EP0914223A1 - Electrovanne - Google Patents

Electrovanne

Info

Publication number
EP0914223A1
EP0914223A1 EP97920852A EP97920852A EP0914223A1 EP 0914223 A1 EP0914223 A1 EP 0914223A1 EP 97920852 A EP97920852 A EP 97920852A EP 97920852 A EP97920852 A EP 97920852A EP 0914223 A1 EP0914223 A1 EP 0914223A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
liquid
magnetic field
field
generator
valve apparatus
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP97920852A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Keith Richard Whittington
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0914223A1 publication Critical patent/EP0914223A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/14—Closures

Definitions

  • This invention relates to valves, and concerns in particular valves for controlling the flow of electrically-conductive fluids, for example molten metals, from a reservoir thereof.
  • the liquid, molten, metal is poured under gravity from a reservoir container known as a tundish into an open-bottomed, water-cooled mould from which a solidifying strand of steel is withdrawn continuously; the tundish may have either an open nozzle or an elongate pouring tube the free end of which is actually submerged in the mould contents.
  • pouring tubes which have internal diameters ranging from 12mm to 25mm. Similar processes are in use in the casting of other metals and alloys.
  • the trend in the primary metals industries is towards higher product quality and faster casting speeds. Both requirements necessitate accurate control of pouring, determined by factors such as the cooling rate, the reciprocation rate of the mould, and the withdrawal speed of the solidifying metal strand. Most preferably the pouring rate should be decoupled from, and independent of, the head of liquid metal in the tundish, and ideally the pouring should be amenable to continuous, rapid, automatic modulation under computer control.
  • the traditional control of the pouring rate is by hydraulic manipulation of a slide gate fitting across the nozzle or pouring tube, or of a conical ceramic stopper which is inside the tundish and in operation is raised from or lowered into the tundish outlet.
  • these devices are subject to blockage and erosion, to freezing-up of the apertures through which the melt passes, to leakage, and to wear, all of which make accurate control difficult and necessitate frequent replacement of the moving parts.
  • a slide gate may also suck in air through the clearances between the sliding surfaces, and the air thus sucked in causes oxidation of the molten steel and so increases the impurity content of the casting.
  • a control valve for use in an application such as a continuous casting process should have no moving parts, should be capable of rapid and continuously-variable flow rate adjustment (preferably from full flow to zero flow) under computer control, should be usable with standard pouring tubes, and should be small and light enough that it is capable of being fitted into position with minimum difficulty by one or two men.
  • a desideratum might be met by an electromagnetic valve rather than a mechanical one, and the present invention proposes a novel form of electromagnetic valve which substantially or wholly meets the desired criteria.
  • a variation on this technique employs a relatively complex structure of baffles in the pouring tube, which baffles distort the magnetic field, resulting in a net upward force on the liquid metal.
  • these pumps require an electrical contact to be made with the liquid metal, and in all cases the channel through which the liquid metal flows is configured to optimize the performance of the pump; it may, for example be a wide, narrow slot, or it may have side branches to allow return current flows through the liquid metal.
  • the invention proposes a simple but significant and surprising variation of the various techniques suggested hitherto. More specifically, the invention suggests that there be created across or around the outlet/pouring tube of the molten metal reservoir (the tundish, for example) an alternating electromagnetic field, that there be induced electrical currents - eddy currents - in the molten metal as it passes through this field, which eddy currents interact with the applied magnetic field, and that the directions and magnitudes of the field and of the induced eddy currents are arranged such that forces are generated in the molten metal which oppose the downward flow of the liquid and so provide the desired controllability of the passage of the metal through the outlet.
  • the molten metal reservoir the tundish, for example
  • the directions and magnitudes of the field and of the induced eddy currents are arranged such that forces are generated in the molten metal which oppose the downward flow of the liquid and so provide the desired controllability of the passage of the metal through the outlet.
  • the invention proposes that, for use with a uniform-section output tube/channel, there be employed two adjacent out- of-phase magnetic fields which each cause eddy currents in the field space of the other that are in phase with that field and so create Lorenz forces the effects of which in that field are directed to impede/control liquid flow.
  • the invention provides valve apparatus for controlling the flow of an electrically-conductive liquid along a channel, which valve apparatus comprises: a first magnetic field generator, for creating across the flowing liquid a first alternating magnetic field, this first generator being shaped and disposed adjacent the channel to create that first field in a direction substantially orthogonal to the liquid flow direction; and a second magnetic field generator, also for creating across the flowing liquid an alternating magnetic field, this second field being of the same frequency as the first magnetic field but having a substantial component 90° out of phase with it, this second generator being shaped and disposed adjacent the channel to create that second field in a direction substantially orthogonal to the liquid flow direction and substantially parallel to the first field; the two generators being so disposed that the path of the eddy currents induced in the flowing liquid by each generator lies at least partially in the field of the other generator; whereby in operation the eddy currents induced in the liquid by each magnetic field in the field space of the other magnetic field interact with that other magnetic field to create within the liquid Lorenz forces acting to impede
  • the invention provides valve apparatus for controlling the flow of an electrically-conductive liquid along a channel.
  • the liquid could be any electrically-conductive liquid - an ionic aqueous liquid, for example, or mercury - and the channel be any channel, tube, passageway or duct along which the liquid is required to flow in a controlled manner
  • the primary purpose of the invention is to control the flow of liquids which are molten metals, and in particular steel which, as noted above, is being poured out of a tundish into an open-bottomed mould from which it will then be drawn in a continuous-casting process.
  • the apparatus of the invention includes means for creating across or around the channel through which the conductive liquid is to flow an alternating magnetic field. Most conveniently this field is formed using an electromagnet suitably fed with an AC electrical supply. If, as is very much preferred, the apparatus is to be handleable - lifted into position - by one or two men, then it should be as light as possible, and this can be brought about if the electromagnet's windings are of aluminium rather than the more conventional copper. And because of the relatively high-frequency field required it is advantageous to use multi-strand, Litz-wound wire for these windings.
  • Such a device is a solid state inverter fed from a single or three-phase mains supply.
  • the degree of flow control achieved naturally depends upon the value of the magnetic field and the eddy currents interacting with it. Fields in the region of half a tesla - say, from 0.3 up to about I T - should provide sufficient control.
  • One method of applying such fields is to utilise an electromagnet with a C-shaped laminated iron core, with an air gap of a size sufficient for the pouring tube to be comfortably passed therethrough (typically, around 25mm is acceptable for a 20mm pouring tube).
  • the laminations should be not more than about 0.05mm thick. Strip-wound cores are preferred over cores built from stampings because the former result is less stray field.
  • the required field can be generated in this way using from 10,000 to 20,000 ampere-turns; the actual number of turns, and hence the actual current therethrough, will naturally depend on the operating frequency and voltage (for a given number of turns the coil impedance - which depends upon the pole area - varies directly as the frequency, and so for a given supply voltage the current varies inversely).
  • a suitable electromagnet is one with two coils per core each of 55 turns connected in parallel with 200 amps through each (the core cross- section is 45 20mm tapering to 25x20mm at the poles); those experienced in this Art will be able to construct electromagnets suitable for their particular requirements.
  • the invention's apparatus includes means for inducing two sets of electrical eddy currents in the liquid as it passes through the two applied alternating magnetic fields. Each set of eddy currents arises from the other of the two magnetic fields, which is the means, and it is the out-of-phase nature of the two that causes a resulting Lorenz force component.
  • the valve apparatus of the invention includes a first magnetic field generator, for creating across the flowing liquid a first alternating magnetic field, and a second magnetic field generator, also for creating across the flowing liquid an alternating magnetic field, this second field being of the same frequency as the first magnetic field but having a substantial component 90° out of phase with it; the idea is that each field's associated eddy currents are formed at least partly within the other field's space, and because of the substantial component 90° out of phase the generated Lorenz forces in each case act together to oppose liquid flow.
  • energising current sources By selection of suitable energising current sources, it is possible to provide two alternating fields that are exactly 90° out of phase; however, in practice it may be more convenient to employ the conventional three-phase mains electricity supply, and simply to utilise two of the available phases to control the means - the inverters, say - energising the two electromagnets. Of course, if this is done then the two alternating fields, like the two energising alternating currents, will be not 90° out of phase but rather 120° out of phase; that, however, is quite satisfactory, for each resulting field has a component, of around 86% of the whole, which is the desired 90° out of phase.
  • the invention's valve apparatus includes two magnetic field generators so disposed adjacent one another that the path of the eddy currents induced in the flowing liquid by each generator lies at least partially in the field of the other generator.
  • the vertical separation between the pole faces is preferably kept small.
  • an electromagnetic shield be fitted between the two electromagnet yokes in the region where they are close to each other.
  • the thickness of the electromagnetic shield which may be a plate of copper or other high conductivity metal, should be as small as possible, but should be greater than the skin depth of magnetic fields in the shield material at the frequency of operation. For an operating frequency of 2.5kHz, a copper plate of 2-3mm thickness is preferred.
  • the invention's embodiments include means for arranging the directions and magnitudes of the field and of the induced eddy currents such that the generated forces have a component against the liquid flow direction which has a value sufficient to provide the desired controllability of the passage of the liquid along the channel.
  • the desired control may be attained simply by appropriately varying the driving current to the magnetic field generator, but other factors, such as the phase of the two alternating magnetic fields, may be used for this purpose. Normally, though, any adjustment of the forces is attained by current variation.
  • the magnetic-coil-driving currents necessary to achieve the necessary magnetic fields are high, and there is inevitably a concomitant, and usually undesirable, heating effect.
  • a stream of molten metal at several hundred degrees Celsius, may be passing through the centre of the apparatus, and much of that heat will be transferred to the apparatus, that heating will be considerably increased. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide such apparatus with means for cooling, both to deal with its proximity to the molten stream and to enable the windings to be run at a higher current density (so allowing the size and weight of the apparatus to be reduced).
  • cooling channels or a cooling jacket should be incorporated through which a cooling agent such as transformer oil, Freon, cold air, or a low melting point alloy such as Wood's metal can be circulated (water is not a preferred cooling agent because of safety hazards arising if the water comes into contact with the liquid metal).
  • a cooling agent such as transformer oil, Freon, cold air, or a low melting point alloy such as Wood's metal
  • the valve apparatus of the invention is, as noted above, primarily for use for controlling liquid - specifically molten - metal flows. It has particular relevance to controlling the flow of molten metal from the tundish to the mould during the continuous casting of steel; in this application it provides a controllable force to counteract the static head of liquid metal, and so to reduce and control the flow rate.
  • a particular advantageous is that it can be retrofitted to an existing caster without modification to the ceramic pouring tube, and without making contact with the liquid metal.
  • the whole assembly may be designed as two fitting halves, into which it may be split for ease of assembly around the pouring tube.
  • It is a fully-proportional flow control valve in which either a retarding or an accelerating force is applied resulting from the interaction of an alternating magnetic field with either an alternating electrical current induced in the liquid metal or the magnetic field produced by such a current.
  • the operating frequency is chosen to maximise the required forces, in accordance with the electrical conductivity of the liquid metal and the diameter of the liquid metal stream.
  • two pairs of alternating magnetic fields are produced by two magnetic yokes (with excitation windings) displaced from each other along the longitudinal axis of the pouring tube and electrically excited so that the resulting magnetic fields each have a significant component 90" out of phase with the other.
  • a magnetic shield is preferably positioned between the two magnetic yokes. 6.
  • the whole assembly may be designed as two fitting halves, into which it may be split for ease of assembly around the pouring tube.
  • the flow rate is adjusted simply by controlling the phase or amplitude of the current through one or more of the windings.
  • Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic perspective view of a valve apparatus of the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic perspective view of the pouring tube used in the Figure 1 valve, illustrating the direction of the magnetic fields and the flow of electric currents in the liquid;
  • Figures 3A & B show a preferred embodiment of a valve apparatus of the invention, similar to that of Figures 1 & 2, in elevation and plan views;
  • Figure 4 shows a diagrammatic perspective view of another configuration of valve apparatus according to the invention.
  • the valve apparatus shown in Figure 1 has a pouring tube (41) for liquid metal, magnetic yokes (42,43) for generating an alternating magnetic field across the liquid metal in a direction perpendicular to its direction of flow, and excitation windings (44,45) on the yokes.
  • the alternating electrical current supplied through the first excitation winding 44 is arranged to be 90° out of phase with that through the second excitation winding 45.
  • the first yoke 42 has poles (46, 47) which are positioned adjacent the pouring tube at opposite ends of its diameter; similarly, the second yoke 43 has poles (48,49) positioned adjacent the pouring tube at opposite ends of its diameter, and a little below the first yoke's poles 46,47.
  • the magnetic field 56 generated by the first coil and yoke assembly 42,44,46,47 will induce in the liquid metal an alternating electrical current flow as indicated by the dotted lines (58), which will be in phase with the alternating magnetic field 57. A part of this electrical current flow will interact with a part of the magnetic field 57 generated by the second coil and yoke assembly 43,45,48,49 to generate Lorenz forces in the liquid metal.
  • the magnetic field 57 generated by the second coil and yoke assembly 43,45,48,49 will induce in the liquid metal an alternating electrical current flow as indicated by the dotted lines (59), and a part of this electrical current flow will interact with a part of the magnetic field 56 generated by the first coil and yoke assembly 42,44,46,47 to generate Lorenz forces in the liquid metal, both sets of Lorenz forces acting in the same direction.
  • FIG. 1 shows elevation and plan views of a valve configured substantially as in Figure 1.
  • the valve is built around a ceramic pouring tube (61), around which the valve assembly is fitted.
  • Electromagnet assemblies (62,63) are wound on strip- wound laminated yokes whose pole faces are fitted closely to the pouring tube.
  • the laminations may be silicon iron, or for higher frequency applications, may be of other suitable material such as mumetal or radiometal.
  • the width of the lamination stack is conveniently the same as or slightly less than the diameter of the liquid metal stream, while the height of the stack may be equal to or greater than this.
  • Twin excitation coils 64,65 are fitted to the side limbs of the yokes as shown, since this arrangement generally results in a more efficient magnetic circuit than does the single coil arrangement shown in Figure 1.
  • the first electromagnet assembly 62 is supplied from one phase of an alternating electrical supply and the second electromagnet assembly 63 from another phase, the phase difference between the two phases being adjusted (by means not shown) to maximise the Lorenz forces opposing the downward flow of liquid metal through the pouring tube.
  • the vertical separation between the pole faces is kept small.
  • a small separation will result in the magnetic field from each assembly being diverted through the laminations of the other assembly so reducing the field through the liquid metal.
  • an electromagnetic shield (66) is fitted between the two laminated yokes in the region where they are close to each other. The thickness of the electromagnetic shield is as small as possible, but greater than the skin depth of magnetic fields in the shield material at the frequency of operation. For an operating frequency of 2.5kHz, a copper plate of 2-3mm thickness is satisfactory.
  • the pouring tube (73) is associated with electromagnets (71,72) disposed on opposite sides and staggered vertically so that the lower pole of magnet 71 is positioned midway between the upper and lower poles of magnet 72 (and, similarly, the upper pole of magnet 72 is midway between the two poles of magnet 71).
  • electromagnets 71,72
  • Electromagnet 71 may be powered from one phase of a normal three-phase current supply, while electromagnet 72 may be powered from another phase.
  • This embodiment has the advantage that the two electromagnets can readily be moved apart to accommodate different diameters of pouring tube.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)

Abstract

Cette électrovanne, destinée à réguler l'écoulement d'un fluide électroconducteur le long d'un conduit, comprend deux générateurs (42, 43) de champ magnétique disposés de façon adjacente au conduit (41). Le premier générateur crée un premier champ alternatif (56) dans une direction sensiblement orthogonale au sens d'écoulement du fluide. Le second générateur de champ magnétique est également destiné à créer dans le fluide en circulation un champ magnétique alternatif (57) dont la fréquence est la même que celle du premier générateur mais présente une composante importante déphasée de 90° par rapport à celle du premier générateur. La direction du second champ provoquée par le second générateur est sensiblement orthogonale au sens d'écoulement du fluide et sensiblement parallèle à celle du premier champ. Les deux générateurs sont placés de manière que le trajet des courants de Foucault (58, 59), induits par chaque générateur dans le fluide en circulation, se situe au moins partiellement dans le champ de l'autre générateur. Les courants de Foucault induits dans le fluide par chaque champ magnétique, dans l'espace du champ de l'autre champ magnétique, interagissent avec cet autre champ magnétique, afin de créer dans le fluide des forces de Laplace agissant pour empêcher l'écoulement du fluide.
EP97920852A 1996-05-08 1997-05-07 Electrovanne Withdrawn EP0914223A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9609602 1996-05-08
GB9609602A GB2312861B (en) 1996-05-08 1996-05-08 Valves
PCT/GB1997/001245 WO1997041985A1 (fr) 1996-05-08 1997-05-07 Electrovanne

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0914223A1 true EP0914223A1 (fr) 1999-05-12

Family

ID=10793358

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97920852A Withdrawn EP0914223A1 (fr) 1996-05-08 1997-05-07 Electrovanne

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0914223A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2707297A (fr)
GB (1) GB2312861B (fr)
WO (1) WO1997041985A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ATE309877T1 (de) * 2000-03-16 2005-12-15 Vesuvius Crucible Co Schieberverschluss zur regelung des giessstrahls von flüssigem metall
DE102005046910B4 (de) 2005-09-21 2009-03-19 Technische Universität Ilmenau Verfahren und Anordnung zur berührungslosen Inspektion bewegter elektrisch leitfähiger Substanzen
NZ764461A (en) * 2017-12-04 2021-12-24 Norsk Hydro As Casting apparatus and casting method
WO2020061504A1 (fr) * 2018-09-22 2020-03-26 Radwave Technologies Inc. Matrice de nacelle d'antenne

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FR2457730A1 (fr) * 1979-05-31 1980-12-26 Anvar Procede et dispositif pour realiser le confinement des metaux liquides par mise en oeuvre d'un champ electromagnetique
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JPS60157048U (ja) * 1984-03-26 1985-10-19 株式会社神戸製鋼所 連続鋳造のタンデイツシユ用電磁バルブ
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2707297A (en) 1997-11-26
WO1997041985A1 (fr) 1997-11-13
GB9609602D0 (en) 1996-07-10
GB2312861A (en) 1997-11-12
GB2312861B (en) 1999-08-04

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