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Definitions

• Vasular cell adhesion molecule-1 VCAM-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are adhesion molecules in the immunoglobulin superfa ily that are upregulated in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells by cytokines, such as, for example, interleukin-1 (IL-l) , interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ) .
• cytokines such as, for example, interleukin-1 (IL-l) , interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ) .
• IL-1 interleukin-1
• IL-4 interleukin-4
• TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
• Inhibitors of VCAM-1 and/or ICAM-1 have therapeutic applications for many types of chronic inflammatory disorders including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune diabetes. For example, it is known that the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are increased in asthmatics. Pilewski, J. . et al . , Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol . 12, 1-3 (1995) ; Ohkawara, Y. et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12, 4-12 (1995) .
• VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 VLA-4 and LFA-1, respectively
• VCAM-1 is also involved as a mediator in other chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diabetes.
• endothelial adhesion molecules including VCAM-1
• VCAM-1 endothelial adhesion molecules
• Neutralizing antibodies directed against VCAM-1 or its counter receptor, VLA-4 can delay the onset of diabetes in a mouse model (NOD mice) which spontaneously develop the disease.
• NOD mice proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10494-10498 (1993); Burkly, L.C. et al. ,
• VCAM-1 is expressed by cells both as a membrane bound form and as a soluble form.
• the soluble form of VCAM-1 has been shown to induce chemotaxis of vascular endothelial cells in vi tro and stimulate an angiogenic response in rat cornea. Koch, A.E. et al . , Nature 376, 517-519 (1995) .
• Inhibitors of the expression of soluble VCAM-1 have potential therapeutic value in treating diseases with a strong angiogenic component, including tumor growth and metastasis. Folk an, J., and Shing, Y., J. Biol. Chem. 10931-10934 (1992) .
• the promoters for both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 have been cloned and characterized.
• both promoters contain multiple DNA sequence elements which can bind the transcription factor, NF-kB.
• NF-kB transcription factor
• the NF-kB family of transcription factors is central in the regulation of several genes upregulated within sites of inflammation. The activation of NF-kB as a transcription factor involves dissociation from an inhibitory subunit, IkB, in the cytoplasm.
• NF-kB subunits translocate to the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequence elements, and activate transcription of several genes, including VCAM-1 and ICAM- 1. Collins T. et al. , Lab. Invest. 68, 499-508 (1993) .
• VCAM-1 gene expression may be coupled to oxidative stress through specific reduction-oxidation (redox) sensitive transcriptional or posttranscriptional regulatory factors.
• redox reduction-oxidation
• the antioxidants pyrollidine dithiocarbamate and N- acetylcysteine inhibit cytokine-induced expression of VCAM- 1, but not ICAM-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Mauri, N. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 92, 1866-1874 (1993) . This would indicate that the inhibition of VCAM-1 expression by antioxidants involves some additional factors not involved in the regulation of ICAM-1 expression.
• 2, 6-Di-alkyl-4-silyl-phenols are disclosed as antiatherosclerotic agents by Parker et al . in U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,250, issued October 13, 1992. Furthermore, 2,6- Di-alkyl-4-silyl-phenols are disclosed as serum cholestrol lowering agents in PCT International Pu l. No. WO 95/15760, published June 15, 1995. It would be advantageous to control the release of VCAM-1, and to treat VCAM-1 mediated effects. It would also be advantageous to control or treat VCAM-1 inflammation, without production of concomitant side effects known to accompany the use of antiinflammatory steroids and non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents.
• R l7 R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently a C ⁇ C,. alkyl group; Z is a thio, oxy or methylene group; A is a C j -C ⁇ alkylene group; R 5 is a C r C s alkyl or -(CH 2 ) n -(Ar) wherein n is an integer 0, 1, 2 or 3 ; and Ar is phenyl or naphthyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, chloro, fluoro or C j -C 6 alkyl can be used to inhibit the cytokine-induced expression of VCAM-1.
• Such compounds can be administered to patients to inhibit VCAM- 1; to inhibit or treat VCAM-1 mediated effects; and to inhibit or treat VCAM-1 mediated inflammation.
• the compounds can be administered to inhibit or treat VCAM-1 mediated effects in conditions such as chronic inflammation, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diabetes.
• Figure 1 illustrates the effect of 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4- [ (dimethylphenylsilyl)methylthio]phenol (MDL 29,353) on LPS induced VCAM-1 expression in rabbit aorta in vivo .
• Data are expressed as the percent of the aortic surface endothelium expressing VCAM-1 as measured by immunostaining with an anti-rabbit VCAM-1 antibody.
• C ⁇ C j alkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbyl radical of straight, branched or cyclic configuration made up of from one to six carbon atoms. Included within the scope of this term are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertiarybutyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
• C j -C, alkylene refers to a saturated hydrocarbyldiyl radical of straight or branched configuration made up of from one to four carbon atoms .
• R 5 is a -(CH 2 )n-(Ar) radical
• the "-(CH 2 ) n -" moiety represents a saturated hydrocarbyldiyl radical of straight chain configuration.
• the term "n” is defined as an integer 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• the moiety " ⁇ (CH 2 ) n -" thus represents a bond, methylene, 1,2- ethanediyl or 1, 3-propanediyl.
• the "-(Ar)” moiety represents an aryl radical defined as a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or napthyl group.
• the phenyl or napthyl can bear from 1 to 3 substituents in any position otherwise occupied by a hydrogen atom.
• substituents are selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, chloro, fluoro and C ⁇ C g alkyl group.
• - (CH 2 ) n - (Ar) are phenyl; napthyl; phenyl ethyl; phenylethyl; 3 ,4, 5-trihydroxyphenyl; 3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl; 3,4, 5-triethoxyphenyl; 4-chlorophenyl; 4- me hylphenyl; 3, 5-di-tertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl; 4- fluorophenyl; 4-chloro-l-naphthyl; 2-methyl-l- naphthylmethyl; 2-naphthylmethyl; 4-chlorophenylmethyl; 4- tertiarybutylphenyl; 4-tertiarybutylphenylmethyl and the like.
• the compounds of formula (1) can be prepared by utilizing procedures and techniques well known and appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• a general synthetic scheme for preparing compounds of formula (1) wherein Z is sulfur or oxygen is set forth in Scheme A, wherein all substituents, unless otherwise indicated, are previously defined.
• X chlorine, bromine, or iodine
• a phenol of structure la can be prepared by reacting the appropriate 2, 6-dialkyl-4-mercaptophenol or 2, 6-dialkylhydroquinone of structure 2 (or suitably protected derivatives) with a non-nucleophilic base, such as sodium hydride, potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate, and the appropriate haloalkylenesilane of structure 3, such as the appropriate chloroalkylenesilane, in a suitable aprotic solvent, such as acetonitrile, dimethylformamide or di ethylacetamide, or in an aqueous solvent, such as water/2-butanone.
• a non-nucleophilic base such as sodium hydride, potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate
• haloalkylenesilane of structure 3 such as the appropriate chloroalkylenesilane
• silyl starting materials for various compounds of formula (1) such as (trimethyIsilyl) -methyl iodide, (trimethylsilyl)methyl bromide, (trimethyl-silyl)methyl chloride, (1- chloropropyl) trimethylsilane, are described in Synthesis 4, 318-19 (1988) and J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 5665-75 (1983) .
• Additional methods for preparing suitable silanes include a Grignard reaction eg. 4-Bromoanisole is reacted with magnesium metal to form the Grignard reagent and the reagent is reacted with chlorodimethyl chloromethyl silane to give chloromethyldimethyl-4-methoxy phenyl silane.
• anisole may be lithiated by reacton with ⁇ - Butylithium and the lithio compound formed is reacted with chlorodimethyl chloromethyl silane to give chloromethyl dimethyl-2-methoxyphenyl silane.
• the 1-phenol functionality of a compound of structure 2 may react with the compounds of structure 3 under the conditions of the reaction
• the 1- phenol functionality of compound of structure 2 may be blocked with standard phenol blocking agents which are well known and appreciated in the art.
• standard phenol blocking agents which are well known and appreciated in the art.
• blocking groups are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In general, blocking groups should be selected which adequately protect the phenol in question during subsequent synthetic steps and which are readily removable under conditions which will not cause degradation of the desired product.
• Suitable phenol protecting groups are ethers, such as methoxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, tetrahydro-pyranyl, t-butyl and benzyl; silyl ethers, such as trimethylsilyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl; esters, such as acetate and benzoate; carbonates, such as methylcarbonate and benzylcarbonate; as well as sulfonates, such as methanesulfonate and toluenesulfonate.
• the resulting orange oil can be purified by distilling to 135°C @ 0.1 mm Hg to remove lower boiling impurities followed by distillation of product (bp °C @ 0.1 mm Hg) .
• the product which crystallizes on standing can be recrystallized from hexane to give fine white needles
• the resulting orange oil can be purified by distilling to 135°C @ 0.1 mm Hg to remove lower boiling impurities followed by distillation of product (bp 155-165°C @ 0.1 mm Hg) .
• the product which crystallizes on standing can be recrystallized from hexane to give a white solid (4.9g, 19% yield) mp 122-123°C.
• Step a Preparation of dimethyl-p-methoxybenzyl- chloromethylsilane: Stir magnesium turnings (9.7g, 0.4g atom) with a Teflon ® paddle overnight under nitrogen.
• Step b Preparation of 2.6-Di-t-butyl-4- T (dimethyl-p- methoxybenzyl-silvDmethvloxvlphenol (MDL 108.816) : Heat a mixture of dimethyl-p-methoxybenzyl-chloromethylsilane (28g, 0.13 mol), sodium iodide (0.5g, cat), 2,6-di-t- butybenzhydroquinone (23g, 0.1 mol) and cesium carbonate (32g, 0.1 mol) in acetonitrile (250mL) at reflux for 6 days, cool and pour into a mixture of water/ethyl acetate (400mL each) .
• acetonitrile 250mL
• a phenol of structure lb can be prepared according to Scheme B in a two-step process.
• step a the appropriate haloalkylenesilane of structure 3 is reacted with magnesium metal in a suitable aprotic solvent, such as ethyl ether, in order to form the magnesium halide salt.
• the magnesium halide salt (Grignard reagent) is then reacted with the appropriate 3 , 5-dialkyl-4-hydroxy- benzaldehyde of structure 4 (or a suitably protected derivative) to give the alcohol of structure 5.
• step b the alcohol of structure 5 can be reduced to the desired phenol of structure lb by a variety of reduction techniques and procedures as are well known and appreciated in the art.
• the alcohol of structure 5 can be reduced by means of a Birch reduction by reacting it with sodium in liquid ammonia.
• Step a Mix magnesium turnings (240mg, lOmmol) and anhydrous ethyl ether under an inert atmosphere. Add a solution of chloromethyltrimethylsilane (1.9g, lOmmol) in anhydrous ethyl ether. Stir until the magnesium metal dissolves. Add a solution of 3 , 5-dimethyl-4- hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.5g, lOmmol) in anhydrous ethyl ether. Stir until reaction is complete. Cool the reaction mixture to 0°C and add saturated ammonium chloride solution. Separate the ether layer, wash with water and dry (MgS0 4 ) . Evaporate to give 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl- ⁇ - [ (trimethylsilyl) -methylJbenzenemethanol and purify by silica gel chromatrography.
• Step b Mix sodium metal (520mg, 22.6mmol) and liquid ammonia (13mL) . To this solution add, by dropwise addition, a solution of 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl- ⁇ - [ (trimethylsilyl) -methyl]benzenemethanol (2.22g, lOmmol) in ethyl alcohol (0.5g) and ethyl ether (5ml) . After the blue color disappears, cautiously add water (13mL), extract with ethyl ether, dry (MgSO , and evaporate the solvent. Purify the residue by silica gel chromatography to yield the title compound.
• a phenol of structure lb can be prepared by first reacting the appropriate haloalkylenesilane of structure 3 with magnesium metal in an suitable aprotic solvent, such as ethyl ether, in order to form the magnesium halide salt.
• the magnesium halide salt (Grignard Reagent) is then reacted with the appropriate 3,5-dialkyl- 4-hydroxy-benzylhalide of structure 6 (or a suitably protected derivative) to give the desired phenol of structure lb.
• the 1-phenol functionality of the 3 , 5-dialkyl-4-hydroxy- benzylhalide of structure 6 in Scheme C may be blocked prior to the Grignard reaction with a standard phenol blocking agent as described previously in Scheme A.
• the term "patient” refers to a warm ⁇ blooded animal or mammal which is afflicted with a particular VCAM-1 mediated inflammatory disease. It is understood that guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits and primates, including humans, are examples of patients within the scope of the meaning of the term.
• chronic inflammatory disease refers to diseases or conditions characterized by persistent inflammation in the absence of an identifiable irritant or microbial pathogen.
• Inflammatory diseases for which treatment with a compound of formula (1) will be particularly useful include: asthma, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, transplant rejection and tumor angiogenesis.
• Compounds of formula (1) which are particularly preferred for treating an inflammatory disease in a patient in need thereof include: 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4- [ (dimethylphenylsilyl)methylthio]phenol; 2, 6-Di-t-butyl-4- [ (trimethylsilyl)methylthio]phenol; 2, 6-Di-t-butyl-4- [ (4-clorophenyldimethylsilyl)methyloxy] - phenol; 2, 6-Di-t-butyl-4- [ (dimethyl-4-fluorophenylsilyl)methyloxy] - phenol; 2, 6-Di-t-butyl-4- [ (dimethylphenylsilyl)methyloxy]phenol; 2, 6-Di-t-butyl-4- [ (dimethyl-4-methoxyphenylsilyl) - methyloxy]phenol; 2, 6-Dimethyl-4- [ (dimethylphenylsilyl) -methyloxy]phenol; 2-t-butyl-6-methyl
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of formula (1) is an amount which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to the patient, in providing relief of symptoms associated with inflammatory diseases.
• An “effective vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 inhibiting amount” of a compound of formula (1) is an amount which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to the patient, in providing relief of symptoms associated with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mediated conditions.
• "relief of symptoms" of an inflammatory disease or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mediated conditions refers to decrease in severity over that expected in the absence of treatment and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination or cure of the disease. Relief of symptoms is also intended to include prophylaxis.
• a number of factors are considered by the attending diagnostician, including, but not limited to: the species of the mammal; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of or involvment or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant cirmumstances .
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1) will generally vary from about 1 milligram per kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 5 grams per kilogram of body weight per day (gm/kg/day) .
• a daily dose of from about 1 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg is preferred.
• an effective vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 inhibiting amount of a compound of formula (1) will generally vary from about 1 milligram per kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 5 grams per kilogram of body weight per day (gm/kg/day) .
• a daily dose of from about 1 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg is preferred.
• the compounds of this invention are inhibitors of VCAM-1 expression. It is believed that the compounds of this invention exert their inhibitory effect through inhibition of VCAM-1 upregulation by cytokines and thereby prevent or provide relief of symptoms for inflammatory diseases including asthma, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, and the like. However, it is understood that the present invention is not limited by any particular theory or proposed mechanism to explain its effectiveness in an end-use application.
• a compound of formula (1) can be administered in any form or mode which makes the compound bioavailable in effective amounts, including oral and parenteral routes.
• the compound can be administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, transdermally, intranasally, rectally, and the like.
• Oral administration is generally preferred.
• One skilled in the art of preparing formulations can readily select the proper form and mode of administration depending upon the disease state to be treated, the stage of the disease, and other relevant circumstances. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Co. (1990) .
• a compound of formula (1) can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments which are made by combining a. compound of formula (1) with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, the proportion and nature of which are determined by the chosen route of administration, and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• the pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art.
• the carrier or excipient may be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material which can serve as a vehicle or medium for the active ingredient. Suitable carriers or excipients are well known in the art.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be adapted for oral or parenteral use and may be administered to the patient in the form of tablets, capsules, suppositories, solution, suspensions, or the like.
• compositions may be administered orally, for example, with an inert diluent or with an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
• a compound of formula (1) may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, chewing gums and the like. These preparations should contain at least 4% of a compound of formula (1), the active ingredient, but may be varied depending upon the particular form and may conveniently be between 4% to about 70% of the weight of the unit.
• the amount of the active ingredient present in compositions is such that a unit dosage form suitable for administration will be obtained.
• the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like may also contain one or more of the following adjuvants: binders, such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; excipients, such as starch or lactose, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, Primogel, corn starch and the like; lubricants, such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex; glidants, such as colloidal silicon dioxide; and sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin may be added or flavoring agents, such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring.
• a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol or a fatty oil.
• dosage unit forms may contain other various materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, as coatings.
• tablets or pills may be coated with sugar, shellac, or other enteric coating agents.
• a syrup may contain, in addition to the active ingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors. Materials used in preparing these various compositions should be pharmaceutically pure and non-toxic in the amounts used.
• a compound of formula (1) may be incorporated into a solution or suspension.
• These preparations should contain at least 0.1% of a compound of the invention, but may be varied to be between 0.1 and about 50% of the weight thereof.
• the amount of the active ingredient present in such compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
• the solutions or suspensions may also include one or more of the following adjuvants depending on the solubility and other properties of a compound of formula (1) : sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of toxicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
• the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
• HAVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells
• HASMC human aortic smooth muscle cells
• Cytokines plus or minus compounds were added for 20 to 24 hours prior to analysis for adhesion molecule levels.
• Tumor necrosis factor (Genzyme, Cambridge, MA) was added to cultures at 500-1000 units/mL.
• Interleukin-4 (GIBCO-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) was added to cultures at 100-200 pg/mL. (Additions were made by transferring 100 ⁇ L of cytokines plus compounds serially diluted on a separate 96-well plate into the plates containing cells. The medium on the cultures was not exchanged prior to addition of effectors) .
• the culture medium was removed, and the monolayers were washed twice with Hanks buffered saline solution (HBSS) at room temperature.
• the primary antibody anti-human VCAM-1 from Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Lake Placid, NY or anti-human ICAM-1 from Immunotech, Inc., Westbrook, ME
• HBSS Hanks buffered saline solution
• the primary antibody anti-human VCAM-1 from Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Lake Placid, NY or anti-human ICAM-1 from Immunotech, Inc., Westbrook, ME
• was added to each well (1 ⁇ g/mL in HBSS plus 5% newborn calf serum, GIBCO-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) and incubated at 37°C for 1 hr.
• the wells were washed twice with HBSS, then 100 ⁇ L of a 1/1000 dilution of goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (BioRad, Hercules, CA) in HBSS plus 5% newborn calf serum was added to each well and incubated for 1 hr at 37°C.
• the wells were washed three times with HBSS, then 100 ⁇ L of TMB substrate (BioRad, Hercules, CA) was added to each well.
• the reaction was stopped after blue color developed by addition of 50 ⁇ L of IN H 2 S0 4 . Absorbance is measured at 450 nm with a plate reader.
• IC 50 values were determined from curves of absorbance values obtained from serial dilutions of compounds (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide) .
• the IC 5C value is defined as the drug concentration that inhibits the cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression by 50% . Maximal values for adhesion molecule expression in cytokine-induced cultures was subtracted from the basal level of adhesion molecule expression (minus cytokines) in the cultures to determine the level of induction. VCAM-1 was typically induced about 5-7 fold. ICAM-1 was typically induced 5-10 fold. Each drug concentration was tested in quadruplicate wells . Single point tests of compounds at 50 ⁇ M were assayed as described for IC 50 determinations, except that the data represent the level of inhibition without correction for basal expression. (Basal adhesion molecule expression was 10-20% of the total induced expression) .
• Table 1 summarizes the ability of various compounds of this invention to inhibit VCAM-1 using human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) .
• HASMC human aortic smooth muscle cells
• Table 2 summarizes the ability of various compounds of this invention to selectively inhibit VCAM-1 or to inhibit both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 using proliferating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) .
• the cells were coincubated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha along with the indicated compounds about 20 to 24 hr before assaying cell surface adhesion molecule expression.
• Table 3 illustrates the activity of selected compounds when eight serial dilutions of drug were tested against cytokine induction of VCAM-1 expression in both vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Subtraction of basal VCAM-1 expression was also used in the calculation of IC 50 values. Each compound was also tested in a similar manner for ICAM-1 inhibition. No inhibition of ICAM-1 was detected (up to 100 ⁇ M) in vascular smooth muscle cells. In vascular endothelial cells, only MDL 103,902 showed significant inhibition of ICAM-1 expression at 50 and 100 ⁇ M, which could be accounted for by the loss of cell adherence to the tissue culture surface as observed with a microscope.
• New Zealand white rabbits were fed a diet of chow plus or minus 0.4% MDL 29,353 for three weeks prior to challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 40 ⁇ g/animal, i.v. ear vein) .
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• the aorta was removed from each animal 4 hr after LPS injection and rinsed briefly in phosphate buffered saline.
• VCAM-1 was immunohistochemistry was performed by incubating the tissues with RBI/9 antibody (mouse anti-rabbit VCAM-1) at 4°C overnight. The bound RBl/9 was detected using a biotinylated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (60 min, RT) .
• VCAM-1 staining was accomplished by addition of streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (30 min, RT) followed by an incubation with BT Red (Biotec, 10, RT) . Images of the stained tissues were captured using an image analysis system for determination of the percentages of the aortic endothelium showing immunoreactivity with anti-VCAM antibody.
• In vivo activity of these compounds can also be assessed in other models of inflammation predicted to involve elevated VCAM-1 levels.
• One such model for respiratory diseases, such as asthma is an ovalbumin- sensitized model. Kung ⁇ T.T. et al . , Int. Arch- Allergy Immunol . 105, 83-90 (1994) .
• This model of pulmonary inflammation is IgE mediated and involves eosinophillia (as does the asthmatic human) .
• the bronchial alveolar lavage (BAD fluid obtained from experimental animals can be assessed for a number of parameters, including soluble adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte accumulation.
• Adhesion molecule expresssion can be assessed by immunohistochemistry within the tissues, especially the lung, of experimental animals.
• the effect of the claimed compounds, such as MDL 29,353 should be to suppress the upregulation of VCAM-1 expression and inhibit eosinophil accumulation in the BAL fluid.
• the inhibitors could be tested in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis, which has been previously shown to respond to anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies. Iigo, Y. et al . , . Immunol.147. 4167-4171 (1991) . In this model, adhesion molecule expression would be assessed in the limbs (joints) of experimental animals.
• autoimmune diabetes For autoimmune diabetes, one could test the compounds for their ability to delay the onset or prevent adoptive transfer of disease in the NOD mouse model. Heinke, E.W. et al., Diabetes 42, 1721-1730 (1993); Baron, J.L. et al . , J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1700-1708 (1994) . Furthermore, one can monitor the level of VCAM-1 expression in the tissues (e.g. pancreas) as well as monitor the development of diabetes in the experimental animal. Therapeutic potential for transplant rejection can be assessed by monitoring cardiac allograft survival (Balb/c hearts transplanted into C3H/He recipients. Isobe, M. et al. , J. Immunol.
• Activity of the compounds can be assessed by their effect on the number of lung metastases which develop, as well as their effect on VCAM-1 expression in the lung as described above for the mouse respiratory model.
• a model for evaluating anti- angiogenic compounds which can be used to test the compounds involves monitoring the vascular response to a mixture of angiogenic factors mixed with basement membrane proteins injected subcutaneously in mice. Passaniti, A. et al., Lab. Invest. 67, 519-528 (1992) .
• Angiogenesis is scored by the number of vessels recruited into the matrigel and by the hemoglobin content of the gels.
• Adhesion molecule expression and accumulation of leukocyte can be determined by immunohistochemical methods as in all of the above examples.
• the claimed compounds inhibit cytokine-induced upregulation of VCAM-1 gene expression in vascular cells in vi tro .
• Selective inhibition of VCAM-1 expression as compared with another cytokine-indueible adhesion molecule, ICAM-1 has been demonstrated for certain members of the claimed compounds (Table 3) .
• In vivo experiments show that MDL 29,353, when adequately accumulated, can inhibit the LPS induced level of VCAM-1 expression in rabbit aortic endothelium (Fig. 1) . This experiment also demonstrates that the compounds have oral activity.

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