, IL-l , IL- l ⁇ or LPS, and by neutrophils themselves when exposed to LPS or chemotactic factors such as FMLP.
• IL-8, Gro ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ and NAP-2 stimulate a number of functions in vitro. They have all been shown to have chemoattractant properties for neutrophils, while IL-8 0 and GRO ⁇ have demonstrated T-lymphocytes, and basophiles chemotactic activity.
• IL-8 can induce histamine release from basophils from both normal and atopic individuals GRO- ⁇ and IL-8 can in addition, induce lysozomal enzyme release and respiratory burst from neutrophils.
• IL-8 has also been shown to increase the surface expression of Mac- 1 (CD1 lb/CD 18) on neutrophils without de novo protein synthesis.
• ELR chemokines (those containing the amino acids ELR motif just prior to the CXC motif) have also been implicated in angiostasis. Strieter et al, Science 258, 1798 ( 1992).
• IL-8, Gro ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ and NAP-2 induce neutrophil shape change, chemotaxis, granule release, and respiratory burst, by binding to and activating receptors of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein-linked family, in particular by binding to IL-8 receptors, most notably the B-receptor. Thomas et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266. 14839 ( 1991); and Holmes et al., Science 253, 1278 ( 1991).
• the development of non-peptide small molecule antagonists for members of this receptor family has precedent. For a review see R. Freidinger in: Progress in Drug Research. Vol. 40, pp. 33-98, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel 1993.
• the IL-8 receptor represents a promising target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents.
• IL-8R ⁇ which binds only IL-8 with high affinity
• IL-8R ⁇ which has high affinity for IL-8 as well as for GRO- ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ and NAP-2.
• IL-8R ⁇ which binds only IL-8 with high affinity
• IL-8R ⁇ which has high affinity for IL-8 as well as for GRO- ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ and NAP-2.
• This invention provides for a method of treating a chemokine mediated disease, wherein the chemokine is one which binds to an IL-8 ⁇ or ⁇ receptor and which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the chemokine is IL-8.
• This invention also relates to a method of inhibiting the binding of IL-8 to its receptors in a mammal in need thereof which comprises administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).
• Compounds of Formula (I) useful in the present invention are represented by the structure: wherein Z is cyano, OR] j , C(O)NR ⁇ 5 Ri6, Ri8. C(O)R j j , C(O)ORj [, or SCOt ⁇ R ⁇ ;
• R is any functional moiety having an ionizable hydrogen and a pKa of 10 or less; Ri is independently selected from hydrogen; halogen; nitro; cyano; halosubstituted C ⁇ io alkyl; Cj-io alkyl; C2- 10 alkenyl; C i- io alkoxy; halosubstituted Ci-io alkoxy; azide; (CR R 8 )q S(O) ⁇ R4; hydroxy; hydroxy C i -4alkyl; aryl; aryl Ci-4 alkyl; aryloxy; aryl Cj-4 alkyloxy; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; heterocyclic, heterocyclic C ⁇ _4alkyl; heteroaryl C ] -4 alkyloxy; aryl C2- 10 alkenyl; heteroaryl C2-10 alkenyl; heterocyclic C2- 10 alkenyl; (CR R )qNR4R5; C
• (CR 8 Rg)q S(O)2NR4R5; or two Ri moieties together may form O-(CH2)sO- or a 5 to 6 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, and wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic containing moieties may be optionally substituted;
• q is 0, or an integer having a value of 1 to 10;
• t is 0, or an integer having a value of 1 or 2;
• s is an integer having a value of 1 to 3;
• m is an integer having a value of 1 to 3;
• n is an integer having a value of 1 to 3;
• v is 0, or an integer having a value of 1 to 4;
• R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted Ci-4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl Ci-4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C]-4alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclic
• Cj-4 alkyl, or R4 and R5 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 to 7 member ring which may optionally comprise an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• R6 and R7 are independently hydrogen or a Cj-4 alkyl group; or R ⁇ and R7 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 to 7 member ring which ring may optionally contain an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• Y is independently selected from hydrogen; halogen; nitro; cyano; halosubstituted Cj-io alkyl; -io alkyl; C2-10 alkenyl; Ci-io alkoxy; halosubstituted Ci-io alkoxy; azide; (CR 8 Rg)q S(O)tR4; hydroxy; hydroxyC ⁇ _4alkyl; aryl; aryl Cj-4 alkyl; aryloxy; arylCi-4 alkyloxy; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; heteroaryl C]_4 alkyloxy; heterocyclic, heterocyclic Ci-4alkyl; aryl C2-10 alkenyl; heteroaryl C2-10
• Rl 1 is hydrogen, C j_4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl C
• R 12 is hydrogen, C 1 _ 10 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted arylalkyl;
• Rl3 and R 14 are independently hydrogen or C j -4 alkyl;
• Rl5 and R 1 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted Ci -4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl C i-4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylCi-4alkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclicC j-4alkyl, or Rf 5 and R ⁇ may together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 to
• Rj is optionally substituted Ci-4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl Ci-4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylCi-4alkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclic, or optionally substituted heterocyclicC 1 _4alkyl
• Rjg is optionally substituted Ci-4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl Ci-4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylCi-4alkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclic, or optionally substituted heterocyclicC 1 _4alkyl
• Rj9 is Ci-4alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylCi-4alkyl, heterocyclic, or heterocyclicC ⁇ _4alkyl, wherein the all of these moieties may be optionally substituted;
• Rd is NR5R7, alkyl, arylC ⁇ .4 alkyl, arylC 2-4 alkenyl, heteroaryl, hetroaryl-Ci ⁇ alkyl, heteroarylC2-4 alkenyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclicC ⁇ .4 alkyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl alkyl, heterocyclic, and heterocyclic alkyl rings may be optionally substituted; the X containing ring is selected from the group consisting of
• R20 is W ] , optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted C5_ 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted Cj_ ⁇ o alkyl, optionally substituted C2- 10 alkenyl, or an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl;
• the E' containing ring is optionally
• the compounds of Formula (I) may also be used in association with the veterinary treatment of mammals, other than humans, in need of inhibition of IL-8 or other chemokines which bind to the IL-8 ⁇ and ⁇ receptors.
• Chemokine mediated diseases for treatment, therapeutically or prophylactically, in animals include disease states such as those noted herein in the Methods of Treatment section.
• R is suitably any functional moiety which provides an ionizable hydrogen having a pKa of 10 or less, preferably from about 3 to 9, more preferably from about 3 to 7.
• Such functional groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thiol, SR2, OR2, NH-C(O)R a , C(O)NR6'R7 ⁇ a substituted sulfonamides of the formula: NHS(O)2Rb, S(O)2NHR c , NHC(X )NHRb, or a tetrazolyl; wherein X2 is oxygen or sulfur, preferably oxygen.
• the functional group is other than a sulfonic acid, either directly or as a substituent group on the aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic moiety ring, such as in SR2 or OR2. More preferably R is OH, SH, or NHS(O)2Rb- Suitably, R2 is a substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic moiety which ring has the functional moiety providing the ionizable hydrogen having a pKa of 10 or less.
• R ⁇ ' and R7' are hydrogen, C i .4 alkyl, aryl, arylC ] _4alkyl, aryIC2-4alkenyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryIC i-4aIkyl, heteroarylC2-4 alkenyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclic Ci-4alkyl, heterocyclic C2-4alkenyl moiety , all of which may be optionally substituted one to three times independently by halogen; nitro; halosubstituted C j -4 alkyl, such as CF3; C i -4 alkyl, such as methyl; Cj -4 alkoxy, such as methoxy; NR9C(O)R a ; C(O)NR6R7; S(O)3H; or C(0)OC i -4 alkyl, provided that only one of R& and R7' are hydrogen, but not both.
• R and R7 are independently hydrogen or a C i -4 alkyl group, or R- and R7 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 to 7 member ring which ring may optionally contain an additional heteroatom which heteroatom is selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. This heteroring may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
• R a is an aryl, arylC]-4alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC i -4alkyl, heterocyclic, or a heterocyclic C ⁇ _4alkyl moiety, all of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein below.
• R is a NR6R7, alkyl, aryl, arylC i-4alkyl, arylC2-4alkenyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC i-4alkyl, heteroarylC2-4 alkenyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclic C i-4alkyl, heterocyclic C2-4alkenyl moiety, or camphor, all of which may be optionally substituted one to three times independently by halogen; nitro; halosubstituted C j -4 alkyl, such as CF3; C i-4 alkyl, such as methyl; C j -4 alkoxy, such as methoxy; NR9C(O)R a ; C(O)NR6R7; S(O)3H; or C(O)OCi-4 alkyl.
• Rb is preferably an optionally substituted phenyl, benzyl, or styryl.
• Rb is a heteroaryl preferably it is an optionally substituted thiazole, optionally substituted thienyl, or optionally substituted quinolinyl ring.
• R9 is hydrogen or a C i-4 alkyl, preferably hydrogen.
• R a is preferably an alkyl group, such as methyl.
• R c is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aryICi-4alkyl, arylC i-4alkenyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylCi-4alkyl, heteroarylC i-4alkenyl, heterocyclic, or heterocyclic C i -4alkyl, or a heterocyclic Ci-4alkenyl moiety, all of which may be optionally substituted one to three times independently by halogen, nitro, halosubstituted C]-4 alkyl, C i -4 alkyl, Cj-4 alkoxy, NR9C(O)R a , C(O)NR6R7. S(O)3H, or C(0)OCu alkyl, wherein R9 is hydrogen or a C j-4 alkyl.
• R c is an optionally substituted phenyl.
• R is an OR2 or SR2 moiety it is recognized by one of skill in the art that the aryl ring must, therefore, contain the required ionizable hydrogen.
• the aryl ring may also be additionally substituted, independently, by one to three groups, which groups may also contain an additional ionizable group, and which include but are not limited to, halogen, nitro, halosubstituted Ci -4 alkyl, C ⁇ _4 alkyl, Cl-4 alkoxy, hydroxy, SH, C(O)NR6R7, NH-C(O)R a , NHS(O)2Rb- S(O)2NR6R7, C(O)OR 8 , or a tetrazolyl ring.
• Ri is independently selected from hydrogen; halogen; nitro; cyano; halosubstituted Ci- io alkyl, such as CF3; Ci-io alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or n-propyl; C2-10 alkenyl; C j-io alkoxy, such as methoxy, or ethoxy; halosubstituted C i - io alkoxy, such as trifluoromethoxy; azide; (CR R )q S(O) t R wherein t is 0, 1 or 2; hydroxy; hydroxy C ] -4alkyl, such as methanol or ethanol; aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl; aryl Cj-4 alkyl, such as benzyl; aryloxy, such as phcnoxy; aryl C j-4 alkyloxy, such as benz
• q is 0, or an integer having a value of 1 to 10.
• R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted Ci-4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl Cj-4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C ⁇ _4alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclicC 1-4 alkyl, or R4 and R5 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 to 7 member ring which may optionally comprise an additional heteroatom selected from O N/S.
• the X containing ring is denoted by its point of attachment through the asterix.
• the X ring may be substituted by the Rj moiety or both the phenyl ring and the X ring may be substituted independently by R] .
• the nitrogen containing X rings are substituted on the nitrogen moiety by an amide functionality such as C(O)NR4R5; more preferably wheie one of R4 or R5 is an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl
• the larger saturated nitrogen containing ring may also be substituted by an aryl ring
• R is suitably independently selected from hydrogen or C 1 -4 alkyl
• RlO is suitably C j -io alkyl C(O)2R8, such as CH2C(O)2H 01 CH2C(O)2CH3
• Rl 1 is suitably hydrogen, Cj-4 alkyl, aryl, aryl C i -4 alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl C ⁇ _4alkyl, heterocyclic, or heterocyclic C i -4alkyl
• Rl2 i suitably hydrogen, Cl-10 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted arylalkyl
• R j9 is C i-4alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC [-4alkyl, heterocyclic, or heterocyclicC ⁇ _4alkyl, wherein the all of these moieties may be optionally substituted,
• Rj is halogen, cyano, nitro, CF3, C(O)NR4R5, alkenyl C(O)NR4R5, C(O) R4R10, alkenyl C(O)ORi2, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl , heteroaryl alkenyl, or S(O)NR4R5, and preferably R4 and R5 are both hydrogen or one is phenyl.
• a preferred ring substitution for R ⁇ is in the 4-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on of the phenyl ring
• R is OH, SH or NSO2Rb than R ⁇ is preferably substituted in the 3-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on, the 4- position or di substituted in the 3,4- position
• the substituent group is suitably an electron withdrawing moiety.
• R is OH, SH or NSO2Rb than R ⁇ is nitro, halogen, cyano, t ⁇ fluoromethyl group, C(O)N 4R5
• Rl is preferably hydrogen, or Rl is preferably substituted in the 4-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on, more preferably substituted by t ⁇ fluoromethyl or chloro
• R] 3 and R14 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1.4 alkyl which may be straight or branched as defined herein, or one of R13 and R14 are an optionally substituted aryl, v is 0, or an integer having a value of 1 to 4.
• R13 or R14 are an optionally substituted alkyl
• the alkyl moiety may be substituted one to three times independently by halogen; halosubstituted C]-4 alkyl such as t ⁇ fluromethyl; hydroxy; hydroxy Ci-4alkyl, C ⁇ _4 alkoxy; such as methoxy, or ethoxy, halosubstituted Ci-io alkoxy, S(O) t R4; aryl; NR4R5; NHC(O)R4; C(O)NR4R . ; or C(O)OR 8 .
• the X containing ring is selected from the group
• the X containing ring denoted by its point of attachment through the asterix (*) may be substituted by a (R ⁇ ) m moiety in any ring, and is shown for purposes herein substituted only in the phenyl ring.
• R20 is W ] , an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted C _ cyclcoalkyl, an optionally substituted C J . J alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-I0 alkenyl, or an optionally substituted C2-I0 alkynyl.
• Wj is or
• the E' containing ring is opti
• the E' containing ring may optionally be present. If not present the ring is a phenyl moiety which is substituted by the Y terms as shown.
• the E ring may be substituted by a (Y) n moiety in any ring, saturated or unsaturated, and is shown for purposes herein substituted only in the unsaturated ring(s).
• R20 is an optionally substituted C5_ 8 cycloalkyl ring
• the ring may be substituted by (Y) n as defined above
• R20 i an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2- 10 alkenyl, or an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl
• these moieties may be optionally substituted one or more times independently by halogen, nitro, cyano, halosubstituted Cj-io alkyl, such as trifluoromethyl; Cj-io alkoxy, halosubstituted Cj-io alkoxy; S(O)tR4; hydroxy; hydroxy C ⁇ _4alkyl; aryloxy, arylCj-4 alkyloxy, heteroaryloxy; heteroaryl Ci-4 alkyloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclic Ci -4alkyl; heterocyclic-oxy; heterocyclic C1.4 alkyloxy; NR4R5; C(O)NR4Rs, C(O)NR4R ⁇ o, S(O)3lI; S(O)3R ; C(O)R
• R20 when R20 is a heteroaryl (HET) ring, it is suitably a heteroaryl ring or ring system. If the HET moiety is a multi ring system, the ring containing the heteroatom does not need to be directly attached to the urea moiety All the rings in this ring system may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
• HET heteroaryl
• the HET moiety is a pyridyl, which may be 2-, 3- or 4-py ⁇ dyl
• the ring is a multi system ring it is preferably benzimidazole, dibenzothiophene, or an indole ring
• Other heterocyclic rings of interest include, but are not limited to thiophene, furan, py ⁇ midme, pyrrole, pyrazole, qumoline, isoquinoline, quinazohnyl, py ⁇ dine, oxazolc, thiazole, thiadiazole, t ⁇ azole, lmidazole, or benzimidazole.
• the HET ring may be optionally substituted independently one to three times by Y, i.e. (Y( n ) ) ⁇ wherein n is an integer having a value of 1 to 3.
• Y is suitably independently selected from hydrogen; halogen; nitro; cyano; halosubstituted C l-io alkyl, C i-io alkyl; C2-10 alkenyl; Ci-io alkoxy, halosubstituted Cj-io alkoxy; azide; (CR R 8 )q S(O)tR4; hydroxy; hydroxyCi-4alkyl; aryl; aryl Ci-4 alkyl; aryloxy; arylC]-4 alkyloxy; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; heteroaryl C]-4 alkyloxy; heterocyclic, heterocyclic C i-4alkyl, aryl C2- 10 alkenyl; heteroaryl C2-10 alkeny
• (CR 8 Rg)qS(O)2NR4R5; or two Y moieties together may form O-(CH2)sO- or a 5 to 6 membered saturated or unsaturated ring.
• aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic containing moieties may also be optionally substituted as defined herein.
• R-j is NR5R7, alkyl, arylC l -4alkyl, arylC 2-4 alkenyl, heteroaryl, hetroaryl-C ⁇ _4alkyl, heteroarylC2-4 alkenyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclicC 1.4 alkyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic, containing moieties may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
• R20 is preferably optionally substituted phenyl, allyl, C J . J Q alkyl, ethoxy carbonyl ethyl, dimethylacetal, 2-methoxy isopropyl, or 2-methoxy ethyl.
• Z is suitably cyano, OR j , C(O)NRi5R j f 5, R ⁇ 8 ,
• R 15 and R 1 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl C j -4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylC i_4alkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclicC i-4alkyl, or R j and R ⁇ may together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 to 7 member ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
• R 17 is hydrogen, C 1.4 alkyl, NR 15R j 5, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl C j -4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylC ⁇ _4alkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclic, or optionally substituted heterocyclicC 1 -4alkyl.
• Rig is suitably an optionally substituted C i-4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl C i-4alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylC ⁇ _4alkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclic, or optionally substituted heterocyclicC 1 _4alkyl.
• halogen such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine
• hydroxy such as methoxy or ethoxy
• Ci-io alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy
• S(O) m ' Ci-io alkyl wherein m' is 0, 1 or 2, such as methyl thio, methyl sulfinyl or methyl sulfonyl; amino, mono & di-substituted amino, such as in the NR4R5 group; NHC(O)R4; C(O)NR4Rs; C(O)OH; S(O)2NR4R5; NHS(O)2R21 , Ci-io alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl; halosubstituted Ci-io alkyl, such CF3;
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of inorganic and organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, methane sulphonic acid, ethane sulphonic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fuma ⁇ c acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phenylacetic acid and mandelic acid
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I) may also be formed with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, for instance, if a substituent group compiises a carboxy moiety
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations
• halo - all halogens, that is chloro, fluoro, bromo and lodo
• C ⁇ _ ⁇ alkyl or “alkyl” - both straight and branched chain radicals of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, unless the chain length is otherwise limited, including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, MO- propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, no-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl and
• cycloalkyl is used herein to mean cyclic radicals, preferably of 3 to 8 carbons, including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like
• alkenyl is used herein at all occurrences to mean straight or branched chain radical of 2-10 carbon atoms, unless the chain length is limited thereto, including, but not limited to ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-l-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2- butenyl and the like
• heteroaryl (on its own or in any combination, such as “heteroaryloxy”, or “heteroaryl alkyl”) - a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system in which one or more rings contain one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O or S, such as, but not limited, to pyrrole, pyrazole, furan, thiophene, quinohne, isoquinoline, quinazohnyl, py ⁇ dine, py ⁇ midine, oxazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, t ⁇ azole, lmidazole, or benzimidazole
• heterocyclic (on its own or in any combination, such as “heterocychcalkyl”) - a saturated or partially unsaturated 4-10 membered ring system in which one or more rings contain one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, or S; such as, but not limited to, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, tetrahydropyran, or imidazolidine.
• arylalkyl or “heteroarylalkyl” or “heterocyclicalkyl” is used herein to mean C i- io alkyl, as defined above, attached to an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic moiety, as also defined herein, unless otherwise indicated.
• Rl moieties may together form a 5 or 6 membered saturated or unsaturated ring
• a napthylene ring system or a phenyl moiety having attached a 6 membered partially unsaturated ring such as a C(, cycloalkenyl, i.e hexene, or a C5 cyloalkenyl moiety, cyclopentene.
• the compounds of the present invention may exist as stereoisomers, regioisomers, or diastereiomers. These compounds may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic and optically active forms. All of these compounds are included within the scope of the present invention.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may be obtained by applying synthetic procedures, some of which are illustrated in the Schemes below. The synthesis provided for in these Schemes is applicable for the producing compounds of Formula (I) having a variety of different R, Rj , and Aryl groups which are reacted, employing optional substituents which are suitably protected, to achieve compatibility with the reactions outlined herein. Subsequent deprotection, in those cases, then affords compounds of the nature generally disclosed. Once the urea nucleus has been established, further compounds of these formulas may be prepared by applying standard techniques for functional group interconversion, well known in the art. While the schemes are shown with compounds only of Formula (I) this is merely for illustration purposes only.
• R' represents the -(Ri3Ri4) v -R20 linkage as defined in compounds of Formula (I).
• the schemes represented by the W term are the substituted phenyl containing the R moieity and the Xcontaining ring.
• the thiouronium salt (2, Scheme 1 ) can be synthesized by reacting sodium cyanamide with a commercially available isothiocyanate I (if the isothiocyanate is not commercially available it can be synthesized by reacting the desired amine with thiophosgene in the presence of a base like sodium bicarbonate).
• the thiouronium salt (2) can then be condensed with the appropriate substituted aniline in the presence of a coupling reagent like EDC HC1 or acidified to form the cyanothiourea and then reacted.
• Alternatively 4 can be synthesized by reacting the commercially available (Aldrich Chem. Co.), diphenyl cyanocarboimidate (5, Scheme 2) with an amine to form an intermediate O-phenylisourea 6_which then reacts with the appropriately substituted aniline in the presence of trimethyl aluminum by the method of Atwal. (Atwal, K. S., Tetrahedron Lett, 35, 8085 (1994).).
• Compounds wherein R' is alkyl may be prepared by heating with the appropriately substituted alkylamine, but without the presence of catalyst.
• the title compound can be synthesized using a protected ortho- substituted aniline (8, Scheme 3, See synthesis as described in US provisional application USSN 60/020655 filed June 27, 1996, Attorney Docket No.: P50467P; USSN 60/020657 filed June 27, 1996, Attorney Docket No.: P50470P; WO96/25157 filed 22 August 1996, Widdowson et al. (Attorney Docket No.: P50324- 1 ); and USSN 08/701,299 filed 21 August 1996 (Attorney Docket No.: P50324-2) whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
• An ortho-substituted aniline (7, Scheme 3) is first protected (ie.
• tert-butyl dimethyl silyl, allyl, benzyl, mom or other suitable protecting group by reacting the ortho-substituted aniline with the appropriate alkyl or silyl halide in the presence of a suitable base (ie. cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate or imidazole) in an aprotic solvent.
• a suitable base ie. cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate or imidazole
• the protected ortho-substituted aniline may also be synthesized from an ortho-substituted nitrobenzene (9 ) by reacting it with a protecting group under conditions well known in the art (see Greene, T Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis.
• This protected ortho-substituted aniline (8) can then be converted into an isothiocyanate using thiophosgene and then reacted with the anion ZNH" (formed from reaction of ZNH2 with a base such as NaH) Z is as defined in compounds of Formula
• the resulting thioanion can then be alkylated with an alkylating agent like methyl iodide to form a thioimidate such as iQ (Scheme 4)
• the thioimidate (10, Scheme 5) can be converted to the title compound 4 by reaction with the amine R'NH2- This reaction can be accelerated by the addition of metal salt with a high affinity for sulfur such as mercuric oxide or silver acetate or by oxidation of the sulfur with dimethyloxirane to form a better leaving group. Finally the phenol protection is removed by standard methods to form the title compound 4 Scheme 5
• Suitable solvents for use herein when Z is cyano include various aprotic solvents, such as acetonitrile; halogenated solvents, such as chloroform and methylene chloride; ethyl gylcol-dimethyl ether (monoGLYME), dioxane, DMF and DMSO; or mixtures thereof, preferably acetonitrile. It is recognized by the skilled artisan that the limiting feature fo use of solvents herein will be the solubility of the cyano 0 derivatived compound. For compounds wherein Z is other than cyano, while aprotic solvents are prefered, it is recognized by the skilled artisan that other suitable solvents, such as protic solvents, i.e. alcohols, may be used.
• reaction (when Z is cyano) temperature is from about -10° to about 100°, preferably about 10° to about 50°, more preferably around room temperature, i.e. 20 5 to 30 °C.
• the protected R" moiety may be suitably deprotected using art recognized techniques.
• the deprotection is by deallylation catalyzed by palladium (O) when the protecting group is an allyl derivative.
• the carbodiimide J . is prepared from the thiourea ( 12a. Scheme 7) by treatment with phosgene and a tertiary amine base or from the thiourea (12a) or urea (12b) by reaction with t ⁇ phenylphosphine, carbon tetrachlo ⁇ de and t ⁇ ethylamine
• the carbodiimide may also be prepared by reaction of the thiourea ( 12b) with an excess, such as 2 or more equivalents of methanesulfonyl chloride and a tertiary amine base, such as Hunig's base (dnsopropylethylamine), t ⁇ ethylamine, t ⁇ -isopropylethylamine, N,N- dimethylbenzylamine, or N,N-d ⁇ methyhsopropylam ⁇ ne, preferably t ⁇ ethylamine
• the reaction may use any halogenated solvent, such
• the thiourea or urea derivative may be synthesized as described in the US provisional application USSN 60/020655, USSN 60/020657, WO96/25157, and USSN 08/701 ,299, supra.
• the thiourea ( 12a. Scheme 8) may also be prepared by reaction of the protected ortho-substituted aniline and two equivalents of an appropriate base such as
• the desired isothiocyanate is not commercially available, it may be prepared by reaction of a corresponding aniline with thiophosgene and a suitable base such as sodium bicarbonate.
• W term is the X containing ring system which contains a protected or unprotected R group (R") as defined for compounds of Formula (I)
• compositions of Formula (I) may be obtained in known manner, for example by treatment thereof with an approp ⁇ ate amount of acid or base in the presence of a suitable solvent
• the compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of any disease state in a human, or other mammal, which is exacerbated or caused by excessive or unregulated IL-8 cytokine production by such mammal's cell, such as but not limited to monocytes and/or macrophages, or other chemokines which bind to the IL-8 ⁇ or ⁇ teceptor, also referred to as the type I or type II receptoi
• the present invention provides a method of treating a chemokine mediated disease, wherein the chemokine is one which binds to an IL-8 ⁇ or ⁇ receptor and which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
• the chemokines ars IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2
• the compounds of Formula (I) are administered in an amount sufficient to inhibit cytokine function, in particular IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2 , such that they are biologically regulated down to normal levels of physiological function, or in some case to subnormal levels, so as to ameliorate the disease state
• Abnormal levels of IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2 for instance in the context of the present invention constitute: (1) levels of free IL-8 greater than or equal to 1 picogram per mL; (li) any cell associated IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2 above normal physiological levels; or ( ⁇ i ⁇ )the presence of IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , EN A-78 or NAP- 2 above basal levels in cells or tissues in which IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2 respectively, is produced.
• Chemokine mediated diseases include psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, stroke, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, glomeruloneph ⁇ tis, thrombosis, graft vs. host reaction, alzheimers disease, allograft rejections, malaria, restinosis, angiogenesis or undesired hematopoietic stem cells release
• IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ or NAP-2 has the unique property of promoting neutrophil chemotaxis, enzyme release including but not limited to elastase release as well as superoxide production and activation
• the ⁇ -chemokines but particularly, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ or NAP-2, working thiough the IL-8 type I or II receptor can promote the neovascula ⁇ zation of tumors by promoting the directional giowth of endothelial cells Therefore, the inhibition of IL-8 induced chemotaxis o
• the present invention also provides for a means of treating, in an acute setting, as well as preventing, in those individuals deemed susceptible to, CNS injuries by the chemokine receptor antagonist compounds of Formula (I)
• CNS injuries as defined herein include both open or penetrating head trauma, such as by surgery, or a closed head trauma injury, such as by an injury to the head region Also included within this definition is lschemic stroke, particularly to the brain area
• Ischemic stroke may be defined as a focal neurologic disorder that results from insufficient blood supply to a particular brain area, usually as a consequence of an embolus, thrombi, or local atheromatous closure of the blood vessel
• embolus a focal neurologic disorder that results from insufficient blood supply to a particular brain area
• thrombi a progressive neurologic disorder that results from insufficient blood supply to a particular brain area
• local atheromatous closure of the blood vessel The role of inflammatory cytokines in this are has been emerging and the present invention provides a mean for the potential treatment of these injuries Relatively little treatment, for an acute injury such as these has been available.
• TNF- ⁇ is a cytokine with proinflammatory actions, including endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule expression.
• Leukocytes infiltrate into ischemic brain lesions and hence compounds which inhibit or decrease levels of TNF would be useful for treatment of ischemic brain injury. See Liu et al.. Stoke, Vol. 25., No. 7, pp 1481-88 ( 1994) whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.
• the compounds of Formula (I) are administered in an amount sufficient to inhibit
• IL-8 binding to the IL-8 alpha or beta receptors, from binding to these receptors, such as evidenced by a reduction in neutrophil chemotaxis and activation.
• the discovery that the compounds of Formula (I) are inhibitors of IL-8 binding is based upon the effects of the compounds of Formulas (I) in the in vitro receptor binding assays which are described herein.
• the compounds of Formula (I) have been shown, in some instances, to be dual inhibitors of both recombinant type 1 and type II IL-8 receptors.
• the compounds are inhibitors of only one receptor, more preferably Type II.
• IL-8 mediated disease or disease state refers to any and all disease states in which IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2 plays a role, either by production of IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2 themselves, or by IL-8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2 causing another monokine to be released, such as but not limited to IL- 1, IL-6 or TNF.
• a disease state in which, for instance, IL-1 is a major component, and whose production or action, is exacerbated or secreted in response to IL-8, would therefore be considered a disease stated mediated by IL-8.
• chemokine mediated disease or disease state refers to any and all disease states in which a chemokine which binds to an IL-8 ⁇ or ⁇ receptor plays a role, such as but not limited to IL-8, GRO- ⁇ , GRO- ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78 or NAP-2.
• a disease state in which, for instance, IL- 1 is a major component, and whose production or action, is exacerbated or secreted in response to IL-8, would therefore be considered a disease stated mediated by IL-8.
• cytokine refers to any secreted polypeptide that affects the functions of cells and is a molecule which modulates interactions between cells in the immune, inflammatory or hematopoietic response.
• a cytokine includes, but is not limited to, monokines and lymphokines, regardless of which cells produce them.
• a monokine is generally referred to as being produced and secreted by a mononuclear cell, such as a macrophage and/or monocyte.
• Lymphokines are generally referred to as being produced by lymphocyte cells.
• cytokines include, but are not limited to, Interleukin-1 (IL- 1 ), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF- ⁇ ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor beta (TNF- ⁇ ).
• chemokine refers to any secreted polypeptide that affects the functions of cells and is a molecule which modulates interactions between cells in the immune, inflammatory or hematopoietic response, similar to the term “cytokine” above.
• a chemokine is primarily secreted through cell transmembranes and causes chemotaxis and activation of specific white blood cells and leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T-cells, B-cells, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
• chemokines include, but are not limited to, IL-8, GRO- ⁇ , GRO- ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , ENA-78, NAP-2, IP- 10, MlP- l ⁇ , MlP- ⁇ , PF4, and MCP 1 , 2, and 3.
• a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in therapy it will normally be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice.
• This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective, non-toxic amount of a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• Compounds of Formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and pharmaceutical compositions incorporating such may conveniently be administered by any of the routes conventionally used for drug administration, for instance, orally, topically, parenterally or by inhalation.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may be administered in conventional dosage forms prepared by combining a compound of Formula (I) with standard pharmaceutical carriers according to conventional procedures.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may also be administered in conventional dosages in combination with a known, second therapeutically active compound. These procedures may involve mixing, granulating and compressing or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the desired preparation.
• the form and character of the pharmaceutically acceptable character or diluent is dictated by the amount of active ingredient with which it is to be combined, the route of administration and other well- known variables.
• the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• the pharmaceutical carrier employed may be, for example, either a solid or liquid. Exemplary of solid carriers are lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, steanc acid and the like. Exemplary of liquid carriers arc syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, water and the like.
• the carrier or diluent may 5 include time delay material well known to the art, such as glyceryl mono-stearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax.
• the preparation can be tableted, placed in a hard gelatin capsule in powder oi 0 pellet form or in the form of a troche or lozenge
• the amount of solid carrier will vary widely but preferably will be from about 25mg. to about Ig
• the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile injectable liquid such as an ampule or nonaqueous liquid suspension.
• Compounds of Formula (I) may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound of Formula (I) externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream
• systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and 0 intramuscular administration
• Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to 5 the eye, ear or nose.
• the active ingredient may comprise, for topical administration, from 0.001 % to 10% w/w, for instance from 1% to 2% by weight of the Formulation. It may however comprise as much as 10% w/w but preferably will comprise less than 5% w/w, more preferably from 0.1 % to 1 % w/w of the Formulation
• Lotions according to the present invention include those suitable for application to the skin or eye.
• An eye lotion may comprise a sterile aqueous solution optionally containing a bactericide and may be prepared by methods similar to those for the preparation of drops.
• Lotions or liniments for application to the skin may also include an agent to hasten drying and to cool the skin, such as an alcohol or acetone, and/or a 5 moisturizer such as glycerol or an oil such as castor oil or arachis oil.
• Creams, ointments or pastes according to the present invention are semi-solid formulations of the active ingredient for external application. They may be made by mixing the active ingredient in finely-divided or powdered form, alone or in solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid, with the aid of suitable machinery, with a greasy or non-greasy base.
• the base may comprise hydrocarbons such as hard, soft or liquid paraffin, glycerol, beeswax, a metallic soap; a mucilage; an oil of natural origin such as almond, corn, arachis, castor or olive oil; wool fat or its derivatives or a fatty acid such as steric or oleic acid together with an alcohol such as propylene glycol or a macrogel.
• the formulation may incorporate any suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof.
• Suspending agents such as natural gums, cellulose derivatives or inorganic materials such as silicaceous silicas, and other ingredients such as lanolin, may also be included.
• Drops according to the present invention may comprise sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions and may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable aqueous solution of a bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent and/or any other suitable preservative, and preferably including a surface active agent.
• the resulting solution may then be clarified by filtration, transferred to a suitable container which is then sealed and sterilized by autoclaving or maintaining at 98-100 C. for half an hour.
• the solution may be sterilized by filtration and transferred to the container by an aseptic technique.
• bactericidal and fungicidal agents suitable for inclusion in the drops are phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002%), benzalkonium chloride (0.01 %) and chlorhexidine acetate (0.01%).
• Suitable solvents for the preparation of an oily solution include glycerol, diluted alcohol and propylene glycol.
• Compounds of formula (I) may be administered parenterally, that is by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous intranasal, intrarectal, intravaginal or intraperitoneal administration.
• the subcutaneous and intramuscular forms of parenteral administration are generally preferred.
• Appropriate dosage forms for such administration may be prepared by conventional techniques.
• Compounds of Formula (I) may also be administered by inhalation, that is by intranasal and oral inhalation administration.
• Appropriate dosage forms for such administration such as an aerosol formulation or a metered dose inhaler, may be prepared by conventional techniques.
• the daily oral dosage regimen will preferably be from about 0.01 to about 80 mg/kg of total body weight.
• the daily parenteral dosage regimen about 0.001 to about 80 mg/kg of total body weight.
• the daily topical dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.1 mg to 150 mg, administered one to four, preferably two or three times daily.
• the daily inhalation dosage regimen will preferably be from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg per day.
• the optimal quantity and spacing of individual dosages of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof will be determined by the nature and extent of the condition being treated, the form, route and site of administration, and the particular patient being treated, and that such optimums can be determined by conventional techniques It will also be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the optimal course of treatment, i e , the number of doses of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof given per day for a de ined number of days, can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventional course of treatment determination tests.
• IL-8, and Gro- ⁇ chemokine inhibitiory effects of compounds of the present invention were determined by the following in vitro assay Receptor Binding Assays:
• IL-8 human recombinant
• Amcrsham Corp Arlington Heights, IL, with specific activity 2000 Ci/mmol.
• Gro- ⁇ is obtained from NEN- New
• Each reaction mixture contains 125j jL_g (0.25 nM) or 125 ⁇ Gro- ⁇ and 0.5 ⁇ g/mL of IL-8R ⁇ or 1.0 ⁇ g/mL of IL-8R ⁇ membranes in 20 mM Bis- T ⁇ spropane and 0.4 mM T ⁇ s HC1 buffers, pH 8 0, containing 1 2 mM MgSO4, 0.1 M
• EDTA 25 mM NaCl and 0.03% CHAPS.
• drug or compound of interest ss added which has been pre-dissolved in DMSO so as to reach a final concentration of between 0.0 InM and 100 uM
• the assay is initiated by addition of 125 ⁇ -jL_g After 1 hour at room temperature the plate is harvested using a Tomtec 96-well harvester onto a glass fiber filtermat blocked with 1% polyethylen ⁇ m ⁇ ne/0.5% BSA and washed 3 times with 25 mM NaCl, 10 mM T ⁇ sHCl, 1 mM MgSO4, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0 03 % CHAPS, pH
• the filter is then dried and counted on the Betaplate liquid scintillation counter
• the recombinant IL-8 R ⁇ , or Type I, receptor is also referred to herein as the non-permissive receptor and the recombinant IL-8 R ⁇ , or Type II, receptor is referred to as the permissive receptor.
• the in vitro inhibitory properties of these compounds are determined in the neutrophil chemotaxis assay as described in Current Protocols in Immunology, vol I, Suppl 1, Unit 6.12.3., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Neutrophils where isolated from human blood as described in Current Protocols in Immunology Vol I, Suppl 1 Unit 7.23.1 , whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the chemoattractants IL-8, GRO- ⁇ , GRO- ⁇ , GRO- ⁇ and NAP-2 are placed in the bottom chamber of a 48 multiwell chamber (Neuro Probe, Cabin John, MD) at a concentration between 0.1 and 100 nM. The two chambers are separated by a 5um polycarbonate filter.
• compounds of this invention are mixed with the cells (0.001 - 1000 nM) just prior to the addition of the cells to the upper chamber. Incubation is allowed to proceed for between about 45 and 90 min at about 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. At the end of the incubation period, the polycarbonate membrane is removed and the top side washed, the membrane then stained using the Diff Quick staining protocol (Baxter Products, McGaw Park, IL, USA). Cells which have chemotaxed to the chemokine are visually counted using a microscope.
• Elastase Release Assay The compounds of this invention are tested for their ability to prevent Elastase release from human neutrophils. Neutrophils are isolated from human blood as described in Current Protocols in Immunology Vol I, Suppl 1 Unit 7.23.1. PMNs 0.88 x 10 6 cells suspended in Ringer's Solution (NaCl 1 18, KC1 4.56, NaHCO3 25, KH2PO4 1.03, Glucose 1 1.1, HEPES 5 mM, pH 7.4) are placed in each well of a 96 well plate in a volume of 50 ul.
• test compound 0.001 - 1000 nM
• Cytochalasin B in a volume of 50 ul (20ug/ml)
• Ringers buffer in a volume of 50 ul.
• These cells are allowed to warm (37 °C, 5% CO2, 95% RH) for 5 min before IL- 8, GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ , GRO ⁇ or NAP-2 at a final concentration of 0.01 - 1000 nM was added.
• the reaction is allowed to proceed for 45 min before the 96 well plate is centnfuged (800 xg 5 min) and 100 ul of the supernatant removed This suppernatant is added to a second 96 well plate followed by an artificial elastase substrate (MeOSuc-Ala- Ala-Pro- Val- AMC, Nova Biochem, La Jolla, CA) to a final concentration of 6 ug/ml dissolved in phosphate buffered saline Immediately, the plate is placed in a fluorescent 96 well plate reader (Cytofluor 2350, Milhpore, Bedford, MA) and data collected at 3 min intervals according to the method of Nakajima et al J Biol Chem 254 4027 ( 1979) The amount of Elastase released from the PMNs is calculated by measuring the rate of McOSuc-Ala-Ala- Pro-Val-AMC degradation
• the present assay provides for examination of the expression of tumor necrosis factor mRNA in specfic brain regions which follow experimentally induced lateral fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats
• TBI experimentally induced lateral fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury
• RNA samples of left (injured) parietal cortex (LC), corresponding area in the contralateral right cortex (RC), cortex adjacent to injured parietal cortex (LA), corresponding adjacent area in the right cortex (RA), left hippocampus (LH) and right hippocampus (RH) are prepared
• LC parietal cortex
• RC contralateral right cortex
• LA anterior parietal cortex
• RA right cortex
• LH left hippocampus
• RH right hippocampus
• TNF- ⁇ mRNA expression is also observed in LH (46 ⁇ 8%, p ⁇ 0.05), LC (30 ⁇ 3%, p ⁇ 0 01) and LA (32 ⁇ 3%, p ⁇ 0.01) at 6 hr which resolves by 24 hr. following injury In the contralateral hemisphere, expression of TNF- ⁇ mRNA is increased in RH (46 ⁇ 2%, p ⁇ 0 01 ), RC (4 ⁇ 3%) and RA (22 ⁇ 8%) at 1 hr. and in RH (28 ⁇ 1 1%), RC (7 ⁇ 5%) and RA (26 ⁇ 6%, p ⁇ 0 05) at 6 hr. but not at 24 hr. following injury.
• CNS Iniurv model for IL- ⁇ mRNA This assay characterizes the regional expression of ⁇ nterleuk ⁇ n- l ⁇ (IL-l ⁇ ) mRNA in specific brain regions following experimental lateral fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats
• TBI lateral fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury

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