EP0919899A1 - Command button with agreeable tactile properties for a dashboard - Google Patents

Command button with agreeable tactile properties for a dashboard Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0919899A1
EP0919899A1 EP98402913A EP98402913A EP0919899A1 EP 0919899 A1 EP0919899 A1 EP 0919899A1 EP 98402913 A EP98402913 A EP 98402913A EP 98402913 A EP98402913 A EP 98402913A EP 0919899 A1 EP0919899 A1 EP 0919899A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
index
control device
operating member
polypropylene
materials
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Granted
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EP98402913A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0919899B1 (en
Inventor
Albert Lopes
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Demo Injection SAS
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Demo Injection SAS
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G1/00—Controlling members, e.g. knobs or handles; Assemblies or arrangements thereof; Indicating position of controlling members
    • G05G1/08—Controlling members for hand actuation by rotary movement, e.g. hand wheels
    • G05G1/10—Details, e.g. of discs, knobs, wheels or handles
    • G05G1/105—Details, e.g. of discs, knobs, wheels or handles comprising arrangements for illumination
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H2219/00—Legends
    • H01H2219/054—Optical elements
    • H01H2219/062—Light conductor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a control device comprising a facade with a front face bearing marks and / or symbols, and at least one operating member capable of being moved in front of said front face so as to bring an index that it includes opposite one or the other of said references and / or symbols, the marks and / or symbols and the index being suitable for being illuminated by a light source from the rear of the facade, the operating member being formed of at least two subjects, namely a first subject translucent defining the index and a second opaque material covering the first material so as to conceal it from the view from the front, except for the index finger.
  • the invention applies in particular, but not exclusively, to heating or air conditioning control panels the passenger compartment of motor vehicles.
  • front face to the user of the control device
  • front and rear refer to this convention. It is note that in the case of a heating control panel vehicle, the front panel is generally facing the rear of the vehicle.
  • Transparent materials such as polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate, and translucent materials such as polyamides and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer), are commonly used as as light conductors in the control panels.
  • an operating device such as a rotary knob a matt appearance and a pleasant velvety touch by making it at least superficially in an elastomer suitable such as a mixture of polypropylene and a terpolymer ethylene-propylene-diene known under the name abbreviated EPDM.
  • EPDM terpolymer ethylene-propylene-diene
  • the invention provides that the first and second materials are respectively polypropylene and an elastomer with a matt appearance and a velvety touch.
  • the invention also relates to an operating member suitable for being part of a control device such as defined above, formed from at least two materials, namely a first translucent material defining an index and a second opaque material covering the first material of so as to conceal it from view in a specific direction, with the exception of the index, the first and second subjects being respectively polypropylene and an elastomer with a matt appearance and a velvety touch.
  • the control panel 1 includes a front panel 2 in the form of a substantially flat plate of which only part is represented.
  • a circular opening 3 is made in the facade 2, and a chimney 4 extends rearwards from from the edge of the opening to guide in rotation, around the axis A of the opening, the rod 5 of an operating button 6.
  • This rod 5 is connected, facing the front face 7 of the front, with a larger diameter operating head 8.
  • the rod 5 has a blind axial bore 9 of polygonal profile, open to the rear, suitable for receiving the end a tree not shown in conjugate profile belonging to a control mechanism intended, in the example illustrated, for adjust the position of one or more flaps in order to distribute a flow of treated air to different places in the passenger compartment of the vehicle, depending on the angular position button 6.
  • index 10 clearly visible from the front of the control panel, located near the periphery of the head and elongated radially.
  • Index 10 can be brought in, by manually rotating the knob, look at different graphic symbols 11 which evoke different air distribution regimes.
  • Button 6 is made up of three different materials. he first includes a core of transparent material colored such as polycarbonate or polymethacrylate methyl, forming the rod 5 and a column 12 which extends towards the front from it, obliquely narrowing towards index 10. Column 12 is covered, radially on all sides and towards the front, by a body 13 in a second material which according to the invention is polypropylene translucent white, for example of the type sold by TARGOR under the reference HOSTALEN PPW 1780S2AST. The part of the body 13 covering the end 14 of the column 12 has a reduced thickness and forms the index 10. Finally, a layer of mat black elastomer 15 covers the body 13, radially on all sides and forward, except index 10. In the example illustrated, the outer surface of layer 15 is flush with that of index 10.
  • the index 10 appears white on the black background of layer 15 when lit from the front of the control panel, especially by daylight. At night it is lit up, through the core 5, 12, by a light source arranged in back of facade 2, and appears with the color of the core, for example green or orange.
  • the button is advantageously produced by bi-injection molding on insert.
  • the body 13 is overmolded on the core 5, 12, previously molded and used as an insert, and layer 15 is overmolded on the body without removing the blank from the mold. We thus obtain a joining perfect polypropylene core and layer elastomer.
  • the operating member according to the invention can present any form other than that of a rotary button, especially that of a cursor or a push button.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Instrument Panels (AREA)
  • Rotary Switch, Piano Key Switch, And Lever Switch (AREA)
  • Push-Button Switches (AREA)
  • Passenger Equipment (AREA)
  • Switch Cases, Indication, And Locking (AREA)
  • Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)

Abstract

Knob comprises three elements molded on top of each other: a transparent poly-carbonate or polymethylcrylate, colored core (5,12), a polypropylene, white transparent body (13) surrounding the core and an elastomere covering (15) the body with the exception of a film (10), which covers the core and acts as a pointer when the button is turned towards different dashboard symbols.

Description

L'invention concerne un dispositif de commande comprenant une façade présentant une face avant portant des repères et/ou symboles, et au moins un organe de manoeuvre propre à être déplacé devant ladite face avant de manière à amener un index qu'il comporte en regard de l'un ou l'autre desdits repères et/ou symboles, les repères et/ou symboles et l'index étant propres à être éclairés par une source lumineuse à partir de l'arrière de la façade, l'organe de manoeuvre étant formé d'au moins deux matières, à savoir une première matière translucide définissant l'index et une seconde matière opaque recouvrant la première matière de façon à la dissimuler à la vue depuis l'avant, à l'exception de l'index.The invention relates to a control device comprising a facade with a front face bearing marks and / or symbols, and at least one operating member capable of being moved in front of said front face so as to bring an index that it includes opposite one or the other of said references and / or symbols, the marks and / or symbols and the index being suitable for being illuminated by a light source from the rear of the facade, the operating member being formed of at least two subjects, namely a first subject translucent defining the index and a second opaque material covering the first material so as to conceal it from the view from the front, except for the index finger.

L'invention s'applique notamment, mais non exclusivement, aux tableaux de commande du chauffage ou de la climatisation de l'habitacle des véhicules automobiles.The invention applies in particular, but not exclusively, to heating or air conditioning control panels the passenger compartment of motor vehicles.

On désigne ici par "face avant" la face de la façade tournée vers l'utilisateur du dispositif de commande, et les termes "avant" et "arrière" se réfèrent à cette convention. Il est à noter que, dans le cas d'un tableau de commande de chauffage de véhicule, la face avant est généralement tournée vers l'arrière du véhicule.The face of the turned facade is designated here by "front face" to the user of the control device, and the terms "front" and "rear" refer to this convention. It is note that in the case of a heating control panel vehicle, the front panel is generally facing the rear of the vehicle.

Des matières transparentes telles que le polycarbonate et le polyméthacrylate de méthyle, et des matières translucides telles que les polyamides et l'ABS (terpolymère acrylonitrile-butadiène-styrène), sont utilisées couramment en tant que conducteurs de lumière dans les tableaux de commande. On sait par ailleurs conférer à un organe de manoeuvre tel qu'un bouton rotatif un aspect mat et un toucher velouté agréable en le réalisant au moins superficiellement dans un élastomère approprié tel qu'un mélange de polypropylène et d'un terpolymère éthylène-propylène-diène connu sous la dénomination abrégée EPDM. Les matières utilisées comme conducteurs de lumière sont relativement coûteuses, et certaines d'entre elles présentent une reprise d'humidité gênante pour leur mise en oeuvre par injection. En outre, le défaut de compatibilité chimique entre les différentes catégories de matières ne permet pas d'obtenir une liaison intime par moulage, même par la technique de "bi-injection", entre ces conducteurs de lumière et les élastomères.Transparent materials such as polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate, and translucent materials such as polyamides and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer), are commonly used as as light conductors in the control panels. We also knows how to confer on an operating device such as a rotary knob a matt appearance and a pleasant velvety touch by making it at least superficially in an elastomer suitable such as a mixture of polypropylene and a terpolymer ethylene-propylene-diene known under the name abbreviated EPDM. The materials used as conductors of light are relatively expensive, and some of them they present a moisture embarrassing return for their implementation by injection. In addition, the lack of compatibility chemical between different categories of materials does not provide an intimate bond by molding, even by the "bi-injection" technique, between these conductors of light and elastomers.

De façon surprenante, on a découvert que certaines variétés de polypropylène présentent une translucidité permettant leur utilisation en tant que première matière dans un dispositif de commande tel que défini ci-dessus, ce qui élimine les difficultés mentionnées plus haut, compte tenu du faible prix et de la facilité de moulage du polypropylène et de sa bonne compatibilité chimique avec les élastomères.Surprisingly, it has been discovered that certain varieties polypropylene have a translucency allowing their use as a raw material in a device as defined above, which eliminates difficulties mentioned above, given the low price and the ease of molding polypropylene and its good chemical compatibility with elastomers.

Ainsi, l'invention prévoit que les première et seconde matières sont respectivement du polypropylène et un élastomère présentant un aspect mat et un toucher velouté.Thus, the invention provides that the first and second materials are respectively polypropylene and an elastomer with a matt appearance and a velvety touch.

Des caractéristiques optionnelles de l'invention, complémentaires ou alternatives, sont énoncées ci-après:

  • La seconde matière est un mélange de polypropylène et d'un terpolymère éthylène-propylène-diène (EPDM), dont la compatibilité chimique avec le polypropylène est particulièrement élevée.
  • L'organe de manoeuvre comporte une troisième matière transparente que la lumière provenant de la source doit traverser pour atteindre l'index.
  • La troisième matière est colorée.
  • L'organe de manoeuvre est réalisé par moulage par injection, la seconde matière étant moulée sur la première et la première matière étant moulée le cas échéant sur la troisième.
  • L'organe de manoeuvre est un bouton propre à tourner autour d'un axe sensiblement orthogonal à ladite face avant.
Optional, complementary or alternative features of the invention are set out below:
  • The second material is a mixture of polypropylene and an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), whose chemical compatibility with polypropylene is particularly high.
  • The actuator comprises a third transparent material that the light from the source must pass through to reach the index.
  • The third material is colored.
  • The operating member is produced by injection molding, the second material being molded on the first and the first material being molded if necessary on the third.
  • The operating member is a button capable of turning around an axis substantially orthogonal to said front face.

L'invention a également pour objet un organe de manoeuvre propre à faire partie d'un dispositif de commande tel que défini ci-dessus, formé d'au moins deux matières, à savoir une première matière translucide définissant un index et une seconde matière opaque recouvrant la première matière de façon à la dissimuler à la vue dans une direction déterminée, à l'exception de l'index, les première et seconde matières étant respectivement du polypropylène et un élastomère présentant un aspect mat et un toucher velouté.The invention also relates to an operating member suitable for being part of a control device such as defined above, formed from at least two materials, namely a first translucent material defining an index and a second opaque material covering the first material of so as to conceal it from view in a specific direction, with the exception of the index, the first and second subjects being respectively polypropylene and an elastomer with a matt appearance and a velvety touch.

Les caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention seront exposés plus en détail dans la description ci-après, en se référant aux dessins annexés, sur lesquels:

  • la figure 1 est une vue partielle de face d'un tableau de commande de chauffage/ventilation ou de climatisation de véhicule automobile; et
  • les figures 2 et 3 sont des vues partielles en coupe selon les lignes II-II et III-III de la figure 1.
The characteristics and advantages of the invention will be explained in more detail in the description below, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
  • Figure 1 is a partial front view of a heating / ventilation or air conditioning control panel of a motor vehicle; and
  • Figures 2 and 3 are partial sectional views along lines II-II and III-III of Figure 1.

Le tableau de commande 1 comprend une façade 2 sous forme d'une plaque sensiblement plane dont une partie seulement est représentée. Une ouverture circulaire 3 est ménagée dans la façade 2, et une cheminée 4 s'étend vers l'arrière à partir du bord de l'ouverture pour guider en rotation, autour de l'axe A de l'ouverture, la tige 5 d'un bouton de manoeuvre 6. Cette tige 5 se raccorde, en regard de la face avant 7 de la façade, à une tête de manoeuvre 8 de plus grand diamètre. La tige 5 présente un alésage axial borgne 9 de profil polygonal, ouvert vers l'arrière, propre à recevoir l'extrémité d'un arbre non représenté de profil conjugué appartenant à un mécanisme de commande destiné, dans l'exemple illustré, à régler la position d'un ou plusieurs volets en vue de répartir un flux d'air traité vers différents endroits de l'habitacle du véhicule, en fonction de la position angulaire du bouton 6.The control panel 1 includes a front panel 2 in the form of a substantially flat plate of which only part is represented. A circular opening 3 is made in the facade 2, and a chimney 4 extends rearwards from from the edge of the opening to guide in rotation, around the axis A of the opening, the rod 5 of an operating button 6. This rod 5 is connected, facing the front face 7 of the front, with a larger diameter operating head 8. The rod 5 has a blind axial bore 9 of polygonal profile, open to the rear, suitable for receiving the end a tree not shown in conjugate profile belonging to a control mechanism intended, in the example illustrated, for adjust the position of one or more flaps in order to distribute a flow of treated air to different places in the passenger compartment of the vehicle, depending on the angular position button 6.

Pour le repérage visuel des positions du bouton, celui-ci présente sur sa tête 8 un index 10 bien visible depuis l'avant du tableau de commande, disposé au voisinage de la périphérie de la tête et allongé radialement. L'index 10 peut être amené, en faisant tourner manuellement le bouton, en regard de différents symboles graphiques 11 qui évoquent différents régimes de répartition de l'air.For the visual identification of the button positions, it has on its head 8 an index 10 clearly visible from the front of the control panel, located near the periphery of the head and elongated radially. Index 10 can be brought in, by manually rotating the knob, look at different graphic symbols 11 which evoke different air distribution regimes.

Le bouton 6 est composé de trois matières différentes. Il comprend tout d'abord un noyau en une matière transparente colorée telle que polycarbonate ou polyméthacrylate de méthyle, formant la tige 5 et une colonne 12 qui s'étend vers l'avant à partir de celle-ci, obliquement en se rétrécissant en direction de l'index 10. La colonne 12 est recouverte, radialement de tous côtés et vers l'avant, par un corps 13 en une seconde matière qui selon l'invention est un polypropylène blanc translucide, par exemple du type commercialisé par la Société TARGOR sous la référence HOSTALEN PPW 1780S2AST. La partie du corps 13 recouvrant l'extrémité 14 de la colonne 12 présente une épaisseur réduite et forme l'index 10. Enfin, une couche d'élastomère noir mat 15 recouvre le corps 13, radialement de tous côtés et vers l'avant, à l'exception de l'index 10. Dans l'exemple illustré, la surface extérieure de la couche 15 vient en affleurement de celle de l'index 10.Button 6 is made up of three different materials. he first includes a core of transparent material colored such as polycarbonate or polymethacrylate methyl, forming the rod 5 and a column 12 which extends towards the front from it, obliquely narrowing towards index 10. Column 12 is covered, radially on all sides and towards the front, by a body 13 in a second material which according to the invention is polypropylene translucent white, for example of the type sold by TARGOR under the reference HOSTALEN PPW 1780S2AST. The part of the body 13 covering the end 14 of the column 12 has a reduced thickness and forms the index 10. Finally, a layer of mat black elastomer 15 covers the body 13, radially on all sides and forward, except index 10. In the example illustrated, the outer surface of layer 15 is flush with that of index 10.

L'index 10 apparaít blanc sur le fond noir de la couche 15 lorsqu'il est éclairé par l'avant du tableau de commande, notamment par la lumière du jour. La nuit, il est éclairé, à travers le noyau 5, 12, par une source lumineuse disposée en arrière de la façade 2, et apparait avec la couleur du noyau, par exemple vert ou orangé. Le bouton est avantageusement réalisé par moulage bi-injection sur insert. Le corps 13 est surmoulé sur le noyau 5, 12, moulé préalablement et utilisé en tant qu'insert, et la couche 15 est surmoulée sur le corps sans démoulage de l'ébauche. On obtient ainsi une solidarisation parfaite du noyau de polypropylène et de la couche d'élastomère.The index 10 appears white on the black background of layer 15 when lit from the front of the control panel, especially by daylight. At night it is lit up, through the core 5, 12, by a light source arranged in back of facade 2, and appears with the color of the core, for example green or orange. The button is advantageously produced by bi-injection molding on insert. The body 13 is overmolded on the core 5, 12, previously molded and used as an insert, and layer 15 is overmolded on the body without removing the blank from the mold. We thus obtain a joining perfect polypropylene core and layer elastomer.

Il est clair que l'organe de manoeuvre selon l'invention peut présenter toute autre forme que celle d'un bouton rotatif, notamment celle d'un curseur ou d'un bouton-poussoir.It is clear that the operating member according to the invention can present any form other than that of a rotary button, especially that of a cursor or a push button.

Claims (7)

Dispositif de commande (1) comprenant une façade (2) présentant une face avant (7) portant des repères et/ou symboles (11), et au moins un organe de manoeuvre (6) propre à être déplacé devant ladite face avant de manière à amener un index (10) qu'il comporte en regard de l'un ou l'autre desdits repères et/ou symboles, les repères et/ou symboles et l'index étant propres à être éclairés par une source lumineuse à partir de l'arrière de la façade, l'organe de manoeuvre étant formé d'au moins deux matières, à savoir une première matière translucide (13) définissant l'index et une seconde matière opaque (15) recouvrant la première matière de façon à la dissimuler à la vue depuis l'avant, à l'exception de l'index, caractérisé en ce que les première et seconde matières sont respectivement du polypropylène et un élastomère présentant un aspect mat et un toucher velouté.Control device (1) comprising a front (2) having a front face (7) bearing marks and / or symbols (11), and at least one clean operating member (6) to be moved in front of said front face so as to bring an index (10) which it includes opposite one or the other of said references and / or symbols, the references and / or symbols and the index being suitable for being illuminated by a light source from the back of the facade, the body of maneuver being formed from at least two materials, namely a first translucent material (13) defining the index and a second opaque material (15) covering the first material of so as to conceal it from view from the front, except of the index, characterized in that the first and second materials are respectively polypropylene and an elastomer with a matt appearance and a velvety touch. Dispositif de commande selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la seconde matière est un mélange de polypropylène et d'un terpolymère éthylène-propylène-diène (EPDM).Control device according to claim 1, in which the second material is a mixture of polypropylene and an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM). Dispositif de commande selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, dans lequel l'organe de manoeuvre comporte une troisième matière transparente (5, 12) que la lumière provenant de la source doit traverser pour atteindre l'index.Control device according to one of claims 1 and 2, in which the operating member comprises a third transparent material (5, 12) as light from of the source must cross to reach the index. Dispositif de commande selon la revendication 3, dans lequel la troisième matière est colorée.Control device according to claim 3, in which the third material is colored. Dispositif de commande selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'organe de manoeuvre est réalisé par moulage par injection, la seconde matière étant moulée sur la première et la première matière étant moulée le cas échéant sur la troisième.Control device according to one of the claims previous, in which the operating member is made by injection molding, the second material being molded on the first and the first material being molded the case appropriate on the third. Dispositif de commande selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'organe de manoeuvre est un bouton propre à tourner autour d'un axe (A) sensiblement orthogonal à ladite face avant.Control device according to one of the claims previous, in which the operating member is a button able to rotate around an axis (A) substantially orthogonal to said front face. Organe de manoeuvre (6) propre à faire partie d'un dispositif de commande (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, formé d'au moins deux matières, à savoir une première matière translucide (13) définissant un index (10) et une seconde matière opaque (15) recouvrant la première matière de façon à la dissimuler à la vue dans une direction déterminée, à l'exception de l'index, les première et seconde matières étant respectivement du polypropylène et un élastomère présentant un aspect mat et un toucher velouté.Operating member (6) suitable for being part of a control device (1) according to one of claims previous, formed of at least two materials, namely a first translucent material (13) defining an index (10) and a second opaque material (15) covering the first matter so as to conceal it from view in one direction determined, with the exception of the index, the first and second materials being polypropylene and an elastomer respectively with a matt appearance and a velvety touch.
EP19980402913 1997-11-25 1998-11-23 Command button with agreeable tactile properties for a dashboard Revoked EP0919899B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9714794A FR2771522B1 (en) 1997-11-25 1997-11-25 PLEASANT TOUCH OPERATOR BUTTON FOR VEHICLE CONTROL PANEL
FR9714794 1997-11-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0919899A1 true EP0919899A1 (en) 1999-06-02
EP0919899B1 EP0919899B1 (en) 2003-12-10

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EP19980402913 Revoked EP0919899B1 (en) 1997-11-25 1998-11-23 Command button with agreeable tactile properties for a dashboard

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EP (1) EP0919899B1 (en)
DE (1) DE69820402T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2212243T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2771522B1 (en)

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EP2159664A3 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-09-29 Dr. Schneider Kunststoffwerke GmbH Rotating or sliding mounted operating element that can be backlit
DE102005032508B4 (en) * 2004-07-15 2021-05-20 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Control element with light source

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JP4193404B2 (en) * 2002-03-29 2008-12-10 フジノン株式会社 Manufacturing method of operation knob of endoscope
DE102006049474A1 (en) * 2006-10-16 2008-06-26 Fischer Automotive Systems Gmbh Hand wheel for use in ventilation nozzles, air conditioning systems and headlights, has light conductor arranged between light source and light withdrawal surface
DE102007049600A1 (en) * 2007-10-16 2009-04-23 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Home appliance operating means
DE102008055695A1 (en) * 2008-11-03 2010-05-06 Fischer Automotive Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg Illuminable control element
EP3121132A1 (en) * 2015-07-21 2017-01-25 Renata AG Blister pack for button battery
CN111367353A (en) * 2018-12-25 2020-07-03 松下家电研究开发（杭州）有限公司 Life electric appliance

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3619594A (en) * 1970-01-30 1971-11-09 Chicago Musical Instr Co Illuminated knob

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3619594A (en) * 1970-01-30 1971-11-09 Chicago Musical Instr Co Illuminated knob

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005032508B4 (en) * 2004-07-15 2021-05-20 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Control element with light source
EP2159664A3 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-09-29 Dr. Schneider Kunststoffwerke GmbH Rotating or sliding mounted operating element that can be backlit

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Publication number Publication date
DE69820402D1 (en) 2004-01-22
DE69820402T2 (en) 2004-12-09
FR2771522A1 (en) 1999-05-28
ES2212243T3 (en) 2004-07-16
EP0919899B1 (en) 2003-12-10
FR2771522B1 (en) 2000-02-11

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