Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
  • C11D3/38627—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase containing lipase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/37—Polymers
  • C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C11D3/3723—Polyamines or polyalkyleneimines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/37—Polymers
  • C11D3/3792—Amine oxide containing polymers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to detergent compositions which employ polyamine scavenger agents and enzymes to boost cleaning, especially greasy stain and body soil removal, performance. Fabric laundering and hard-surface cleaning compositions with improved body soil and greasy stain removal properties are provided.
• Detergent formulators are faced with the task of devising products to remove a broad spectrum of soils and stains from wash surfaces. It is particularly desirable to remove body soils as well as greasy stains, such as butter, margarine, and bacon from wash surfaces.
• Detergent compositions containing enzymes including lipase enzymes, are well known.
• Detergent compositions containing lipase enzymes are effective in hydrolyzing triglycerides in body soils and grease, thereby effectively removing body soils and grease stains from wash surfaces.
• lipase enzymes hydrolyzes triglycerides in body oils and grease soils, it is de-activated by coming in contact with chlorine.
• the effectiveness of lipase's body and grease soil removal property is decreased due to chlorine in the wash liquor, such as in tap water.
• Chlorine scavengers such as sodium sulfite, perborate, and ammonium sulfate remove or "scavenge" chlorine in wash liquors.
• many scavengers only remove the chlorine from the wash liquor through the initial wash process, and little scavenging benefit is seen during the rinsing stage, when additional wash liquor, containing chlorine, is added.
• compositions comprising polyamine scavenger agents can be used to scavenge chlorine in wash liquors.
• the polyamines deposit upon the wash surface, thereby maintaining the effectiveness of lipase enzymes in removing greasy stains and body soils through the rinsing stage.
• the polyamines deposit onto the wash surface during the wash stage and remain on the surface during the rinsing stage, thereby effectively scavenging the chlorine even during the rinsing stage.
• Detergent compositions comprising such polyamine scavenger agents thus maintain the effectiveness of lipase enzymes to remove body soils and greasy stains from wash surfaces.
• EP 553 607 published August 04 1993, discloses a dye-transfer inhibiting composition comprising a tertiary amine oxidation scavenger.
• the present invention encompasses the use of scavenger agents comprising a polyamine backbone corresponding to the formula having a modified polyamine formula V (n+l) W m Y n Z or a polyamine backbone corresponding to the formula having a modified polyamine formula V (n-k+l) W m Y n Y' k Z, wherein k is less than or equal to n, said polyamine backbone prior to modification has a molecular weight greater than 200 daltons, wherein
• lipase containing detergent compositions with excellent greasy and body soil release performance can be achieved in such composition comprising an effective amount of a polyamine scavenger agent.
• the detersive surfactants suitable for use in the present invention are cationic, anionic, nonionic, ampholytic, zwitterionic, and mixtures thereof, further described herein below.
• the laundry detergent composition may be in any suitable form, for example, high density liquids, light liquids or other pourable forms in addition to granules or laundry bars.
• the polyamine scavenger agents of the present invention can be formulated into any detersive matrix chosen by the formulator.
• the laundry detergent compositions according to the present invention may additionally comprise at least about 0.01%, preferably at least about 0.1%, more preferably at least about 1% by weight, of the following detersive surfactants.
• Nonlimiting examples of surfactants useful herein typically at levels from about 1% to about 55%, by weight, include the conventional C 11 -C 18 alkyl benzene sulfonates ("LAS") and primary, branched-chain and random C 10 -C 20 alkyl sulfates ("AS”), the C 10 -C 18 secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfates of the formula CH 3 (CH 2 ) x (CHOSO 3 - M + ) CH 3 and CH 3 (CH 2 ) y (CHOSO 3 - M + ) CH 2 CH 3 where x and (y + 1) are integers of at least about 7, preferably at least about 9, and M is a water-solubilizing cation, especially sodium, unsaturated sulfates such as oleyl sulf
• the conventional nonionic and amphoteric surfactants such as the C 12 -C 18 alkyl ethoxylates ("AE") including the so-called narrow peaked alkyl ethoxylates and C 6 -C 12 alkyl phenol alkoxylates (especially ethoxylates and mixed ethoxy/propoxy), C 12 -C 18 betaines and sulfobetaines ("sultaines"), C 10 -C 18 amine oxides, and the like, can also be included in the overall compositions.
• the C 10 -C 18 N-alkyl polyhydroxy fatty acid amides can also be used. Typical examples include the C 12 -C 18 N-methylglucamides. See WO 9,206,154.
• sugar-derived surfactants include the N-alkoxy polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, such as C 10 -C 18 N-(3-methoxypropyl) glucamide.
• the N-propyl through N-hexyl C 12 -C 18 glucamides can be used for low sudsing.
• C 10 -C 20 conventional soaps may also be used. If high sudsing is desired, the branched-chain C 10 -C 16 soaps may be used. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are especially useful. Other conventional useful surfactants are listed in standard texts.
• Suitable lipase enzymes are those produced by microorganisms of the Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in GB 1,372,034. See also lipases in Japanese Patent Application 53,20487, laid open Feb. 24, 1978. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P "Amano,” or "Amano-P.” Other suitable commercial lipases include Amano-CES, lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var.
• lipolyticum NRRLB 3673 from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; Chromobacter viscosum lipases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., The Netherlands.
• the lipases of the present invention are included in the detergent composition in such an amount that the final composition has a lipolytic enzyme activity of from about 0.004 to about 6; preferably about 0.007 to about 3; more preferably about 0.01 to about 1, lipolytic units per milligram (LU/mg) of the composition.
• Detergent compositions of the present invention comprises from 0.001% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 2%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 1%, by weight of lipase.
• the emulsification reagent was prepared from a mixture of 17.9 g of sodium chloride, 0.41 g of potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (Merck art. 4873), 400 mL of demineralized water, 540 mL of glycerol (Merck art. 4094), and 6.0 g of Gum Arabic (Sigma no. G-9752).
• the scavenger agent of the present invention relates to modified polyamines.
• These polyamines comprise backbones that can be either linear or cyclic.
• the polyamine backbones can also comprise polyamine branching chains to a greater or lesser degree.
• the polyamine backbones described herein are modified in such a manner that each nitrogen of the polyamine chain is thereafter described in terms of a unit that is substituted, quaternized, oxidized, or combinations thereof.
• modification is defined as replacing a backbone -NH hydrogen atom by an E unit (substitution), quaterrizing a backbone nitrogen (quaternized) or oxidizing a backbone nitrogen to the N-oxide (oxidized).
• substitution and “substitution” are used interchangably when referring to the process of replacing a hydrogen atom attached to a backbone nitrogen with an E unit. Quaternization or oxidation may take place in some circumstances without substitution, but substitution is preferably accompanied by oxidation or quaternization of at least one backbone nitrogen.
• the linear or non-cyclic polyamine backbones that comprise the scavenger agents of the present invention have the general formula: said backbones prior to subsequent modification, comprise primary, secondary and tertiary amine nitrogens connected by R "linking" units.
• the cyclic polyamine backbones comprising the scavenger agents of the present invention have the general formula: said backbones prior to subsequent modification, comprise primary, secondary and tertiary amine nitrogens connected by R "linking" units
• primary amine nitrogens comprising the backbone or branching chain once modified are defined as V or Z "terminal" units.
• V or Z "terminal” units when a primary amine moiety, located at the end of the main polyamine backbone or branching chain having the structure H 2 N-R]- is modified according to the present invention, it is thereafter defined as a V "terminal" unit, or simply a V unit.
• some or all of the primary amine moieties can remain unmodified subject to the restrictions further described herein below. These unmodified primary amine moieties by virtue of their position in the backbone chain remain "terminal" units.
• a primary amine moiety located at the end of the main polyamine backbone having the structure -NH 2 is modified according to the present invention, it is thereafter defined as a Z "terminal" unit, or simply a Z unit. This unit can remain unmodified subject to the restrictions further described herein below.
• secondary amine nitrogens comprising the backbone or branching chain once modified are defined as W "backbone” units.
• W backbone
• the major constituent of the backbones and branching chains of the present invention, having the structure is modified according to the present invention it is thereafter defined as a W "backbone” unit, or simply a W unit.
• some or all of the secondary amine moieties can remain unmodified. These unmodified secondary amine moieties by virtue of their position in the backbone chain remain "backbone” units.
• tertiary amine nitrogens comprising the backbone or branching chain once modified are further referred to as Y "branching" units.
• Y tertiary amine nitrogens
• a tertiary amine moiety which is a chain branch point of either the polyamine backbone or other branching chains or rings, having the structure is modified according to the present invention, it is thereafter defined as a Y "branching" unit, or simply a Y unit.
• some or all or the tertiary amine moieties can remain unmodified. These unmodified tertiary amine moieties by virtue of their position in the backbone chain remain “branching" units.
• the R units associated with the V, W and Y unit nitrogens which serve to connect the polyamine nitrogens are described herein below.
• the final modified structure of the polyamines of the present invention can be therefore represented by the general formula V (n+l) W m Y n Z for linear polyamine polymers and by the general formula V (n-k+l) W m Y n Y' k Z for cyclic polyamine polymers.
• a Y' unit of the formula serves as a branch point for a backbone or branch ring.
• the polyamine backbone has the formula therefore comprising no Z terminal unit and having the formula V n-k W m Y n Y' k wherein k is the number of ring forming branching units.
• the polyamine backbones of the present invention comprise no rings.
• the ratio of the index n to the index m relates to the relative degree of branching.
• a fully non-branched linear modified polyamine according to the present invention has the formula VW m Z that is, n is equal to 0. The greater the value of n (the lower the ratio of m to n), the greater the degree of branching in the molecule.
• the value for m ranges from a minimum value of 4 to about 400, however larger values of m, especially when the value of the index n is very low or nearly 0, are also preferred.
• Each polyamine nitrogen whether primary, secondary or tertiary, once modified according to the present invention, is further defined as being a member of one of three general classes; simple substituted, quaternized or oxidized. Those polyamine nitrogen units not modified are classed into V, W, Y, or Z units depending on whether they are primary, secondary or tertiary nitrogens. That is unmodified primary amine nitrogens are V or Z units, unmodified secondary amine nitrogens are W units and unmodified tertiary amine nitrogens are Y units for the purposes of the present invention.
• V "terminal" units having one of three forms:
• Modified secondary amine moieties are defined as W "backbone" units having one of three forms:
• Modified tertiary amine moieties are defined as Y "branching" units having one of three forms:
• a primary amine unit comprising one E unit in the form of a hydroxyethyl moiety is a V terminal unit having the formula (HOCH 2 CH 2 )HN-.
• Non-cyclic polyamine backbones according to the present invention comprise only one Z unit whereas cyclic polyamines can comprise no Z units.
• the Z "terminal” unit can be substituted with any of the E units described further herein below, except when the Z unit is modified to form an N-oxide. In the case where the Z unit nitrogen is oxidized to an N-oxide, the nitrogen must be modified and therefore E cannot be a hydrogen.
• the polyamines of the present invention comprise backbone R "linking" units that serve to connect the nitrogen atoms of the backbone.
• R units comprise units that for the purposes of the present invention are referred to as “hydrocarbyl R” units and “oxy R” units.
• the "hydrocarbyl" R units are C 2 -C 12 alkylene, C 4 -C 12 alkenylene, C 3 -C 12 hydroxyalkylene wherein the hydroxyl moiety may take any position on the R unit chain except the carbon atoms directly connected to the polyamine backbone nitrogens; C 4 -C 12 dihydroxyalkylene wherein the hydroxyl moieties may occupy any two of the carbon atoms of the R unit chain except those carbon atoms directly connected to the polyamine backbone nitrogens; C 8 -C 12 dialkylarylene which for the purpose of the present invention are arylene moieties having two alkyl substituent groups as part of the linking chain.
• a dialkylarylene unit has the formula although the unit need not be 1,4-substituted, but can also be 1,2 or 1,3 substitutedC 2 -C 12 alkylene, preferably ethylene, 1,2-propylene, and mixtures thereof more preferably ethylene.
• the "oxy" R units comprise -(R 1 O) x R 5 (OR 1 ) x -,-CH 2 CH(OR 2 )CH 2 O) z (R 1 O) y R 1 (OCH 2 CH(OR 2 )CH 2 ) w -, -CH 2 CH(OR 2 )CH 2 -, -(R 1 O) x R 1 -, and mixtures thereof.
• R units are C 2 -C 12 alkylene, C 3 -C 12 hydroxyalkylene, C 4 -C 12 dihydroxyalkylene, C 8 -C 12 dialkylarylene, -(R 1 O) x R 1 -,-CH 2 CH(OR 2 )CH 2 -, -(CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O) z (R 1 O) y R 1 (OCH 2 CH-(OH)CH 2 ) w -,-(R 1 O) x R 5 (OR 1 ) x -, more preferred R units are C 2 -C 12 alkylene, C 3 -C 12 hydroxyalkylene, C 4 -C 12 dihydroxyalkylene, -(R 1 O) x R 1 -, -(R 1 O) x R 5 (OR 1 ) x -,-(CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O) z (R 1 O) y R 1 (OCH 2 CH-(OH)CH 2 ) w -
• R 1 units are C 2 -C 6 alkylene, and mixtures thereof, preferably ethylene.
• R 2 is hydrogen, and -(R 1 O) x B, preferably hydrogen.
• R 3 is C 1 -C 18 alkyl, C 7 -C 12 arylalkylene, C 7 -C 12 alkyl substituted aryl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, and mixtures thereof, preferably C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 7 -C 12 arylalkylene, more preferably C 1 -C 12 alkyl, most preferably methyl.
• R 3 units serve as part of E units described herein below.
• R 4 is C 1 -C 12 alkylene, C 4 -C 12 alkenylene, C 8 -C 12 arylalkylene, C 6 -C 10 arylene, preferably C 1 -C 10 alkylene, C 8 -C 12 arylalkylene, more preferably C 2 -C 8 alkylene, most preferably ethylene or butylene.
• R 5 is C 1 -C 12 alkylene, C 3 -C 12 hydroxyalkylene, C 4 -C 12 dihydroxyalkylene, C 8 -C 12 dialkylarylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)NHR 6 NHC(O)-, -C(O)(R 4 ) r C(O)-, -R 1 (OR 1 )-, -CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(R 1 O) y R 1 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -, -C(O)(R 4 ) r C(O)-,-CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -, R 5 is preferably ethylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)NHR 6 NHC(O)-,-R 1 (OR 1 )-, -CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(R 1 O) y R 1 OCH 2 CH-(OH)CH 2 -,
• R 6 is C 2 -C 12 alkylene or C 6 -C 12 arylene.
• the preferred "oxy" R units are further defined in terms of the R 1 , R 2 , and R 5 units.
• Preferred "oxy" R units comprise the preferred R 1 , R 2 , and R 5 units.
• the preferred scavenger agents of the present invention comprise at least 50% R 1 units that are ethylene.
• Preferred R 1 , R 2 , and R 5 units are combined with the "oxy" R units to yield the preferred "oxy” R units in the following manner
• E units are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 22 alkyl, C 3 -C 22 alkenyl, C 7 -C 22 arylalkyl, C 2 -C 22 hydroxyalkyl, -(CH 2 ) p CO 2 M,-(CH 2 ) q SO 3 M, -CH(CH 2 CO 2 M)CO 2 M, -(CH 2 ) p PO 3 M, -(R 1 O) m B, -C(O)R 3 , preferably hydrogen, C 2 -C 22 hydroxyalkylene, benzyl, C 1 -C 22 alkylene, -(R 1 O) m B,-C(O)R 3 , -(CH 2 ) p CO 2 M, -(CH 2 ) q SO 3 M, -CH(CH 2 CO 2 M)CO 2 M, more preferably C 1 -C 22 alkylene, -(R 1 O) x B, -C(O)R 3
• E units do not comprise hydrogen atom when the V, W or Z units are oxidized, that is the nitrogens are N-oxides.
• the backbone chain or branching chains do not comprise units of the following structure:
• E units do not comprise carbonyl moieties directly bonded to a nitrogen atom when the V, W or Z units are oxidized, that is, the nitrogens are N-oxides.
• the E unit -C(O)R 3 moiety is not bonded to an N-oxide modified nitrogen, that is, there are no N-oxide amides having the structure or combinations thereof.
• B is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) q SO 3 M, -(CH 2 ) p CO 2 M, -(CH 2 ) q -(CHSO 3 M)CH 2 SO 3 M, -(CH 2 ) q (CHSO 2 M)CH 2 SO 3 M, -(CH 2 ) p PO 3 M, -PO 3 M, preferably hydrogen, -(CH 2 )qSO 3 M, -(CH 2 ) q (CHSO 3 M)CH 2 SO 3 M, -(CH 2 ) q -(CHSO 2 M)CH 2 SO 3 M, more preferably hydrogen or -(CH 2 ) q SO 3 M.
• M is hydrogen or a water soluble cation in sufficient amount to satisfy charge balance.
• a sodium cation equally satisfies -(CH 2 ) p CO 2 M, and -(CH 2 ) q SO 3 M, thereby resulting in -(CH 2 ) p CO 2 Na, and -(CH 2 ) q SO 3 Na moieties.
• More than one monovalent cation, (sodium, potassium, etc.) can be combined to satisfy the required chemical charge balance.
• more than one anionic group may be charge balanced by a divalent cation, or more than one mono-valent cation may be necessary to satisfy the charge requirements of a poly-anionic radical.
• a -(CH 2 ) p PO 3 M moiety substituted with sodium atoms has the formula -(CH 2 ) p PO 3 Na 3 .
• Divalent cations such as calcium (Ca 2+ ) or magnesium (Mg 2+ ) may be substituted for or combined with other suitable mono-valent water soluble cations.
• Preferred cations are sodium and potassium, more preferred is sodium.
• X is a water soluble anion such as chlorine (Cl - ), bromine (Br - ) and iodine (I - ) or X can be any negatively charged radical such as sulfate (SO 4 2- ) and methosulfate (CH 3 SO 3 - ).
• indices have the following values: p has the value from 1 to 6, q has the value from 0 to 6; r has the value 0 or 1; w has the value 0 or 1, x has the value from 1 to 100; y has the value from 0 to 100; z has the value 0 or 1; m has the value from 4 to about 400, n has the value from 0 to about 200; m + n has the value of at least 5.
• the preferred scavenger agents of the present invention comprise polyamine backbones wherein less than about 50% of the R groups comprise "oxy" R units, preferably less than about 20%, more preferably less than 5%, most preferably the R units comprise no "oxy" R units.
• the most preferred scavenger agents which comprise no "oxy" R units comprise polyamine backbones wherein less than 50% of the R groups comprise more than 3 carbon atoms.
• ethylene, 1,2-propylene, and 1,3-propylene comprise 3 or less carbon atoms and are the preferred "hydrocarbyl" R units. That is when backbone R units are C 2 -C 12 alkylene, preferred is C 2 -C 3 alkylene, most preferred is ethylene.
• the scavenger agents of the present invention comprise modified homogeneous and non-homogeneous polyamine backbones, wherein 100% or less of the -NH units are modified.
• the term "homogeneous polyamine backbone” is defined as a polyamine backbone having R units that are the same (i.e., all ethylene). However, this sameness definition does not exclude polyamines that comprise other extraneous units comprising the polymer backbone which are present due to an artifact of the chosen method of chemical synthesis.
• ethanolamine may be used as an "initiator" in the synthesis of polyethyleneimines, therefore a sample of polyethyleneimine that comprises one hydroxyethyl moiety resulting from the polymerization "initiator” would be considered to comprise a homogeneous polyamine backbone for the purposes of the present invention.
• a polyamine backbone comprising all ethylene R units wherein no branching Y units are present is a homogeneous backbone.
• a polyamine backbone comprising all ethylene R units is a homogeneous backbone regardless of the degree of branching or the number of cyclic branches present.
• non-homogeneous polymer backbone refers to polyamine backbones that are a composite of various R unit lengths and R unit types.
• a non-homogeneous backbone comprises R units that are a mixture of ethylene and 1,2-propylene units.
• a mixture of "hydrocarbyl” and “oxy” R units is not necessary to provide a non-homogeneous backbone. The proper manipulation of these "R unit chain lengths" provides the formulator with the ability to modify the solubility and fabric substantivity of the scavenger agents of the present invention.
• Preferred scavenger agent polymers of the present invention comprise homogeneous polyamine backbones that are totally or partially substituted by polyethyleneoxy moieties, totally or partially quaternized amines, nitrogens totally or partially oxidized to N-oxides, and mixtures thereof.
• al backbone amine nitrogens must be modified in the same manner, the choice of modification being left to the specific needs of the formulator.
• the degree of ethoxylation is also determined by the specific requirements of the formulator.
• the preferred polyamines that comprise the backbone of the compounds of the present invention are generally polyalkyleneamines (PAA's), polyalkyleneimines (PAI's), preferably polyethyleneamine (PEA's), polyethyleneimines (PEI's), or PEA's or PEI's connected by moieties having longer R units than the parent PAA's, PAI's, PEA's or PEI's.
• a common polyalkyleneamine (PAA) is tetrabutylenepentamine. PEA's are obtained by reactions involving ammonia and ethylene dichloride, followed by fractional distillation. The common PEA's obtained are triethylenetetramine (TETA) and teraethylenepentamine (TEPA).
• the cogenerically derived mixture does not appear to separate by distillation and can include other materials such as cyclic amines and particularly piperazines. There can also be present cyclic amines with side chains in which nitrogen atoms appear. See U.S. Patent 2,792,372, Dickinson, issued May 14, 1957, which describes the preparation of PEA's.
• Preferred amine polymer backbones comprise R units that are C 2 alkylene (ethylene) units, also known as polyethylenimines (PEI's).
• Preferred PEI's have at least moderate branching, that is the ratio of m to n is less than 4:1, however PEI's having a ratio of m to n of about 2:1 are most preferred.
• Preferred backbones, prior to modification have the general formula: wherein m and n are the same as defined herein above. Preferred PEI's, prior to modification, will have a molecular weight greater than about 200 daltons.
• the relative proportions of primary, secondary and tertiary amine units in the polyamine backbone will vary, depending on the manner of preparation.
• Each hydrogen atom attached to each nitrogen atom of the polyamine backbone chain represents a potential site for subsequent substitution, quaternization or oxidation.
• polyamines can be prepared, for example, by polymerizing ethyleneimine in the presence of a catalyst such as carbon dioxide, sodium bisulfite, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, etc.
• a catalyst such as carbon dioxide, sodium bisulfite, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, etc.
• Specific methods for preparing these polyamine backbones are disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,182,306, Ulrich et al., issued December 5, 1939; U.S. Patent 3,033,746, Mayle et al., issued May 8, 1962; U.S. Patent 2,208,095, Esselmann et al., issued July 16, 1940; U.S. Patent 2,806,839, Crowther, issued September 17, 1957; and U.S. Patent 2,553,696, Wilson, issued May 21, 1951; all herein incorporated by reference.
• modified scavenger agent polymers of the present invention comprising PEI's, are illustrated in Formulas I - IV:
• not all nitrogens of a unit class comprise the same modification.
• the present invention allows the formulator to have a portion of the secondary amine nitrogens ethoxylated while having other secondary amine nitrogens oxidized to N-oxides.
• This also applies to the primary amine nitrogens, in that the formulator may choose to modify all or a portion of the primary amine nitrogens with one or more substituents prior to oxidation or quaternization. Any possible combination of E groups can be substituted on the primary and secondary amine nitrogens, except for the restrictions described herein above.
• the scavenger agents of the present invention are included in the detergent composition from about 0.01% to about 15%; preferably about .05% to about 8%; more preferably about .1% to about 3%.
• SRA polymeric soil release agents
• SRA's will generally comprise from 0.01% to 10.0%, typically from 0.1% to 5%, preferably from 0.2% to 3.0% by weight, of the compositions.
• Preferred SRA's typically have hydrophilic segments to hydrophilize the surface of hydrophobic fibers such as polyester and nylon, and hydrophobic segments to deposit upon hydrophobic fibers and remain adhered thereto through completion of washing and rinsing cycles, thereby serving as an anchor for the hydrophilic segments. This can enable stains occurring subsequent to treatment with the SRA to be more easily cleaned in later washing procedures.
• SRA's can include a variety of charged, e.g., anionic or even cationic species, see U.S. 4,956,447, issued September 11, 1990 to Gosselink, et al., as well as noncharged monomer units, and their structures may be linear, branched or even star-shaped. They may include capping moieties which are especially effective in controlling molecular weight or altering the physical or surface-active properties. Structures and charge distributions may be tailored for application to different fiber or textile types and for varied detergent or detergent additive products.
• Preferred SRA's include oligomeric terephthalate esters, typically prepared by processes involving at least one transesterification/oligomerization, often with a metal catalyst such as a titanium(IV) alkoxide.
• esters may be made using additional monomers capable of being incorporated into the ester structure through one, two, three, four or more positions, without, of course, forming a densely crosslinked overall structure.
• SRA's include the nonionic end-capped 1,2-propylene/polyoxyethylene terephthalate polyesters of U.S. 4,711,730, December 8, 1987 to Gosselink et al., for example those produced by transesterification/oligomerization of poly(ethyleneglycol) methyl ether, DMT, PG and poly(ethyleneglycol) ("PEG").
• SRA's include: the partly- and fully- anionic-end-capped oligomeric esters of U.S.
• Gosselink such as oligomers from ethylene glycol ("EG"), PG, DMT and Na-3,6-dioxa-8-hydroxyoctanesulfonate; and the anionic, especially sulfoaroyl, end-capped terephthalate esters of U.S. 4,877,896, October 31, 1989 to Maldonado, the latter being typical of SRA's useful in both laundry and fabric conditioning products, an example being an ester composition made from m-sulfobenzoic acid monosodium salt, PG and DMT, optionally but preferably further comprising added PEG, e.g., PEG 3400.
• EG ethylene glycol
• PG PG
• DMT Na-3,6-dioxa-8-hydroxyoctanesulfonate
• anionic, especially sulfoaroyl, end-capped terephthalate esters of U.S. 4,877,896, October 31, 1989 to Maldonado the latter being typical of SRA
• SRA's also include: simple copolymeric blocks of ethylene terephthalate or propylene terephthalate with polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide terephthalate, see U.S. 3,959,230 to Hays, May 25, 1976 and U.S. 3,893,929 to Basadur, July 8, 1975; cellulosic derivatives such as the hydroxyether cellulosic polymers available as METHOCEL from Dow; the C 1 -C 4 alkyl celluloses and C 4 hydroxyalkyl celluloses, see U.S.
• methyl cellulose ethers having an average degree of substitution (methyl) per anhydroglucose unit from about 1.6 to about 2.3 and a solution viscosity of from about 80 to about 120 centipoise measured at 20°C as a 2% aqueous solution.
• Such materials are available as METOLOSE SM100 and METOLOSE SM200, which are the trade names of methyl cellulose ethers manufactured by Shin-etsu Kagaku Kogyo KK.
• Suitable SRA's characterised by poly(vinyl ester) hydrophobe segments include graft copolymers of poly(vinyl ester), e.g., C 1 -C 6 vinyl esters, preferably poly(vinyl acetate), grafted onto polyalkylene oxide backbones. See European Patent Application 0 219 048, published April 22, 1987 by Kud, et al. Commercially available examples include SOKALAN SRA's such as SOKALAN HP-22, available from BASF, Germany. Other SRA's are polyesters with repeat units containing 10-15% by weight of ethylene terephthalate together with 80-90% by weight of polyoxyethylene terephthalate derived from a polyoxyethylene glycol of average molecular weight 300-5,000. Commercial examples include ZELCON 5126 from Dupont and MILEASE T from ICI.
• SRA is an oligomer having empirical formula (CAP) 2 (EG/PG) 5 (T) 5 (SIP) 1 which comprises terephthaloyl (T), sulfoisophthaloyl (SIP), oxyethyleneoxy and oxy-1,2-propylene (EG/PG) units and which is preferably terminated with end-caps (CAP), preferably modified isethionates, as in an oligomer comprising one sulfoisophthaloyl unit, 5 terephthaloyl units, oxyethyleneoxy and oxy-1,2-propyleneoxy units in a defined ratio, preferably about 0.5:1 to about 10:1, and two end-cap units derived from sodium 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethanesulfonate.
• CAP empirical formula
• Said SRA preferably further comprises from 0.5% to 20%, by weight of the oligomer, of a crystallinity-reducing stabilizer, for example an anionic surfactant such as linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate or a member selected from xylene-, cumene-, and toluene- sulfonates or mixtures thereof, these stabilizers or modifiers being introduced into the synthesis vessel, all as taught in U.S. 5,415,807, Gosselink, Pan, Kellett and Hall, issued May 16, 1995.
• Suitable monomers for the above SRA include Na-2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethanesulfonate, DMT, Na-dimethyl-5-sulfoisophthalate, EG and PG.
• SRA's include: (I) nonionic terephthalates using diisocyanate coupling agents to link polymeric ester structures, see U.S. 4,201,824, Violland et al. and U.S. 4,240,918 Lagasse et al.; and (II) SRA's with carboxylate terminal groups made by adding trimellitic anhydride to known SRA's to convert terminal hydroxyl groups to trimellitate esters. With the proper selection of catalyst, the trimellitic anhydride forms linkages to the terminals of the polymer through an ester of the isolated carboxylic acid of trimellitic anhydride rather than by opening of the anhydride linkage.
• Either nonionic or anionic SRA's may be used as starting materials as long as they have hydroxyl terminal groups which may be esterified. See U.S. 4,525,524 Tung et al..
• Other classes include: (III) anionic terephthalate-based SRA's of the urethane-linked variety, see U.S. 4,201,824, Violland et al.; (IV) poly(vinyl caprolactam) and related co-polymers with monomers such as vinyl pyrrolidone and/or dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, including both nonionic and cationic polymers, see U.S.
• Still other classes include: (VI) grafts of vinyl monomers such as acrylic acid and vinyl acetate onto proteins such as caseins, see EP 457,205 A to BASF (1991); and (VII) polyester-polyamide SRA's prepared by condensing adipic acid, caprolactam, and polyethylene glycol, especially for treating polyamide fabrics, see Bevan et al., DE 2,335,044 to Unilever N. V., 1974. Other useful SRA's are described in U.S. Patents 4,240,918, 4,787,989 and 4,525,524.
• the detergent compositions herein may optionally contain bleaching agents or bleaching compositions containing a bleaching agent and one or more bleach activators.
• bleaching agents will be at levels of from about 0.05% to about 30%, more preferably from about 1% to about 30%, most preferably from about 5% to about 20%, of the detergent composition, especially for fabric laundering.
• the amount of bleach activators will typically be from about 0.1% to about 60%, more typically from about 0.5% to about 40% of the bleaching composition comprising the bleaching agent-plus-bleach activator.
• the bleaching agents used herein can be any of the bleaching agents useful for detergent compositions in textile cleaning, hard surface cleaning, or other cleaning purposes that are now known or become known. These include oxygen bleaches as well as other bleaching agents.
• Perborate bleaches e.g., sodium perborate (e.g., mono- or tetra-hydrate) can be used herein.
• bleaching agent that can be used without restriction encompasses percarboxylic acid bleaching agents and salts thereof. Suitable examples of this class of agents include magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate, the magnesium salt of metachloro perbenzoic acid, 4-nonylamino-4-oxoperoxybutyric acid and diperoxydodecanedioic acid.
• Such bleaching agents are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,483,781, Hartman, issued November 20, 1984, U.S. Patent Application 740,446, Burns et al, filed June 3, 1985, European Patent Application 0,133,354, Banks et al, published February 20, 1985, and U.S. Patent 4,412,934, Chung et al, issued November 1, 1983.
• Highly preferred bleaching agents also include 6-nonylamino-6-oxoperoxycaproic acid as described in U.S. Patent 4,634,551, issued January 6, 1987 to Burns et al.
• Peroxygen bleaching agents can also be used. Suitable peroxygen bleaching compounds include sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate and equivalent "percarbonate” bleaches, sodium pyrophosphate peroxyhydrate, urea peroxyhydrate, and sodium peroxide. Persulfate bleach (e.g., OXONE, manufactured commercially by DuPont) can also be used.
• a preferred percarbonate bleach comprises dry particles having an average particle size in the range from about 500 micrometers to about 1,000 micrometers, not more than about 10% by weight of said particles being smaller than about 200 micrometers and not more than about 10% by weight of said particles being larger than about 1,250 micrometers.
• the percarbonate can be coated with silicate, borate or water-soluble surfactants.
• Percarbonate is available from various commercial sources such as FMC, Solvay and Tokai Denka.
• Mixtures of bleaching agents can also be used.
• Peroxygen bleaching agents, the perborates, the percarbonates, etc. are preferably combined with bleach activators, which lead to the in situ production in aqueous solution (i.e., during the washing process) of the peroxy acid corresponding to the bleach activator.
• bleach activators Various nonlimiting examples of activators are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,915,854, issued April 10, 1990 to Mao et al, and U.S. Patent 4,412,934.
• NOBS nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate
• TAED tetraacetyl ethylene diamine
• amido-derived bleach activators are those of the formulae: R 1 N(R 5 )C(O)R 2 C(O)L or R 1 C(O)N(R 5 )R 2 C(O)L wherein R 1 is an alkyl group containing from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms, R 2 is an alkylene containing from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, R 5 is H or alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl containing from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and L is any suitable leaving group.
• a leaving group is any group that is displaced from the bleach activator as a consequence of the nucleophilic attack on the bleach activator by the perhydrolysis anion.
• a preferred leaving group is phenyl sulfonate.
• bleach activators of the above formulae include (6-octanamido-caproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, (6-nonanamidocaproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, (6-decanamido-caproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, and mixtures thereof as described in U.S. Patent 4,634,551, incorporated herein by reference.
• Another class of bleach activators comprises the benzoxazin-type activators disclosed by Hodge et al in U.S. Patent 4,966,723, issued October 30, 1990, incorporated herein by reference.
• a highly preferred activator of the benzoxazin-type is:
• Still another class of preferred bleach activators includes the acyl lactam activators, especially acyl caprolactams and acyl valerolactams of the formulae: wherein R 6 is H or an alkyl, aryl, alkoxyaryl, or alkaryl group containing from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• lactam activators include benzoyl caprolactam, octanoyl caprolactam, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl caprolactam, nonanoyl caprolactam, decanoyl caprolactam, undecenoyl caprolactam, benzoyl valerolactam, octanoyl valerolactam, decanoyl valerolactam, undecenoyl valerolactam, nonanoyl valerolactam, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl valerolactam and mixtures thereof. See also U.S. Patent 4,545,784, issued to Sanderson, October 8, 1985, incorporated herein by reference, which discloses acyl caprolactams, including benzoyl caprolactam, adsorbed into sodium perborate.
• Bleaching agents other than oxygen bleaching agents are also known in the art and can be utilized herein.
• One type of non-oxygen bleaching agent of particular interest includes photoactivated bleaching agents such as the sulfonated zinc and/or aluminum phthalocyanines. See U.S. Patent 4,033,718, issued July 5, 1977 to Holcombe et al. If used, detergent compositions will typically contain from about 0.025% to about 1.25%, by weight, of such bleaches, especially sulfonate zinc phthalocyanine.
• the bleaching compounds can be catalyzed by means of a manganese compound.
• a manganese compound Such compounds are well known in the art and include, for example, the manganese-based catalysts disclosed in U.S. Pat. 5,246,621, U.S. Pat. 5,244,594; U.S. Pat. 5,194,416; U.S. Pat. 5,114,606; and European Pat. App. Pub. Nos.
• Preferred examples of these catalysts include Mn IV 2 (u-O) 3 (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 2 (PF 6 ) 2 , Mn III 2 (u-O) 1 (u-OAc) 2 (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 2- (ClO 4 ) 2 , Mn IV 4 (u-O) 6 (1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 4 (ClO 4 ) 4 , Mn III Mn IV 4 (u-O) 1 (u-OAc) 2- (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 2 (ClO 4 ) 3 , Mn IV (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane)- (OCH 3 ) 3 (PF 6 ), and mixtures thereof.
• metal-based bleach catalysts include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. 4,430,243 and U.S. Pat. 5,114,611.
• the use of manganese with various complex ligands to enhance bleaching is also reported in the following United States Patents: 4,728,455; 5,284,944; 5,246,612; 5,256,779; 5,280,117; 5,274,147; 5,153,161; and 5,227,084.
• compositions and processes herein can be adjusted to provide on the order of at least one part per ten million of the active bleach catalyst species in the aqueous washing liquor, and will preferably provide from about 0.1 ppm to about 700 ppm, more preferably from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, of the catalyst species in the laundry liquor.
• compositions herein A wide variety of other ingredients useful in detergent compositions can be included in the compositions herein, including other active ingredients, carriers, hydrotropes, processing aids, dyes or pigments, solvents for liquid formulations, solid fillers for bar compositions, etc.
• suds boosters such as the C 10 -C 16 alkanolamides can be incorporated into the compositions, typically at 1%-10% levels.
• the C 10 -C 14 monoethanol and diethanol amides illustrate a typical class of such suds boosters.
• Use of such suds boosters with high sudsing adjunct surfactants such as the amine oxides, betaines and sultaines noted above is also advantageous.
• soluble magnesium salts such as MgCl 2 , MgSO 4 , and the like, can be added at levels of, typically, 0.1%-2%, to provide additional suds and to enhance grease removal performance.
• detersive ingredients employed in the present compositions optionally can be further stabilized by absorbing said ingredients onto a porous hydrophobic substrate, then coating said substrate with a hydrophobic coating.
• the detersive ingredient is admixed with a surfactant before being absorbed into the porous substrate.
• the detersive ingredient is released from the substrate into the aqueous washing liquor, where it performs its intended detersive function.
• a porous hydrophobic silica (trademark SIPERNAT D10, DeGussa) is admixed with a proteolytic enzyme solution containing 3%-5% of C 13-15 ethoxylated alcohol (EO 7) nonionic surfactant.
• EO 7 ethoxylated alcohol
• the enzyme/surfactant solution is 2.5 X the weight of silica.
• the resulting powder is dispersed with stirring in silicone oil (various silicone oil viscosities in the range of 500-12,500 can be used).
• silicone oil various silicone oil viscosities in the range of 500-12,500 can be used.
• the resulting silicone oil dispersion is emulsified or otherwise added to the final detergent matrix.
• ingredients such as the aforementioned enzymes, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, photoactivators, dyes, fluorescers, fabric conditioners and hydrolyzable surfactants can be "protected” for use in detergents, including liquid laundry detergent compositions.
• Liquid detergent compositions can contain water and other solvents as carriers.
• Low molecular weight primary or secondary alcohols exemplified by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol are suitable.
• Monohydric alcohols are preferred for solubilizing surfactant, but polyols such as those containing from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms and from 2 to about 6 hydroxy groups (e.g., 1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, and 1,2-propanediol) can also be used.
• the compositions may contain from 5% to 90%, typically 10% to 50% of such carriers.
• the detergent compositions herein will preferably be formulated such that, during use in aqueous cleaning operations, the wash water will have a pH of between about 6.5 and about 11, preferably between about 7.5 and 10.5.
• Liquid dishwashing product formulations preferably have a pH between about 6.8 and about 9.0.
• Laundry products are typically at pH 9-11. Techniques for controlling pH at recommended usage levels include the use of buffers, alkalis, acids, etc., and are well known to those skilled in the art.
• Suitable enzymes can also be included in the present detergent compositions for a variety of purposes, including removal of protein-based, carbohydrate-based stains from surfaces such as textiles or dishes, for the prevention of refugee dye transfer, for example in laundering, and for fabric restoration.
• Suitable enzymes include proteases, amylases, cellulases, peroxidases, and mixtures thereof of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. Preferred selections are influenced by factors such as pH-activity and/or stability optima, thermostability, and stability to active detergents, builders and the like.
• bacterial or fungal enzymes are preferred, such as bacterial amylases and proteases, and fungal cellulases.
• Detersive enzyme means any enzyme having a cleaning, stain removing or otherwise beneficial effect in a laundry, hard surface cleaning or personal care detergent composition.
• Preferred detersive enzymes are hydrolases such as proteases, and amylases.
• Preferred enzymes for laundry purposes include, but are not limited to, proteases, cellulases, and peroxidases.
• Highly preferred for automatic dishwashing are amylases and/or proteases, including both current commercially available types and improved types which, though more and more bleach compatible though successive improvements, have a remaining degree of bleach deactivation susceptibility.
• Enzymes are normally incorporated into detergent or detergent additive compositions at levels sufficient to provide a "cleaning-effective amount".
• cleaning effective amount refers to any amount capable of producing a cleaning, stain removal, soil removal, whitening, deodorizing, or freshness improving effect on substrates such as fabrics, dishware and the like. In practical terms for current commercial preparations, typical amounts are up to about 5 mg by weight, more typically 0.01 mg to 3 mg, of active enzyme per gram of the detergent composition. Stated otherwise, the compositions herein will typically comprise from 0.001% to 5%, preferably 0.01%-1% by weight of a commercial enzyme preparation.
• Protease enzymes are usually present in such commercial preparations at levels sufficient to provide from 0.005 to 0.1 Anson units (AU) of activity per gram of composition.
• AU Anson units
• proteases are the subtilisins which are obtained from particular strains of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis .
• One suitable protease is obtained from a strain of Bacillus , having maximum activity throughout the pH range of 8-12, developed and sold as ESPERASE® by Novo Industries A/S of Denmark, hereinafter "Novo". The preparation of this enzyme and analogous enzymes is described in GB 1,243,784 to Novo.
• proteases include ALCALASE® and SAVINASE® from Novo and MAXATASE® from International Bio-Synthetics, Inc., The Netherlands; as well as Protease A as disclosed in EP 130,756 A, January 9, 1985 and Protease B as disclosed in EP 303,761 A, April 28, 1987 and EP 130,756 A, January 9, 1985. See also a high pH protease from Bacillus sp. NCIMB 40338 described in WO 9318140 A to Novo. Enzymatic detergents comprising protease, one or more other enzymes, and a reversible protease inhibitor are described in WO 9203529 A to Novo.
• proteases include those of WO 9510591 A to Procter & Gamble.
• a protease having decreased adsorption and increased hydrolysis is available as described in WO 9507791 to Procter & Gamble.
• a recombinant trypsin-like protease for detergents suitable herein is described in WO 9425583 to Novo.
• an especially preferred protease is a carbonyl hydrolase variant having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, which is derived from a precursor carbonyl hydrolase by substituting a different amino acid for a plurality of amino acid residues at a position in said carbonyl hydrolase equivalent to position +76, preferably also in combination with one or more amino acid residue positions equivalent to those selected from the group consisting of +99, +101, +103, +104, +107, +123, +27, +105, +109, +126, +128, +135, +156, +166, +195, +197, +204, +206, +210, +216, +217, +218, +222, +260, +265, and/or +274 according to the numbering of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin, as described in US5679630 (the patent applications of A.
• Amylases suitable herein, especially for, but not limited to automatic dishwashing purposes include, for example, -amylases described in GB 1,296,839 to Novo; RAPIDASE®, International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. and TERMAMYL®, Novo. FUNGAMYL® from Novo is especially useful.
• Engineering of enzymes for improved stability, e.g., oxidative stability, is known. See, for example J. Biological Chem., Vol. 260, No. 11, June 1985, pp 6518-6521.
• Certain preferred embodiments of the present compositions can make use of amylases having improved stability in detergents such as automatic dishwashing types, especially improved oxidative stability as measured against a reference-point of TERMAMYL® in commerical use in 1993.
• These preferred amylases herein share the characteristic of being "stability-enhanced" amylases, characterized, at a minimum, by a measurable improvement in one or more of: oxidative stability, e.g., to hydrogen peroxide / tetraacetylethylenediamine in buffered solution at pH 9-10; thermal stability, e.g., at common wash temperatures such as about 60°C; or alkaline stability, e.g., at a pH from about 8 to about 11, measured versus the above-identified reference-point amylase.
• Stability-enhanced amylases can be obtained from Novo or from Genencor International.
• One class of highly preferred amylases herein have the commonality of being derived using site-directed mutagenesis from one or more of the Baccillus amylases, especialy the Bacillus -amylases, regardless of whether one, two or multiple amylase strains are the immediate precursors.
• Oxidative stability-enhanced amylases vs. the above-identified reference amylase are preferred for use, especially in bleaching, more preferably oxygen bleaching, as distinct from chlorine bleaching, detergent compositions herein.
• Such preferred amylases include (a) an amylase according to the hereinbefore incorporated WO 9402597, Novo, Feb. 3, 1994, as further illustrated by a mutant in which substitution is made, using alanine or threonine, preferably threonine, of the methionine residue located in position 197 of the B.licheniformis alpha-amylase, known as TERMAMYL®, or the homologous position variation of a similar parent amylase, such as B.
• amyloliquefaciens B.subtilis , or B.stearothermophilus
• Met was substituted, one at a time, in positions 8, 15, 197, 256, 304, 366 and 438 leading to specific mutants, particularly important being M197L and M197T with the M197T variant being the most stable expressed variant. Stability was measured in CASCADE® and SUNLIGHT®; (c) particularly preferred amylases herein include amylase variants having additional modification in the immediate parent as described in WO 9510603 A and are available from the assignee, Novo, as DURAMYL®. Other particularly preferred oxidative stability enhanced amylase include those described in WO 9418314 to Genencor International and WO 9402597 to Novo.
• any other oxidative stability-enhanced amylase can be used, for example as derived by site-directed mutagenesis from known chimeric, hybrid or simple mutant parent forms of available amylases. Other preferred enzyme modifications are accessible. See WO 9509909 A to Novo.
• the amylase enzyme should be at a concentration of from about 0.0018% to about 0.06% pure enzyme by weight of the total composition, preferably from about 0.00024% to about 0.048% pure enzyme by weight of the total composition.
• Cellulases usable herein include both bacterial and fungal types, preferably having a pH optimum between 5 and 9.5.
• U.S. 4,435,307, Barbesgoard et al, March 6, 1984 discloses suitable fungal cellulases from Humicola insolens or Humicola strain DSM1800 or a cellulase 212-producing fungus belonging to the genus Aeromonas, and cellulase extracted from the hepatopancreas of a marine mollusk, Dolabella Auricula Solander.
• Suitable cellulases are also disclosed in GB-A-2.075.028; GB-A-2.095.275 and DE-OS-2.247.832.
• CAREZYME® Novo is especially useful. See also WO 9117243 to Novo.
• Cutinase enzymes suitable for use herein are described in WO 8809367 A to Genencor.
• Peroxidase enzymes may be used in combination with oxygen sources, e.g., percarbonate, perborate, hydrogen peroxide, etc., for "solution bleaching" or prevention of transfer of dyes or pigments removed from substrates during the wash to other substrates present in the wash solution.
• oxygen sources e.g., percarbonate, perborate, hydrogen peroxide, etc.
• Known peroxidases include horseradish peroxidase, ligninase, and haloperoxidases such as chloro- or bromo-peroxidase.
• Peroxidase-containing detergent compositions are disclosed in WO 89099813 A, October 19, 1989 to Novo and WO 8909813 A to Novo.
• a range of enzyme materials and means for their incorporation into synthetic detergent compositions is also disclosed in WO 9307263 A and WO 9307260 A to Genencor International, WO 8908694 A to Novo, and U.S. 3,553,139, January 5, 1971 to McCarty et al. Enzymes are further disclosed in U.S. 4,101,457, Place et al, July 18, 1978, and in U.S. 4,507,219, Hughes, March 26, 1985. Enzyme materials useful for liquid detergent formulations, and their incorporation into such formulations, are disclosed in U.S. 4,261,868, Hora et al, April 14, 1981. Enzymes for use in detergents can be stabilized by various techniques.
• Enzyme stabilization techniques are disclosed and exemplified in U.S. 3,600,319, August 17, 1971, Gedge et al, EP 199,405 and EP 200,586, October 29, 1986, Venegas. Enzyme stabilization systems are also described, for example, in U.S. 3,519,570. A useful Bacillus, sp. AC13 giving proteases, xylanases and cellulases, is described in WO 9401532 A to Novo.
• Enzyme-containing including but not limited to, liquid compositions, herein may comprise from about 0.001% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.005% to about 8%, most preferably from about 0.01% to about 6%, by weight of an enzyme stabilizing system.
• the enzyme stabilizing system can be any stabilizing system which is compatible with the detersive enzyme. Such a system may be inherently provided by other formulation actives, or be added separately, e.g., by the formulator or by a manufacturer of detergent-ready enzymes.
• Such stabilizing systems can, for example, comprise calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acids, boronic acids, and mixtures thereof, and are designed to address different stabilization problems depending on the type and physical form of the detergent composition.
• One stabilizing approach is the use of water-soluble sources of calcium and/or magnesium ions in the finished compositions which provide such ions to the enzymes.
• Calcium ions are generally more effective than magnesium ions and are preferred herein if only one type of cation is being used.
• Typical detergent compositions, especially liquids will comprise from about 1 to about 30, preferably from about 2 to about 20, more preferably from about 8 to about 12 millimoles of calcium ion per liter of finished detergent composition, though variation is possible depending on factors including the multiplicity, type and levels of enzymes incorporated.
• Preferably water-soluble calcium or magnesium salts are employed, including for example calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium formate, calcium malate, calcium maleate, calcium hydroxide and calcium acetate; more generally, calcium sulfate or magnesium salts corresponding to the exemplified calcium salts may be used. Further increased levels of Calcium and/or Magnesium may of course be useful, for example for promoting the grease-cutting action of certain types of surfactant.
• Borate stabilizers when used, may be at levels of up to 10% or more of the composition though more typically, levels of up to about 3% by weight of boric acid or other borate compounds such as borax or orthoborate are suitable for liquid detergent use.
• Substituted boric acids such as phenylboronic acid, butaneboronic acid, p-bromophenylboronic acid or the like can be used in place of boric acid and reduced levels of total boron in detergent compositions may be possible though the use of such substituted boron derivatives.
• Stabilizing systems of certain cleaning compositions may further comprise from 0 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 6% by weight, of chlorine bleach scavengers, added to prevent chlorine bleach species present in many water supplies from attacking and inactivating the enzymes, especially under alkaline conditions.
• chlorine bleach scavengers While chlorine levels in water may be small, typically in the range from about 0.5 ppm to about 1.75 ppm, the available chlorine in the total volume of water that comes in contact with the enzyme, for example during dish- or fabric-washing, can be relatively large; accordingly, enzyme stability to chlorine in-use is sometimes problematic.
• Suitable chlorine scavenger anions are widely known and readily available, and, if used, can be salts containing ammonium cations with sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfite, thiosulfate, iodide, etc.
• Antioxidants such as carbamate, ascorbate, etc., organic amines such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) or alkali metal salt thereof, monoethanolamine (MEA), and mixtures thereof can likewise be used.
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetracetic acid
• MEA monoethanolamine
• special enzyme inhibition systems can be incorporated such that different enzymes have maximum compatibility.
• Other conventional scavengers such as bisulfate, nitrate, chloride, sources of hydrogen peroxide such as sodium perborate tetrahydrate, sodium perborate monohydrate and sodium percarbonate, as well as phosphate, condensed phosphate, acetate, benzoate, citrate, formate, lactate, malate, tartrate, salicylate, etc., and mixtures thereof can be used if desired.
• the chlorine scavenger function can be performed by ingredients separately listed under better recognized functions, (e.g., hydrogen peroxide sources), there is no absolute requirement to add a separate chlorine scavenger unless a compound performing that function to the desired extent is absent from an enzyme-containing embodiment of the invention; even then, the scavenger is added only for optimum results.
• the formulator will exercise a chemist's normal skill in avoiding the use of any enzyme scavenger or stabilizer which is majorly incompatible, as formulated, with other reactive ingredients, if used.
• ammonium salts can be simply admixed with the detergent composition but are prone to adsorb water and/or liberate ammonia during storage. Accordingly, such materials, if present, are desirably protected in a particle such as that described in US 4,652,392, Baginski et al.
• Detergent builders can optionally be included in the compositions herein to assist in controlling mineral hardness. Inorganic as well as organic builders can be used. Builders are typically used in fabric laundering compositions to assist in the removal of particulate soils.
• the level of builder can vary widely depending upon the end use of the composition and its desired physical form.
• the compositions will typically comprise at least about 1% builder.
• Liquid formulations typically comprise from about 5% to about 50%, more typically about 5% to about 30%, by weight, of detergent builder.
• Granular formulations typically comprise from about 10% to about 80%, more typically from about 15% to about 50% by weight, of the detergent builder.
• Lower or higher levels of builder are not meant to be excluded.
• Inorganic or P-containing detergent builders include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal, ammonium and alkanolammonium salts of polyphosphates (exemplified by the tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates, and glassy polymeric meta-phosphates), phosphonates, phytic acid, silicates, carbonates (including bicarbonates and sesquicarbonates), sulphates, and aluminosilicates.
• non-phosphate builders are required in some locales.
• compositions herein function surprisingly well even in the presence of the so-called “weak” builders (as compared with phosphates) such as citrate, or in the so-called “underbuilt” situation that may occur with zeolite or layered silicate builders.
• silicate builders are the alkali metal silicates, particularly those having a SiO 2 :Na 2 O ratio in the range 1.6:1 to 3.2:1 and layered silicates, such as the layered sodium silicates described in U.S. Patent 4,664,839, issued May 12, 1987 to H. P. Rieck.
• NaSKS-6 is the trademark for a crystalline layered silicate marketed by Hoechst (commonly abbreviated herein as "SKS-6").
• Hoechst commonly abbreviated herein as "SKS-6”
• the Na SKS-6 silicate builder does not contain aluminum.
• NaSKS-6 has the delta-Na 2 SiO 5 morphology form of layered silicate.
• SKS-6 is a highly preferred layered silicate for use herein, but other such layered silicates, such as those having the general formula NaMSi x O 2x+l ⁇ yH 2 O wherein M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4, preferably 2, and y is a number from 0 to 20, preferably 0 can be used herein.
• Various other layered silicates from Hoechst include NaSKS-5, NaSKS-7 and NaSKS-11, as the alpha, beta and gamma forms.
• delta-Na 2 SiO 5 (NaSKS-6 form) is most preferred for use herein.
• Other silicates may also be useful such as for example magnesium silicate, which can serve as a crispening agent in granular formulations, as a stabilizing agent for oxygen bleaches, and as a component of suds control systems.
• carbonate builders are the alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates as disclosed in German Patent Application No. 2,321,001 published on November 15, 1973.
• Aluminosilicate builders are useful in the present invention.
• Aluminosilicate builders are of great importance in most currently marketed heavy duty granular detergent compositions, and can also be a significant builder ingredient in liquid detergent formulations.
• Aluminosilicate builders include those having the empirical formula: M z (zAlO 2 ) y ] ⁇ xH 2 O wherein z and y are integers of at least 6, the molar ratio of z to y is in the range from 1.0 to about 0.5, and x is an integer from about 15 to about 264.
• aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are commercially available. These aluminosilicates can be crystalline or amorphous in structure and can be naturally-occurring aluminosilicates or synthetically derived. A method for producing aluminosilicate ion exchange materials is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,985,669, Krummel, et al, issued October 12, 1976. Preferred synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials useful herein are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite P (B), Zeolite MAP and Zeolite X.
• the crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange material has the formula: Na 12 [(AlO 2 ) 12 (SiO 2 ) 12 ] ⁇ xH 2 O wherein x is from about 20 to about 30, especially about 27.
• This material is known as Zeolite A.
• the aluminosilicate has a particle size of about 0.1-10 microns in diameter.
• Organic detergent builders suitable for the purposes of the present invention include, but are not restricted to, a wide variety of polycarboxylate compounds.
• polycarboxylate refers to compounds having a plurality of carboxylate groups, preferably at least 3 carboxylates.
• Polycarboxylate builder can generally be added to the composition in acid form, but can also be added in the form of a neutralized salt. When utilized in salt form, alkali metals, such as sodium, potassium, and lithium, or alkanolammonium salts are preferred.
• polycarboxylate builders include a variety of categories of useful materials.
• One important category of polycarboxylate builders encompasses the ether polycarboxylates, including oxydisuccinate, as disclosed in Berg, U.S. Patent 3,128,287, issued April 7, 1964, and Lamberti et al, U.S. Patent 3,635,830, issued January 18, 1972. See also "TMS/TDS" builders of U.S. Patent 4,663,071, issued to Bush et al, on May 5, 1987.
• Suitable ether polycarboxylates also include cyclic compounds, particularly alicyclic compounds, such as those described in U.S. Patents 3,923,679; 3,835,163; 4,158,635; 4,120,874 and 4,102,903.
• ether hydroxypolycarboxylates copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene or vinyl methyl ether, 1, 3, 5-trihydroxy benzene-2, 4, 6-trisulphonic acid, and carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid
• various alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of polyacetic acids such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid
• polycarboxylates such as mellitic acid, succinic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, polymaleic acid, benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid, and soluble salts thereof.
• Citrate builders e.g., citric acid and soluble salts thereof (particularly sodium salt), are polycarboxylate builders of particular importance for heavy duty liquid detergent formulations due to their availability from renewable resources and their biodegradability. Citrates can also be used in granular compositions, especially in combination with zeolite and/or layered silicate builders. Oxydisuccinates are also especially useful in such compositions and combinations.
• succinic acid builders include the C 5 -C 20 alkyl and alkenyl succinic acids and salts thereof.
• a particularly preferred compound of this type is dodecenylsuccinic acid.
• succinate builders include: laurylsuccinate, myristylsuccinate, palmitylsuccinate, 2-dodecenylsuccinate (preferred), 2-pentadecenylsuccinate, and the like. Laurylsuccinates are the preferred builders of this group, and are described in European Patent Application 86200690.5/0,200,263, published November 5, 1986.
• Fatty acids e.g., C 12 -C 18 monocarboxylic acids
• the aforesaid builders especially citrate and/or the succinate builders, to provide additional builder activity.
• Such use of fatty acids will generally result in a diminution of sudsing, which should be taken into account by the formulator.
• the various alkali metal phosphates such as the well-known sodium tripolyphosphates, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium orthophosphate can be used.
• Phosphonate builders such as ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and other known phosphonates (see, for example, U.S. Patents 3,159,581; 3,213,030; 3,422,021; 3,400,148 and 3,422,137) can also be used.
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more iron and/or manganese chelating agents.
• chelating agents can be selected from the group consisting of amino carboxylates, amino phosphonates, polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelating agents and mixtures therein, all as hereinafter defined. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the benefit of these materials is due in part to their exceptional ability to remove iron and manganese ions from washing solutions by formation of soluble chelates.
• Amino carboxylates useful as optional chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetracetates, N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetates, nitrilotriacetates, ethylenediamine tetraproprionates, triethylenetetraaminehexacetates, diethylenetriaminepentaacetates, diethylenetriaminepentamethyl phosphoric acid, and ethanoldiglycines, alkali metal, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts therein and mixtures therein.
• MGDA methylglycine di-acetic acid
• Amino phosphonates are also suitable for use as chelating agents in the compositions of the invention when at lease low levels of total phosphorus are permitted in detergent compositions, and include ethylenediaminetetrakis (methylenephosphonates) as DEQUEST. Preferred, these amino phosphonates to not contain alkyl or alkenyl groups with more than about 6 carbon atoms.
• Polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelating agents are also useful in the compositions herein. See U.S. Patent 3,812,044, issued May 21, 1974, to Connor et al.
• Preferred compounds of this type in acid form are dihydroxydisulfobenzenes such as 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-disulfobenzene.
• EDDS ethylenediamine disuccinate
• [S,S] isomer as described in U.S. Patent 4,704,233, November 3, 1987, to Hartman and Perkins.
• these chelating agents will generally comprise from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the detergent compositions herein. More preferably, if utilized, the chelating agents will comprise from about 0.1% to about 3.0% by weight of such compositions.
• compositions of the present invention can also optionally contain water-soluble ethoxylated amines having clay soil removal and antiredeposition properties.
• Granular detergent compositions which contain these compounds typically contain from about 0.01% to about 10.0% by weight of the water-soluble ethoxylates amines; liquid detergent compositions typically contain about 0.01% to about 5%.
• the most preferred soil release and anti-redeposition agent is ethoxylated tetraethylenepentamine. Exemplary ethoxylated amines are further described in U.S. Patent 4,597,898, VanderMeer, issued July 1, 1986.
• Another group of preferred clay soil removal-antiredeposition agents are the cationic compounds disclosed in European Patent Application 111,965, Oh and Gosselink, published June 27, 1984.
• Other clay soil removal/antiredeposition agents which can be used include the ethoxylated amine polymers disclosed in European Patent Application 111,984, Gosselink, published June 27, 1984; the zwitterionic polymers disclosed in European Patent Application 112,592, Gosselink, published July 4, 1984; and the amine oxides disclosed in U.S.
• CMC carboxy methyl cellulose
• Polymeric dispersing agents can advantageously be utilized at levels from about 0.1% to about 7%, by weight, in the compositions herein, especially in the presence of zeolite and/or layered silicate builders.
• Suitable polymeric dispersing agents include polymeric polycarboxylates and polyethylene glycols, although others known in the art can also be used. It is believed, though it is not intended to be limited by theory, that polymeric dispersing agents enhance overall detergent builder performance, when used in combination with other builders (including lower molecular weight polycarboxylates) by crystal growth inhibition, particulate soil release peptization, and anti-redeposition.
• Polymeric polycarboxylate materials can be prepared by polymerizing or copolymerizing suitable unsaturated monomers, preferably in their acid form.
• Unsaturated monomeric acids that can be polymerized to form suitable polymeric polycarboxylates include acrylic acid, maleic acid (or maleic anhydride), fumaric acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid and methylenemalonic acid.
• the presence in the polymeric polycarboxylates herein or monomeric segments, containing no carboxylate radicals such as vinylmethyl ether, styrene, ethylene, etc. is suitable provided that such segments do not constitute more than about 40% by weight.
• Particularly suitable polymeric polycarboxylates can be derived from acrylic acid.
• acrylic acid-based polymers which are useful herein are the water-soluble salts of polymerized acrylic acid.
• the average molecular weight of such polymers in the acid form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 10,000, more preferably from about 4,000 to 7,000 and most preferably from about 4,000 to 5,000.
• Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid polymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts. Soluble polymers of this type are known materials. Use of polyacrylates of this type in detergent compositions has been disclosed, for example, in Diehl, U.S. Patent 3,308,067, issued march 7, 1967.
• Acrylic/maleic-based copolymers may also be used as a preferred component of the dispersing/anti-redeposition agent.
• Such materials include the water-soluble salts of copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid.
• the average molecular weight of such copolymers in the acid form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 100,000, more preferably from about 5,000 to 75,000, most preferably from about 7,000 to 65,000.
• the ratio of acrylate to maleate segments in such copolymers will generally range from about 30:1 to about 1:1, more preferably from about 10:1 to 2:1.
• Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts.
• Soluble acrylate/maleate copolymers of this type are known materials which are described in European Patent Application No. 66915, published December 15, 1982, as well as in EP 193,360, published September 3, 1986, which also describes such polymers comprising hydroxypropylacrylate.
• Still other useful dispersing agents include the maleic/acrylic/vinyl alcohol terpolymers.
• Such materials are also disclosed in EP 193,360, including, for example, the 45/45/10 terpolymer of acrylic/maleic/vinyl alcohol.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• PEG can exhibit dispersing agent performance as well as act as a clay soil removal-antiredeposition agent.
• Typical molecular weight ranges for these purposes range from about 500 to about 100,000, preferably from about 1,000 to about 50,000, more preferably from about 1,500 to about 10,000.
• Polyaspartate and polyglutamate dispersing agents may also be used, especially in conjunction with zeolite builders.
• Dispersing agents such as polyaspartate preferably have a molecular weight (avg.) of about 10,000.
• optical brighteners or other brightening or whitening agents known in the art can be incorporated at levels typically from about 0.05% to about 1.2%, by weight, into the detergent compositions herein.
• Commercial optical brighteners which may be useful in the present invention can be classified into subgroups, which include, but are not necessarily limited to, derivatives of stilbene, pyrazoline, coumarin, carboxylic acid, methinecyanines, dibenzothiphene-5,5-dioxide, azoles, 5- and 6-membered-ring heterocycles, and other miscellaneous agents. Examples of such brighteners are disclosed in "The Production and Application of Fluorescent Brightening Agents", M. Zahradnik, Published by John Wiley & Sons, New York (1982).
• optical brighteners which are useful in the present compositions are those identified in U.S. Patent 4,790,856, issued to Wixon on December 13, 1988. These brighteners include the PHORWHITE series of brighteners from Verona. Other brighteners disclosed in this reference include: Tinopal UNPA, Tinopal CBS and Tinopal 5BM; available from Ciba-Geigy; Artic White CC and Artic White CWD, available from Hilton-Davis, located in Italy; the 2-(4-stryl-phenyl)-2H-napthol[1,2-d]triazoles; 4,4'-bis- (1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-stil- benes; 4,4'-bis(stryl)bisphenyls; and the aminocoumarins.
• these brighteners include 4-methyl-7-diethyl- amino coumarin; 1,2-bis(-venzimidazol-2-yl)ethylene; 1,3-diphenyl-phrazolines; 2,5-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene; 2-stryl-napth-[1,2-d]oxazole; and 2-(stilbene-4-yl)-2H-naphtho- [1,2-d]triazole. See also U.S. Patent 3,646,015, issued February 29, 1972 to Hamilton. Anionic brighteners are preferred herein.
• suds suppressors A wide variety of materials may be used as suds suppressors, and suds suppressors are well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 7, pages 430-447 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1979).
• One category of suds suppressor of particular interest encompasses monocarboxylic fatty acid and soluble salts therein. See U.S. Patent 2,954,347, issued September 27, 1960 to Wayne St. John.
• the monocarboxylic fatty acids and salts thereof used as suds suppressor typically have hydrocarbyl chains of 10 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Suitable salts include the alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium, and lithium salts, and ammonium and alkanolammonium salts.
• the detergent compositions herein may also contain non-surfactant suds suppressors.
• non-surfactant suds suppressors include, for example: high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as paraffin, fatty acid esters (e.g., fatty acid triglycerides), fatty acid esters of monovalent alcohols, aliphatic C 18 -C 40 ketones (e.g., stearone), etc.
• suds inhibitors include N-alkylated amino triazines such as tri- to hexa-alkylmelamines or di- to tetra-alkyldiamine chlortriazines formed as products of cyanuric chloride with two or three moles of a primary or secondary amine containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, propylene oxide, and monostearyl phosphates such as monostearyl alcohol phosphate ester and monostearyl di-alkali metal (e.g., K, Na, and Li) phosphates and phosphate esters.
• the hydrocarbons such as paraffin and haloparaffin can be utilized in liquid form.
• the liquid hydrocarbons will be liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and will have a pour point in the range of about -40°C and about 50°C, and a minimum boiling point not less than about 110°C (atmospheric pressure). It is also known to utilize waxy hydrocarbons, preferably having a melting point below about 100°C.
• the hydrocarbons constitute a preferred category of suds suppressor for detergent compositions. Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are described, for example, in U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al.
• the hydrocarbons thus, include aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons having from about 12 to about 70 carbon atoms.
• the term "paraffin,” as used in this suds suppressor discussion, is intended to include mixtures of true paraffins and cyclic hydrocarbons.
• Non-surfactant suds suppressors comprises silicone suds suppressors.
• This category includes the use of polyorganosiloxane oils, such as polydimethylsiloxane, dispersions or emulsions of polyorganosiloxane oils or resins, and combinations of polyorganosiloxane with silica particles wherein the polyorganosiloxane is chemisorbed or fused onto the silica.
• Silicone suds suppressors are well known in the art and are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al and European Patent Application No. 89307851.9, published February 7, 1990, by Starch, M. S.
• silicone and silanated silica are described, for instance, in German Patent Application DOS 2,124,526.
• Silicone defoamers and suds controlling agents in granular detergent compositions are disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,933,672, Bartolotta et al, and in U.S. Patent 4,652,392, Baginski et al, issued March 24, 1987.
• An exemplary silicone based suds suppressor for use herein is a suds suppressing amount of a suds controlling agent consisting essentially of:
• the solvent for a continuous phase is made up of certain polyethylene glycols or polyethylene-polypropylene glycol copolymers or mixtures thereof (preferred), or polypropylene glycol.
• the primary silicone suds suppressor is branched/crosslinked and preferably not linear.
• typical liquid laundry detergent compositions with controlled suds will optionally comprise from about 0.001 to about 1, preferably from about 0.01 to about 0.7, most preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5, weight % of said silicone suds suppressor, which comprises (1) a nonaqueous emulsion of a primary antifoam agent which is a mixture of (a) a polyorganosiloxane, (b) a resinous siloxane or a silicone resin-producing silicone compound, (c) a finely divided filler material, and (d) a catalyst to promote the reaction of mixture components (a), (b) and (c), to form silanolates; (2) at least one nonionic silicone surfactant; and (3) polyethylene glycol or a copolymer of polyethylene-polypropylene glycol having a solubility in water at room temperature of more than about 2 weight %; and without polypropylene glycol.
• a primary antifoam agent which is a mixture of (a) a polyorganosi
• the silicone suds suppressor herein preferably comprises polyethylene glycol and a copolymer of polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol, all having an average molecular weight of less than about 1,000, preferably between about 100 and 800.
• the polyethylene glycol and polyethylene/polypropylene copolymers herein have a solubility in water at room temperature of more than about 2 weight %, preferably more than about 5 weight %.
• the preferred solvent herein is polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of less than about 1,000, more preferably between about 100 and 800, most preferably between 200 and 400, and a copolymer of polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol, preferably PPG 200/PEG 300.
• Preferred is a weight ratio of between about 1:1 and 1:10, most preferably between 1:3 and 1:6, of polyethylene glycol:copolymer of polyethylene-polypropylene glycol.
• the preferred silicone suds suppressors used herein do not contain polypropylene glycol, particularly of 4,000 molecular weight. They also preferably do not contain block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, like PLURONIC L101.
• suds suppressors useful herein comprise the secondary alcohols (e.g., 2-alkyl alkanols) and mixtures of such alcohols with silicone oils, such as the silicones disclosed in U.S. 4,798,679, 4,075,118 and EP 150,872.
• the secondary alcohols include the C 6 -C 16 alkyl alcohols having a C 1 -C 16 chain.
• a preferred alcohol is 2-butyl octanol, which is available from Condea under the trademark ISOFOL 12.
• Mixtures of secondary alcohols are available under the trademark ISALCHEM 123 from Enichem.
• Mixed suds suppressors typically comprise mixtures of alcohol + silicone at a weight ratio of 1:5 to 5:1.
• suds should not form to the extent that they overflow the washing machine.
• Suds suppressors when utilized, are preferably present in a "suds suppressing amount.
• Suds suppressing amount is meant that the formulator of the composition can select an amount of this suds controlling agent that will sufficiently control the suds to result in a low-sudsing laundry detergent for use in automatic laundry washing machines.
• compositions herein will generally comprise from 0% to about 5% of suds suppressor.
• monocarboxylic fatty acids, and salts therein will be present typically in amounts up to about 5%, by weight, of the detergent composition.
• from about 0.5% to about 3% of fatty monocarboxylate suds suppressor is utilized.
• Silicone suds suppressors are typically utilized in amounts up to about 2.0%, by weight, of the detergent composition, although higher amounts may be used. This upper limit is practical in nature, due primarily to concern with keeping costs minimized and effectiveness of lower amounts for effectively controlling sudsing.
• from about 0.01% to about 1% of silicone suds suppressor is used, more preferably from about 0.25% to about 0.5%.
• these weight percentage values include any silica that may be utilized in combination with polyorganosiloxane, as well as any adjunct materials that may be utilized.
• Monostearyl phosphate suds suppressors are generally utilized in amounts ranging from about 0.1% to about 2%, by weight, of the composition.
• Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are typically utilized in amounts ranging from about 0.01% to about 5.0%, although higher levels can be used.
• the alcohol suds suppressors are typically used at 0.2%-3% by weight of the finished compositions.
• compositions of the present invention may also include one or more materials effective for inhibiting the transfer of dyes from one fabric to another during the cleaning process.
• dye transfer inhibiting agents include polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, manganese phthalocyanine, peroxidases, and mixtures thereof. If used, these agents typically comprise from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.01% to about 5%, and more preferably from about 0.05% to about 2%.
• Preferred polyamine N-oxides are those wherein R is a heterocyclic group such as pyridine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrrolidine, piperidine and derivatives thereof.
• the N-O group can be represented by the following general structures: wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 are aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups or combinations thereof, x, y and z are 0 or 1; and the nitrogen of the N-O group can be attached or form part of any of the aforementioned groups.
• the amine oxide unit of the polyamine N-oxides has a pKa ⁇ 10, preferably pKa ⁇ 7, more preferred pKa ⁇ 6.
• Any polymer backbone can be used as long as the amine oxide polymer formed is water-soluble and has dye transfer inhibiting properties.
• suitable polymeric backbones are polyvinyls, polyalkylenes, polyesters, polyethers, polyamide, polyimides, polyacrylates and mixtures thereof. These polymers include random or block copolymers where one monomer type is an amine N-oxide and the other monomer type is an N-oxide.
• the amine N-oxide polymers typically have a ratio of amine to the amine N-oxide of 10:1 to 1:1,000,000. However, the number of amine oxide groups present in the polyamine oxide polymer can be varied by appropriate copolymerization or by an appropriate degree of N-oxidation.
• the polyamine oxides can be obtained in almost any degree of polymerization. Typically, the average molecular weight is within the range of 500 to 1,000,000; more preferred 1,000 to 500,000; most preferred 5,000 to 100,000. This preferred class of materials can be referred to as "PVNO".
• poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide) which as an average molecular weight of about 50,000 and an amine to amine N-oxide ratio of about 1:4.
• Copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole polymers are also preferred for use herein.
• the PVPVI has an average molecular weight range from 5,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably from 5,000 to 200,000, and most preferably from 10,000 to 20,000. (The average molecular weight range is determined by light scattering as described in Barth, et al., Chemical Analysis , Vol 113.
• the PVPVI copolymers typically have a molar ratio of N-vinylimidazole to N-vinylpyrrolidone from 1:1 to 0.2:1, more preferably from 0.8:1 to 0.3:1, most preferably from 0.6:1 to 0.4:1. These copolymers can be either linear or branched.
• compositions also may employ a polyvinylpyrrolidone (“PVP”) having an average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 400,000, preferably from about 5,000 to about 200,000, and more preferably from about 5,000 to about 50,000.
• PVP's are known to persons skilled in the detergent field; see, for example, EP-A-262,897 and EP-A-256,696, incorporated herein by reference.
• Compositions containing PVP can also contain polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) having an average molecular weight from about 500 to about 100,000, preferably from about 1,000 to about 10,000.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• the ratio of PEG to PVP on a ppm basis delivered in wash solutions is from about 2:1 to about 50:1, and more preferably from about 3:1 to about 10:1.
• the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain from about 0.005% to 5% by weight of certain types of hydrophilic optical brighteners which also provide a dye transfer inhibition action. If used, the compositions herein will preferably comprise from about 0.01% to 1% by weight of such optical brighteners.
• hydrophilic optical brighteners useful in the present invention are those having the structural formula: wherein R 1 is selected from anilino, N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and NH-2-hydroxyethyl; R 2 is selected from N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino, morphilino, chloro and amino; and M is a salt-forming cation such as sodium or potassium.
• R 1 is anilino
• R 2 is N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and M is a cation such as sodium
• the brightener is 4,4',-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid and disodium salt.
• This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal-UNPA-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation. Tinopal-UNPA-GX is the preferred hydrophilic optical brightener useful in the detergent compositions herein.
• R 1 is anilino
• R 2 is N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-2-methylamino
• M is a cation such as sodium
• the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt.
• This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal 5BM-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation.
• R 1 is anilino
• R 2 is morphilino
• M is a cation such as sodium
• the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-morphilino-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, sodium salt.
• This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal AMS-GX by Ciba Geigy Corporation.
• the specific optical brightener species selected for use in the present invention provide especially effective dye transfer inhibition performance benefits when used in combination with the selected polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents hereinbefore described.
• the combination of such selected polymeric materials (e.g., PVNO and/or PVPVI) with such selected optical brighteners (e.g., Tinopal UNPA-GX, Tinopal 5BM-GX and/or Tinopal AMS-GX) provides significantly better dye transfer inhibition in aqueous wash solutions than does either of these two detergent composition components when used alone. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that such brighteners work this way because they have high affinity for fabrics in the wash solution and therefore deposit relatively quick on these fabrics.
• the extent to which brighteners deposit on fabrics in the wash solution can be defined by a parameter called the "exhaustion coefficient".
• the exhaustion coefficient is in general as the ratio of a) the brightener material deposited on fabric to b) the initial brightener concentration in the wash liquor. Brighteners with relatively high exhaustion coefficients are the most suitable for inhibiting dye transfer in the context of the present invention.
• modified polyamines of the present invention useful as scavenger agents are suitably prepared by the following methods.
• the ethoxylation is conducted in a 7571 cm 3 (2 gallon) stirred stainless steel autoclave equipped for temperature measurement and control, pressure measurement, vacuum and inert gas purging, sampling, and for introduction of ethylene oxide as a liquid.
• a ⁇ 9 kg ( ⁇ 20 lb.) net cylinder of ethylene oxide (ARC) is set up to deliver ethylene oxide as a liquid by a pump to the autoclave with the cylinder placed on a scale so that the weight change of the cylinder could be monitored.
• PEI polyethyleneimine
• the autoclave is then sealed and purged of air (by applying vacuum to -95 kNm -2 (minus 28" Hg) followed by pressurization with nitrogen to 1724 kNm -2 (250 psia), then venting to atmospheric pressure).
• the autoclave contents are heated to 130°C while applying vacuum.
• the autoclave is charged with nitrogen to about 1724 kNm -2 (250 psia) while cooling the autoclave to about 105°C.
• Ethylene oxide is then added to the autoclave incrementally over time while closely monitoring the autoclave pressure, temperature, and ethylene oxide flow rate.
• the ethylene oxide pump is turned off and cooling is applied to limit any temperature increase resulting from any reaction exothermic.
• the temperature is maintained between 100 and 110°C while the total pressure is allowed to gradually increase during the course of the reaction.
• a total of 750 grams of ethylene oxide has been charged to the autoclave (roughly equivalent to one mole ethylene oxide per PEI nitrogen function)
• the temperature is increased to 110°C and the autoclave is allowed to stir for an additional hour. At this point, vacuum is applied to remove any residual unreacted ethylene oxide.
• Vacuum is removed and the autoclave is cooled to 105°C while it is being charged with nitrogen to 1724 kNm -2 (250 psia) and then vented to ambient pressure.
• the autoclave is charged to 1379 kNm -2 (200 psia) with nitrogen.
• Ethylene oxide is again added to the autoclave incrementally as before while closely monitoring the autoclave pressure, temperature, and ethylene oxide flow rate while maintaining the temperature between 100 and 110° C and limiting any temperature increases due to reaction exothermic. After the addition of 4500 g of ethylene oxide (resulting in a total of 7 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of PEI nitrogen function) is achieved over several hours, the temperature is increased to 110°C and the mixture stirred for an additional hour.
• reaction mixture is then collected in nitrogen purged containers and eventually transferred into a 22 L three neck round bottomed flask equipped with heating and agitation.
• the strong alkali catalyst is neutralized by adding 167 g methanesulfonic acid (1.74 moles).
• the reaction mixture is then deodorized by passing about 2.8 m 3 (100 cu ft.) of inert gas (argon or nitrogen) through a gas dispersion frit and through the reaction mixture while agitating and heating the mixture to 130°C.
• inert gas argon or nitrogen
• polyethyleneimine having a molecular weight of 1800 which is further modified by ethoxylation to a degree of approximately 7 ethyleneoxy residues per nitrogen (PEI 1800, E 7 ) (207.3g, 0.590 mol nitrogen, prepared as in Example I) and acetonitrile (120 g).
• PEI 1800, E 7 polyethyleneimine having a molecular weight of 1800 which is further modified by ethoxylation to a degree of approximately 7 ethyleneoxy residues per nitrogen (PEI 1800, E 7 ) (207.3g, 0.590 mol nitrogen, prepared as in Example I) and acetonitrile (120 g).
• Dimethyl sulfate 28.3g, 0.224 mol
• the acetonitrile is removed by rotary evaporation at about 60°C, followed by further stripping of solvent using a Kugelrohr apparatus at approximately 80°C to afford 220 g of the desired partially quaternized material as a dark brown viscous liquid.
• the 13 C-NMR (D 2 O) spectrum obtained on a sample of the reaction product indicates the absence of a carbon resonance at ⁇ 58ppm corresponding to dimethyl sulfate.
• the 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) spectrum shows a partial shifting of the resonance at about 2.5 ppm for methylenes adjacent to unquaternized nitrogen has shifted to approximately 3.0 ppm. This is consistent with the desired quaternization of about 38% of the nitrogens
• the resonances ascribed to methylene protons adjacent to unoxidized nitrogens have shifted from the original position at ⁇ 2.5 ppm to ⁇ 3.5 ppm.
• To the reaction solution is added approximately 5 g of 0.5% Pd on alumina pellets, and the solution is allowed to stand at room temperature for approximately 3 days. The solution is tested and found to be negative for peroxide by indicator paper.
• the material as obtained is suitably stored as a 51.1% active solution in water.
• polyethyleneimine having a molecular weight of 1800 which is further modified by ethoxylation to a degree of about 7 ethyleneoxy residues per nitrogen (PEI 1800 E 7 ) and then further modified by quaternization to approximately 38% with dimethyl sulfate (130 g, ⁇ 0.20 mol oxidizeable nitrogen, prepared as in Example II), hydrogen peroxide (48 g of a 30 wt % solution in water, 0.423 mol), and water ( ⁇ 50 g).
• PEI 1800 E 7 ethyleneoxy residues per nitrogen
• the ethoxylation is conducted in a 7571 cm 3 (2 gallon) stirred stainless steel autoclave equipped for temperature measurement and control, pressure measurement, vacuum and inert gas purging, sampling, and for introduction of ethylene oxide as a liquid.
• a ⁇ 9 kg ( ⁇ 20 lb.) net cylinder of ethylene oxide (ARC) is set up to deliver ethylene oxide as a liquid by a pump to the autoclave with the cylinder placed on a scale so that the weight change of the cylinder could be monitored.
• PEI polyethyleneimine
• Ethylene oxide is then added to the autoclave incrementally over time while closely monitoring the autoclave pressure, temperature, and ethylene oxide flow rate.
• the ethylene oxide pump is turned off and cooling is applied to limit any temperature increase resulting from any reaction exotherm.
• the temperature is maintained between 100 and 110°C while the total pressure is allowed to gradually increase during the course of the reaction.
• the temperature is increased to 110 °C and the autoclave is allowed to stir for an additional hour. At this point, vacuum is applied to remove any residual unreacted ethylene oxide.
• Vacuum is removed and the autoclave is cooled to 105 °C while it is being charged with nitrogen to 1724 kNm -2 (250 psia) and then vented to ambient pressure.
• the autoclave is charged to 1379 kNm -2 (200 psia) with nitrogen.
• Ethylene oxide is again added to the autoclave incrementally as before while closely monitoring the autoclave pressure, temperature, and ethylene oxide flow rate while maintaining the temperature between 100 and 110° C and limiting any temperature increases due to reaction exotherm.
• the final reaction product is cooled slightly and collected in glass containers purged with nitrogen.
• PEI 1200 E15 and PEI 1200 E20 can be prepared by the above method by adjusting the reaction time and the relative amount of ethylene oxide used in the reaction.
• Dimethyl sulfate (Aldrich, 8.48g, 0.067 mol) is added all at once to the rapidly stirring solution, which is then stoppered and stirred at room temperature overnight.
• acetonitrile is evaporated on the rotary evaporator at ⁇ 60°C, followed by a Kugelrohr apparatus (Aldrich) at ⁇ 80°C to afford ⁇ 220g of the desired material as a dark brown viscous liquid.
• a 13 C-NMR (D 2 O) spectrum shows the absence of a peak at ⁇ 58ppm corresponding to dimethyl sulfate.
• a 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) spectrum shows the partial shifting of the peak at 2.5ppm (methylenes attached to unquaternized nitrogens) to ⁇ 3.0ppm.
• High density (above 600g/l) granular detergent compositions are prepared comprising the following ingredients.
• weight % Ingredient VI VII VIII IX Sodium C 11 -C 13 alkylbenzenesulfonate 13.3 13.7 10.4 11.1 Sodium C 14 -C 15 alcohol sulfate 3.9 4.0 4.5 11.2 Sodium C 14 -C 15 alcohol ethoxylate (0.5) sulfate 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Sodium C 14 -C 15 alcohol ethoxylate (6.5) 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 Tallow fatty acid 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 Sodium tripolyphosphate 0.0 41.0 0.0 0.0 Zeolite A, hydrate (0.1-10 micron size) 26.3 0.0 21.3 28.0 Sodium carbonate 23.9 12.4 25.2 16.1 Sodium Polyacrylate (45%) 3.4 0.0 2.7 3.4 Sodium silicate (1:6 ratio NaO/SiO 2 )(46%) 2.4 6.4 2.1 Sodium sulfate 10.5 10.9 8.2
• a laundry bar suitable for hand-washing soiled fabrics is prepared by standard extrusion processes and comprises the following: Component Weight % C 12 linear alkyl benzene sulfonate 30 Phosphate (as sodium tripolyphosphate) 7 Sodium carbonate 25 Sodium pyrophosphate 7 Coconut monoethanolamide 2 Zeolite A (0.1-10 micron) 5 Carboxymethylcellulose 0.5 Polyacrylate (m.w. 1400) 0.2 Polyamine scavenger agent (Example I) 1.0 Lipase (100 LU/mg) 0.1 Brightener, perfume 0.2 CaSO 4 1 MgSO 4 1 Moisture 4 Other minors, including filler Balance to 100%
• Laundry bars suitable for hand-washing soiled fabrics are prepared by standard extrusion processes and comprise the following: weight % Ingredients XI XII LAS 12 6 Soap 44 29 Sodium tripolyphosphate 5 5 Sodium Carbonate 4 6 Optical brightener 0.03 0 Talc 0 35.5 Perfume 0.45 0 Sodium sulfate 0.29 0 Bentonite clay 12.81 0 Sodium chloride 2 2 Soil release polymer 0.5 0.5 0.5 Polyamine scavenger agent (Example I) 0.5 1.0 Lipasc (100 LU/mg) 0.05 0.1 Moisture and Minors balance balance balance
• liquid detergent compositions according to the present invention: weight % Ingredients XIII XIV Polyhydroxy Coco-Fatty Acid Amide 3.65 3.50 C 12 -C 13 Alcohol Ethoxylate E 9 3.65 0.80 Sodium C 12 -C 15 Alcohol Sulfate 6.03 2.50 Sodium C 12 -C 15 Alcohol Ethoxylate E 2.5 Sulfate 9.29 15.10 C 10 Amidopropyl Amine 0 1.30 Citric Acid 2.44 3.0 Fatty Acid (C 12 -C 14 ) 4.23 2.00 Ethanol 3.00 2.81 Monoethanolamine 1.50 0.75 Propanediol 8.00 7.50 Boric Acid 3.50 3.50 Tetraethylenepentamine 0 1.18 Sodium Toluene Sulfonate 2.50 2.25 NaOH 2.08 2.43 Minors 1.60 1.30 Soil Release Polymer 0.33 0.22 Lipase (100 LU/mg) 0.3 0.5 Polyamine scavenger agent 0.50 0.50 Water balance balance balance balance
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to dishwashing compositions, in particular automatic and manual dishwashing compositions, especially manual liquid dishwashing compositions.
• Liquid dishwashing compositions according to the present invention preferably comprise from at least about 0.1%, more preferably from about 0.5% to about 30%, most preferably from about 1% to about 15% of the dispersing agent and from about 1% to about 99.9% of a detersive surfactant.
• Liquid dishwashing compositions according to the present invention may comprise any of the ingredients listed herein above.
• the dishwashing compositions may comprise other ingredients such as bactericides, chelants, suds enhancers, opacifiers and calcium and magnesium ions.
• compositions of the present invention are prepared by mixing the listed ingredients in the given amounts.
• Composition (by weight %) Ingredients A B C D E F Water 28.0 34.0 30.0 41.0 41.0 36.0 Ethanol 13.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Linear dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Sodium cocoyl sulfate 1.0 - 1.0 - - - Condensation product of 1 mole of C 13 -C 15 oxoalcohol and 7 moles of ethylene oxide 7.0 - - 7.0 - Condensation product of 1 mole of C 13 -C 15 oxoalcohol and 5 moles of ethylene oxide - 7.0 7.0 - 7.0 C 12 -C 14 (2hydroxyethyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride - 0.5 0.5 - 0.5 0.5 Dodecenyl succinic acid 12.5 - - 10.0 -
• An automatic dishwashing composition is as follows. Ingredient % (Wt.) Trisodium Citrate 15 Sodium Carbonate 20 Silicate 9 Nonionic Surfactant 3 Sodium Polyacrylate (m.w. 4000) 5 Lipase Enzyme (100 LU/mg) 0.5 Termamyl Enzyme (60T) 1.1 Savinase Enzyme (12T) 3.0 Scavenger Agent (Example I) 1.0 Minors Balance to 100%
• the surfactant may be replaced by an equivalent amount of any low-foaming, nonionic surfactant.
• Example include low-foaming or non-foaming ethoxylated straight-chain alcohols such as Plurafac® RA series, supplied by Eurane Co., Lutensol® LF series, supplied by BASF Co., Triton® DF series, supplied by Rohm & Haas Co., and Synperonic® LF series, supplied by ICI Co.
• Automatic dishwashing compositions may be in granular, tablet, bar, or rinse aid form.
• Methods of making granules, tablets, bars, or rinse aids are known in the art. See, for instance, U.S. Pat. Serial Nos. 08/106,022, 08/147,222, 08/147,224, 08/147,219, 08/052,860, 07/867,941.

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• 1996
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