EP0894397A1 - Prepaiement pour services de telephones sans fil au moyen de cartes a puce - Google Patents

Prepaiement pour services de telephones sans fil au moyen de cartes a puce

Info

Publication number
EP0894397A1
EP0894397A1 EP97919599A EP97919599A EP0894397A1 EP 0894397 A1 EP0894397 A1 EP 0894397A1 EP 97919599 A EP97919599 A EP 97919599A EP 97919599 A EP97919599 A EP 97919599A EP 0894397 A1 EP0894397 A1 EP 0894397A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
card
prepaid
units
sim
telephone
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP97919599A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Philippe Martineau
George Lamb
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gemplus SA
Original Assignee
Gemplus SCA
Gemplus Card International SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/634,818 external-priority patent/US5915226A/en
Application filed by Gemplus SCA, Gemplus Card International SA filed Critical Gemplus SCA
Publication of EP0894397A1 publication Critical patent/EP0894397A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/10—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means together with a coded signal, e.g. in the form of personal identification information, like personal identification number [PIN] or biometric data
    • G07F7/1008—Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
    • G06Q20/341—Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
    • G06Q20/363—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes with the personal data of a user
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F17/00—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
    • G07F17/0014—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for vending, access and use of specific services not covered anywhere else in G07F17/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/0806—Details of the card
    • G07F7/0813—Specific details related to card security
    • G07F7/082—Features insuring the integrity of the data on or in the card
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/0866—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means by active credit-cards adapted therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/0873—Details of the card reader
    • G07F7/088—Details of the card reader the card reader being part of the point of sale [POS] terminal or electronic cash register [ECR] itself
    • G07F7/0886—Details of the card reader the card reader being part of the point of sale [POS] terminal or electronic cash register [ECR] itself the card reader being portable for interacting with a POS or ECR in realizing a payment transaction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M15/00—Arrangements for metering, time-control or time indication ; Metering, charging or billing arrangements for voice wireline or wireless communications, e.g. VoIP
    • H04M15/47—Fraud detection or prevention means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M17/00—Prepayment of wireline communication systems, wireless communication systems or telephone systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M2215/00—Metering arrangements; Time controlling arrangements; Time indicating arrangements
    • H04M2215/01—Details of billing arrangements
    • H04M2215/0148—Fraud detection or prevention means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M2215/00—Metering arrangements; Time controlling arrangements; Time indicating arrangements
    • H04M2215/01—Details of billing arrangements
    • H04M2215/0192—Sponsored, subsidised calls via advertising, e.g. calling cards with ads or connecting to special ads, free calling time by purchasing goods
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M2215/00—Metering arrangements; Time controlling arrangements; Time indicating arrangements
    • H04M2215/32—Involving wireless systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to prepaid smart cards for the delivery of goods/services, and to the use of such prepaid smart cards with subscriber identity modules, and which for 10 example may find particular application in cellular or wireless telephone networks.
  • the invention is a method and apparatus and will be
  • Integrated circuit cards are smart cards, or electronic chip cards, which are usually the size of a conventional credit card, with six or eight small electrical contacts on one face, and contain an integrated circuit with a memory and may include
  • contactless type i.e. the contacts are not electromechanical and there is no physical contact .
  • the cards are purchased at the post office for a specified amount.
  • the cards are inserted in a public pay telephone. Connection is made and units of value are removed or subtracted from the card during the telephone call .
  • the mechanical and electrical specifications of the cards are
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
  • DCS 1800 DCS 1800
  • PCS 1900 PCS 1900.
  • the present invention is described with reference to GSM but is not limited to GSM.
  • the standards on wireless networks may be obtained from ANSI. Particular attention is directed to standard ETSI/GSM 11.11. Those wishing additional information on
  • cellular wireless telephone and operation are referred to a number of books in the field, for example Mouly, Michel and Pautet, Marie-Bernadette, The GSM System of Mobile Communications , 1993, Loissoy-les-Chateaux, France, Europe Media Duplication S.A.; or Clayton, Michael, GSM Global System for Mobile Communications (19 ), North Sidney, Australia,
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • An aspect of the present invention is to permit prepayment of telephone calls from a cellular wireless telephone handset so that the call is not charged on the account of the registered SIM holder. It
  • the subscriber number which is called an International Mobile Subscriber Identity, IMSI
  • IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
  • the IMSI number is stored in the SIM card.
  • the SIM When inserted in the handset, the SIM provides information about the subscriber to the network that is necessary for establishing the call and for billing the call. 5 Because of this existing arrangement of providing cellular wireless service, there is lost those potential customers who cannot qualify as subscribers and who thus do not get any service. If we base this on today's analog subscription rate, then 40%-50% of people applying for subscription have been
  • the problem can get more serious.
  • the subscription process occurs at the point of sale. If the credit check at the point
  • the billing of the call would not be to the identified subscriber, as in the IMSI and SIM, but would be paid from the credits in the prepaid card.
  • a party could have a SIM card that did not identify a particular individual or subscriber. It would be an anonymous SIM, with payment by prepaid card.
  • a person wishing to use another person's cellular telephone could use the prepaid card and pay for the cellular call as used.
  • AOC Advice of Charge
  • the first solution prepayment managed from the network, is a viable alternative but with shortcomings. It is very expensive for the network operator. It requires an intelligent
  • the units are decremented in the card using a network-base telephone schedule of charges until all units have been consumed. Although it can be assimilated to prepaid applications, it is charged on the subscriber's bill, and he remains responsible for the calls. Also, such implementation suffers from a lack of security. It is not intended for prepaid applications. And it is believed 5 to be subject to probable fraud.
  • a first solution is to monitor units from the network, and to bill a prepaid card in the handset in real time.
  • a second solution proposed is to use a service sometimes called “Advice of Charge", AOC, which is more fully defined by 0 GSM 11.11. Both of these solutions have drawbacks.
  • the first solution, prepayment managed from the network, is a viable alternative, but with shortcomings. It is very expensive for the network operator. It requires an Intelligent Networking infrastructure, IN, with Hot Billing, HB, capability, as well
  • the user remains attached to a SIM card, and has still to be considered as a subscriber and has to be managed as such.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a cellular telephone which may be used completely anonymously.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a prepaid telephone service, which has enhanced security or put another way reduced opportunity for fraudulent use.
  • An object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method and smart card, which will provide a network independent prepaid service based on a fixed tariff structure that will be offered to "credit challenged” individuals in the form of a prepaid throw away smart card.
  • the smart card may be used continuously in that new prepayment value may be placed in the card.
  • MS ME + SIM.
  • the SIM is no longer attached to a subscriber, but will be identified to the network operator as an anonymous prepaid type SIM.
  • a SIM Prior to sale of the telephone, such a SIM would be programmed and inserted into the handset. It would be a SIM with restricted capabilities, e.g. 611 calls allowed only. If the purchaser wished to convert his SIM to a 5 traditional subscription of a cellular phone, he could initiate the subscription process, OTA, and the SIM could be turned into a full subscription attached to a user after approval of the user's credit check. In the case of the credit check being unsuccessful, or if the user wished, there would be another
  • An object of the invention is to provide cards, methods, apparatus and systems for prepaid cards for use with a GSM or other network that is easy to use, addresses issues of security, and is thrifty for both the user and the network operator.
  • Another object is to provide an easy-to-use secure prepaid wireless communication system which integrates existing 5 standards, and provides a minimum of new standards and new structure into the existing GSM network.
  • a method for enabling service from a wireless telephone having a SIM and a prepaid card in the telephone comprising the steps
  • the card is a card-shaped carrier having a terminal, and an integrated circuit embedded in the carrier and connected to said terminal.
  • the integrated circuit includes a serial number register for storing a serial number unique to 5 each card; a prepaid units register for storing a number of units of prepaid value; a switch responsive to interrogation at the terminal to write to the terminal the serial number in the serial number register, and to write to the terminal the number of prepaid units remaining in said units register; a key number
  • an improved subscriber identification module for operating with prepaid cards and with a network that provides goods/services via said network.
  • the SIM includes an integrated circuit having, an input for receiving from one
  • prepaid card (i) a serial number of said card, (ii) a number of prepaid units remaining in the card, and (iii) a certificate compiled by said card from its serial number, card key number, an algorithm therein, and number of prepaid units remaining in the card; a diversification key which is the same for a
  • plurality of modules of a network comprising: first and second algorithms; a microprocessor for calculating (i) a card key number with the first algorithm as a function of the diversification key, and -li ⁇ the receive serial number of the card, and where the calculated card key number should be the same as the key number in said card; and (ii) calculating a certificate with the second algorithm as a function of the calculated card key number, and 5 the receive number of prepaid units remaining in the card; and (iii) comparing the calculated certificate with said received certificate, and (iv) if coincidence, generating an enable signal whereby goods/services are provided in accordance with said generated enable signal.
  • a method of prepaid cellular telephone calling with a prepaid card which has the steps of validating a number of prepaid units of a prepaid card; recording the number of validated prepaid units in a SIM in a cellular telephone, and also recording the number of validated prepaid units at a network
  • the validation determining if the prepaid card is for service with the network operator; transmitting from the prepaid card to the network operator a number of units to be validated from the card and a
  • the recording step includes having a first meter in the SIM and a first meter in the network operator, both of the first meters being set; and 5 setting a second meter in the SIM and second meter in the network operator to a number of units different from the number of units in the first meters each by an amount corresponding to the number of validated prepaid units.
  • the calculating includes
  • Another part of the invention is an addition to a wireless telephone network which has equipment for operating a wireless telephone network of wireless telephones according to a protocol.
  • a card data base is added having information on a plurality of prepaid cards which are to be used in wireless
  • the data base includes for each card to be used in the network (i) a serial number of the card, (ii) a number corresponding to units of prepaid telephone calls, (iii) a certificate number which is a function of the card's serial number and the number of units.
  • control module validates each card when first used on the network by comparing the card's certificate number as received from a wireless telephone having the prepaid card therein, with the corresponding numbers for the card stored on the card data base . Apparatus downloads a message from the prepaid card to
  • a slot receives a removable SIM card; and the slot also accepts a 5 removable prepaid card.
  • the card has (i) a serial number, (ii) a number corresponding to units of prepaid telephone time, (iii) a number corresponding to the network in which the card may be used, and (iv) a certificate number which is a function of the serial number and the number of units.
  • prepaid units 10 includes a storage whose contents correspond to prepaid units remaining available to be used for calls, and a flag when set indicating if a telephone call is to be paid with the prepaid units.
  • the invention also envisions a data disk for use in a
  • the data disk has identification numbers of each card with prepaid value which
  • the data may be used on the network, an identification number of the network in which the cards are to be used, a number representing the value of prepaid calls stored on each card, and a signature of each card, the signature being a function of the card's identification number and number of units.
  • the 25 disk is readable at the network operator and the data thereon is storable at the network operator for use in accepting and keeping records of the prepayments and calls placed against the prepayment .
  • the disk may also have in the signatures a function of the network operator identification number.
  • An aspect of the present invention is a pre-paid chip card for use in a mobile telephone handset in a mobile telephone network.
  • the card has an integrated circuit with a memory and stored therein (i) a first number representing a serial number of the card; (ii) a second number representing value of prepaid telephone calls to be made from a mobile telephone; (iii) a third number representing a mobile telephone network in which 5 the card may be used; (iv) a fourth number representing a certificate, which is a function of the first and second numbers; (v) a message string which is to be displayed on a mobile handset.
  • the card includes circuitry operable in response to signals from the handset for enabling the numbers
  • the card may include in the signature a function of the third number.
  • the invention is also a method of operating a mobile phone
  • the method includes the steps of removing the SIM card from the handset and replacing the SIM card with a
  • the method debits an accumulated call meter, ACM in the SIM card for each unit of air time, compares the ACM with the ACM MAX, and permits the call to continue as long as the ACM is less than ACM MAX, and signaling the network operator for interrupting the call when the ACM value is at ACM MAX. Whereby a call continues as long as credit remains between ACM and ACM MAX. 5
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing a cellular telephone handset and cards of the invention, and a network operator's base station.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic block diagram showing various elements in a prepaid smart card and in an integrated circuit 20 in said prepaid smart card.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic block drawing illustrating various elements in a SIM in a cellular telephone handset.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic drawing showing an alternative embodiment of a cellular telephone telephone handset and cards 25 and a network operator.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic block diagram showing a prepaid card an various elements in an integrated circuit in the prepaid card in the embodiment of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic block drawing illustrating various 30. elements in a SIM of the embodiment of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the network operator's station of the embodiment of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 8 is a flow chart illustrating validation of a prepaid card in a cellular telephone handset and entry of a number of prepaid units in the SIM and in the supervisory control module of Fig. 7 of Figs. 4-7.
  • Fig. 9 is a flow chart showing the call approval routine for calls from a cellular telephone which has validated prepaid units stored in the SIM card and registered in the network operator's supervisory control module of Fig. 4-8.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic drawing of a prepaid card showing
  • Fig. 1 shows a cellular telephone handset 2 having two slots therein 4 and 6.
  • the slot 4 is to receive a removable SIM mounted on a miniatured smart card 8.
  • the slot 6 is to receive a prepaid card 10 which is shown here on a conventional smart card 10, which is to the ISO standard cited above.
  • the cellular phone 2 communicates through its antenna 11 with a cellular telephone operator's base station 12.
  • Fig. 2 is a highly schematic portrayal of the prepaid card 10.
  • the card has six or eight contacts 14 on one face and an
  • the card 25 electronic circuit embedded in the card which in current manufacturer would be a single integrated circuit 16.
  • the integrated circuit is embedded in the ca: d usually below the contacts 14. According to the ISO standard, the card is 85 millimeters long, 54 millimeters wide, and 1 millimeter thick.
  • the contacts 14 are six or eight in number, and occupy an overall area of not more than 9.62 mm x 9.32 mm. Each contact typically is not less than 1.7 x 2 mm. The contact area begins typically 10.25 mm from the left edge and 9 mm from the upper edge of the card.
  • the integrated circuit 16 typically is 1 or 2 mm on each side a fraction of a mm thick when mounted on a support. Thus it would be appreciated that the drawing of Fig. 5 2 is highly schematic.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic view of a SIM card 8 as shown in the drawings here as the small physical version smart card with the typical dimensions of 25 x 15 x 1 millimeters; with the contact area substantially the same as in the large card. It would be 10 thus appreciated that the drawing of Fig. 3 is highly schematic in its showing of the card 8 with contacts 18 and an integrated circuit 20.
  • the SIM may be mounted on a full size smart card or may be non-removably mounted in the handset.
  • the slots 15 4 and 6 have the necessary connectors with contacts for making electrical connection to the contacts 14 and 18 on the cards 8 and 10.
  • Tax or telephone charge information is computed by the handset during the call. This may be based on a "unit value table", UVT, stored in the SIM.
  • the tax information may be 25 computed on the basis of a flat rate (e.g. using an internal clock of the handset) , and for that reason in one embodiment, it will not allow roaming of the networks. Alternatively, the tax information may be provided by the network in which case roaming may be permitted.
  • the table in the SIM is updated 30. "Over the Air", OTA, at any time, once the handset has established connection with the network. The OTA update capability offers flexibility in the management of the unit pricing.
  • the SIM plays the role of a security module that will secure the exchange with the prepaid card.
  • the handset manages 5 the exchange between the two cards and offers full telephone service only if a prepaid card with units left in it is inserted and has been authenticated; or if the "initially restricted" SIM has previously been turned into a "full subscription” SIM or otherwise it will offer restricted 10 service, 611. It is believed that the handset is initially packaged and sold with a initially restricted subscription SIM and a prepaid card. The plug-in SIM is initially restricted.
  • the plug-in SIM is plugged into 15 the handset .
  • the prepaid card is loaded with units representing a value. For example, $10, which for example, represents 50 units of $0.20 each.
  • the prepaid card 10 has information, which is readable outside of the prepaid card, namely, the number of units 0 remaining in the card, and a serial number of the card.
  • the SIM in the cellular telephone is already active in the 30. network when purchased. However, it is configured in "FDN" with all calls routed to the Customer Care Service center, CCS.
  • the SIM is updated Over the Air, OTA, and the FDN restriction is turned off. If not, the SIM remains in the restricted mode and no calls can be placed other than to customer service or as programmed in the FDN list. At that point, the prepaid card needs to be inserted to 5 get service.
  • a typical initial session set-up would be as follows. Before allowing any calls, the prepaid card in the handset needs to be authenticated to validate that it is a card really issued by the "Network Operator", NO. This is achieved by 10 matching a "certificate" associated to the number of units claimed by the prepaid card.
  • the SIM and the prepaid card are both inserted in the handset.
  • the SIM is initially programmed with a function F that is the same as the function F in the prepaid card.
  • the SIM recomputes 15 the key number Kn. This is done using a diversification key Kd and another secret function G.
  • Kn G (Ser.nb, Kd)
  • the secret key Kn in the prepaid card is unique for each 25 individual prepaid card.
  • the handset or SIM causes certain data to be read from the prepaid card to the SIM, namely Xunits, Ser.nb, and Certl .
  • the 10 certificate generated in the prepaid card is a function that includes the random number, Rdn, i.e. :
  • An alternative approach might be to not include the random 20 number in the first calculation, i.e. in the initialization, but to make the first time period until the prepaid card is decremented very short, i.e. a second or two, and then after that initial short time, to decrement the prepaid card one unit, the decrementation of the card being performed with a 25 random number.
  • the decrementing of prepaid units during calls involves an exchange between the SIM and prepaid card. Every time a call is placed, the handset starts measuring time using its internal clock, and uses a table stored in the SIM to convert an amount 30. of time into a number of units to decrement. Then, when units have been "decremented in the prepaid card", the process is as follows .
  • the handset has a SIM with F, Kd, G, random number generator.
  • the prepaid card in the handset has, Xunits, Ser.nb, F, and Kn. 5
  • the handset causes the number of prepaid units remaining in the prepaid card to be passed to the SIM, i.e. Xunits is read into the SIM.
  • the handset asks the SIM to generate a random number Rdn.
  • the SIM generates the random number, Rdn, as a parameter to ensure security, and to avoid someone trying 10 to replay the same sequence.
  • the prepaid card then computes a new certificate, or result, which is based upon the function F
  • Result F (Xleft, Rdn, Kn) This is a new certificate, except that the Result includes as a 20 variable the random number just received.
  • the handset then sends back to the SIM the Result and the remaining number of units in the card.
  • Kn G (Ser.nb, Kd) .
  • the SIM If the result computed by the SIM matches the one from the prepaid card, it verifies that units have really been decremented. Thus, the SIM continues to operate normally. If 30. the results as calculated in the SIM, and as received from the prepayment card are different, then the SIM turns back to the FDN mode and restricts the cellular phone to the FDN list. This decrement process continues during the call until either the call is terminated, or there are no more units left in the prepaid card.
  • the SIM and prepaid card authenticate that there are units in the
  • the SIM switches to a non-restricted mode.
  • the telephone remains in the non- restricted mode until there are no more units remaining in the prepaid card, which would usually be due to the certification not matching as each unit is decreased, or if the telephone is 5 powered off and then is powered on.
  • the number of units remaining Xunits in the prepaid card is a variable. 0
  • the serial number, Ser.nb, in the card is a fixed number.
  • each card it is unique to each card. Typically, it is 20 characters in length.
  • the function F in both the prepaid card and the SIM are the same function. It is a coding algorithm and for example of the DES type. DES is a commonly used sophisticated
  • the key number Kn is a fixed number in the prepaid card
  • the secret function G is a fixed algorithm and as the F secret function may be DSQ or any other convenient or 5 conventional type.
  • the diversification key Kd for the secret function G is the same for all SIMs of that network operator, typically, 16 characters.
  • the Kn is calculated by the SIM from G (Ser.nb, Kd) .
  • the bus 24 comes into a switch 26 which is operated by a microprocessor 28.
  • the serial number of the card or integrated circuit is stored in serial number register 30.
  • the number of units remaining in the card is stored in a prepaid number of units
  • serial number register and prepaid number of units remaining register are shown connected by buses 34 and 36 to the switch 26. This is to indicate that the serial number and number of units remaining may be interrogated from outside the card through the contacts 14. Importantly,
  • the algorithm or function F is stored in a function register 35, and the key number Kn is stored in a key number
  • the certificate is calculated in the microprocessor 28 and may be stored in a certificate register 42.
  • the certificate is passed to the contacts 14 in reply to an interrogation, and under control of the switch and microprocessor.
  • the random number Rdn received from the SIM may be stored in a random number register 46 shown connected to the microprocessor by bus 48.
  • the recalculated certificate with the random number may be stored in the certificate register 42, and is transferred as needed to the contacts 14.
  • the switch, microprocessor, and several registers may be all contained within a single chip.
  • the element may not be allocated to unique space within the IC memory, for example, the various numbers in the registers may be moved around under the control of the microprocessor. This would be in accordance with the design of the particular IC chip.
  • the important point is that the serial number, number of prepaid units remaining, and certificate can be read from outside the prepaid card through the contacts 14.
  • the function F and the key number Kn can normally not be interrogated from the contacts 14.
  • Supervisory controls, not shown, may be included in the integrated circuit to permit such an interrogation based upon a higher level of security than what is shown.
  • serial number, function, and key number may be written into the integrated circuit at time of manufacture, or subsequent to manufacture. Any convenient or conventional type of circuit and method for the entry of such data may be used.
  • Fig. 3 there is shown the SIM arranged on smart card 8 with the contacts 18 and an integrated circuit 20.
  • the contacts 18 are connected by a bus 54 to the a switch 56 and the switch is connected to a microprocessor 58.
  • a serial number register 60, a prepaid number of units remaining register 62, and a certificate register 64, are connected to a switch 56 by buses 66, 68 and 70, respectively, and receive and store the serial number, remaining number of 5 prepaid units, and certificate number as received from the prepaid card through the contacts 18 and the switch 56, and under the control of a microprocessor 58.
  • the switch 56 and the microprocessor 58 may be one and the same unit, although the microprocessor controls the switching function.
  • the function or algorithm F is stored in a F function register 72; the G function or algorithm is stored in a G function register 74; and the diversification key Kd is stored in a diversification key register 76.
  • These three registers are shown connected by buses 78, 80 and 82, respectively to the
  • the key number Kn is computed by the SIM as a function of the G function operating on the serial number and the diversification key, and the key number is stored in a key number register 84.
  • a random number is computed by the SIM as a function of the G function operating on the serial number and the diversification key, and the key number is stored in a key number register 84.
  • generator 85 generates a random number, Rnd on a bus 87 connected to microprocessor 58.
  • the microprocessor then calculates a certificate from the key number stored in the register 84, the F function stored in the F function register 72, the serial number in register 60; and number of units
  • the calculated certificate is then stored in a register 86.
  • Comparison between the certificate calculated by the SIM in register 86 and the certificate received from the prepaid card in register 64 is performed in the microprocessor 58.
  • a clock 92 and power supply 94 is shown in Fig. 3 as being on the SIM chip. This is used for calculation of costs for a call made, and for generating with the microprocessor a signal or pulse to the prepaid card for decrementing the number of units remaining in the prepaid card register 32 in Fig. 2.
  • the clock 92 and the power supply 94 may be contained off the SIM and may be included in the handset. This is shown by the dotted line 96. Also, the SIM 8 need not be on a smart card, but may be permanently attached in the handset.
  • the two functions F and G and the diversification key Kd will be entered in the SIMs integrated circuit during manufacture. However, depending upon the manufacturing technique and the preferences of network operators, some or all of those items may be entered at a later stage of manufacture, e.g. after the IC is tested, and before insertion in the card, or after insertion in the card, or after the card has been inserted in the network. Suitable security checks will be needed to install the two functions and particularly the diversification key so that it cannot be read from the registers.
  • the contacts 14 and 18 are described as physical contacts on a surface of the card and in 5 one embodiment are in accordance with the ISO standard.
  • An alternative type of contact is that of a loop in which there is not a touching electrical contact with corresponding contacts inside the handset, but the contact is made electromagnetically through a coil in the card and in the handset .
  • contact as used herein and in the claims, covers all types of contacts which may be used to establish a connection, i.e. a transfer of data between the integrated circuit on the prepaid card, and the handset, and the integrated circuit in the SIM.
  • the present invention has been described with particular reference to a wireless or cellular telephone.
  • the method, apparatus, integrated circuits and prepaid cards and SIMs of the invention are not so limited and may find other applications; for example, in subscriber pay-television, remote
  • Fig. 4 shows a cellular telephone handset 2 having a slot 4' to receive a removable SIM card 6', or to receive a removable prepaid card 8' .
  • the SIM card and prepaid card meet the ISO standard cited above. It should be noted however, that
  • one or both of the cards may be to the mini proposed ISO standard to other mechanical sizes.
  • the cellular telephone 2 communicates through an antenna 11 with a cellular telephone network operator's station 12.
  • Fig. 5 is a highly schematic portrayal of the prepaid card
  • the card has six or eight contacts 14 on one face, and an electronic circuit embedded in the card, which in current manufacture is a single integrated circuit 16' .
  • the integrated circuit is embedded in the card usually below the contact 14.
  • the card is 85 mm long, 54 mm wide, and 1 mm thick.
  • the contacts 14 are eight in number or six as shown in Fig. 2, and occupy an overall area of not more 5 than 2.62 mm x 9.32 mm. Each contact typically is not less than 1.7 x 2 mm.
  • the contact area begins typically 10.5 mm from the left edge and 9 mm from the upper edge of the card.
  • the integrated circuit 16' typically is 1 to 2 mm on each side, and a fraction of an mm thick.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic view of the SIM card 6' . It is the same overall size and shape and with contacts 24' as the prepaid card 8. However, depending upon the internal circuitry in the handset, a contacts 24' on the SIM card 6' may be at a different location than on the prepaid card. There are 5 provisions in the ISO standard for different locations of contacts. Alternatively, one set of contacts might be used in the handset, and the circuitry in the handset would decode whether it is a SIM card or a prepaid card. Slot 4' has the necessary connectors with contacts for making electrical 0 connection to the contacts 14 and 24' .
  • the SIM On the first use of the hand set, the SIM is inserted into the slot and an exchange between the SIM and the network operator is initiated. This follows the usual protocol but with some exceptions, e.g., an inquiry is made to the user if
  • this SIM is to be operated prepaid only, or if it can be both prepaid and a regular subscriber. If prepaid only, a flag is set in the SIM card shown with legend 26' . If it is to be a regular subscriber, then the usual credit check is provided until the user is identified, and an account is opened for the
  • the SIM card is then removed, and the prepaid card 8' is inserted into the slot 4' .
  • the contacts 14 are connected through a bus 28' to a switch 30 on the integrated circuit.
  • the integrated circuit includes a serial number of the prepaid card.
  • each prepaid card has a different serial number, which is stored in a serial 5 number register 32' .
  • a value, or number of prepaid units, is stored in a prepaid number of units register 34.
  • a PLMN register 36' stores a list of numbers which identifies the networks in which the prepaid card may be used. This is to insure that a prepaid card for which money has been paid to one
  • a certificate number for the card which is computed based on a secret key, a sequence number, the prepaid number of units and the card's serial number, is stored in a certificate number register 38' .
  • registers as used in the description includes a specific location in memory, and a floating position or variable position within memory. It depends to some extend
  • the register includes the various embodiments of how numbers may be stored in an integrated circuit
  • the numbers can be stored, retrieved, and as appropriate, modified.
  • the handset reads out through contacts 14 and switch 30', the PLMN number in register 36', and then a comparison is made either in the handset, or the PLMN number is sent to the 5 network operator for comparison. If the number does not belong to the network operator's authorized list, then a text is displayed on the handset or another signal is given to the user that the prepaid card is not for use on this network.
  • the prepaid card is marked as
  • the handset reads the IMSI number from the SIM and concatenates the IMSI with the prepaid number of units, the certificate number, and
  • the sequence number and uploads it to the network operator 12.
  • the network operator compares the serial number, the prepaid number of units, and certificate number (or may recalculate the certificate number from the serial and prepaid number of units) with corresponding information, which was
  • the text string register 40' may contain text to be read by the user, and which may be uploaded to the handset to be
  • the text string might be advertisements or promotional material, and might include a game or bonus or prize, etc.
  • the prepaid card might contain a bonus, similar to the rub-off prize bonus cards that sometimes accompany goods. This might be for 5, or 10, or some addition number of prepaid units of air time. If the card is a 5 "winner", then a display would be given to the user saying,
  • the prepaid card would include, for example, a second certificate number, and a second number of prepaid units, which might be stored respectively in registers
  • the user might submit his bonus units later in another handset with another SIM.
  • the important point is that where there is value to be given for the bonus, whether it is for additional air time units on the network, or to be used in another system, e.g. in
  • a public telephone system or for purchasing in a vending machine, there is a corresponding certificate number, value, and if in a different system, a different system operator number, all of which must be on the card.
  • a bonus would be a message that says, "Take the card to the
  • Fig. 6 in the SIM card 6' the contacts 24 are connected through a bus 48 to the integrated circuit which includes a switch 50, and a microprocessor 52. Signals to and from the card go from the contacts through the switch 50 to the microprocessor 52. Alternatively (not shown in the drawings) , some signals might pass directly under control of 5 the microprocessor via the switch 50 to registers in the card.
  • Fig. 6 shows some structural elements in the SIM card which are additional in the present invention, and does not show all of those elements which are devoted to the routine GSM standard SIM card.
  • any difference between numbers in an accumulated call meter ACM register 54 and an accumulated call meter max ACM MAX register 56 is calculated and stored in ACM MAX.
  • ACM is reset to zero. Then, the number of prepaid units taken from the prepaid card
  • ACM MAX defines the maximum number of units that ACM is allowed to reach prior to shutting down a call.
  • the ACM register and the ACM MAX register are used only for prepaid calls, the ACM register might be a
  • ACM MAX register also would be a continuous counter, and, the validated units would be added to ACM MAX.
  • ACM and ACM MAX at the beginning of each call, and when each unit of air time is used. For a call to be initiated and to continue, ACM MAX must be greater than ACM. In some systems, these two numbers for the ACM register and ACM MAX register may remain in the handset. If there were
  • the ACM MAX register is updated. But, it should be noted, the updating is done by the network operator.
  • the handset does a comparison between the ACM register's contents and the ACM MAX register's contents, and if the ACM MAX register is larger, then a call may be made and continue.
  • the prepaid only flag 26' is set by the network operator over 5 the air, when the SIM is first used, and may be changed later by the network operator if the SIM goes on subscription.
  • ACM register it is not essential that the ACM register be set to zero, or that the ACM MAX register contain only the number of remaining prepaid units. Both registers might contain a
  • the instruction from the network operator to the handset and SIM to update the ACM register and the ACM MAX register passes over the short message service center SMSC, which is sometimes called the paging channel, and is encrypted. It is essential
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the network operator's computer. Added to the network operator's computer is a prepaid card data base 60' and additional elements in a
  • the data base 60' and control module 62' cooperate with other elements of the network operator's central office and which includes an O.T.A. platform 64' and a short message service center 66' .
  • the various elements are shown schematically in a network operator's
  • central office 70' having an antenna 72' and a switch 74' .
  • a floppy disk or other memory which contains the serial number of each card, the number of units on each card, and the certificate number of each card is sent to the network operator's central office, where it is entered on the card data base 60' .
  • the prepaid card When the prepaid card is presented in the telephone 5 handset, it must be validated and the card's serial number from register 32' , the prepaid number of units in register 34' and the certificate number in register 38', and sequence number, and the IMSI of the SIM card are uploaded to the network operator 70' and a comparison is made with the corresponding
  • an executable short message request is sent to the short message service center 66' via the O.T.A. platform 64' .
  • the 5 executable short message contains instructions to increase ACM MAX register 56 by the number of units taken from the prepaid card, and set ACM register 54' to zero, or as described above.
  • the executable message also may contain a text string for display of a short message. This could read, e.g. "The value
  • This executable message could also be returned via a USSD to the attention of the IMSI.
  • a record of use for that particular card is made.
  • the SIM card 6' receives the executable short message and updates its ACM MAX register 56 (by the number of new units plus the difference between old units in ACM and ACM MAX) , and resets ACM register 54 to zero.
  • an ACM register 75 and an ACM MAX register 76' there is included in the supervisory control module 62' for each SIM which has prepaid units, an ACM register 75 and an ACM MAX register 76' .
  • the ACM and ACM MAX registers 75 and 76' have duplicate information as to what is in the corresponding ACM and ACM MAX registers of the corresponding SIMS.
  • the supervisory module 62' validates that the presence of units in the ACM MAX register 76' for that card is greater than the units in ACM register 75 for said card.
  • the call is set up, and the network provides a start time to the supervisory control module 62.
  • the supervisory control module increases (or decreases depending upon how the system operates) the number in the ACM register 75.
  • a comparison is made with the number in the ACM MAX register 76' .
  • the ACM register 54 is increased (decreased if the system operates that way) in the SIM card 6' . If the call progresses beyond either the number of units provided by ACM MAX register 56 as monitored by the handset; or as monitored on the supervisory control module 62' , 75 and 76', then the call is interrupted.
  • the handset If first detected on the handset, then the handset notifies the network that the call is becoming invalid, and that there are no more prepaid units, or credit. If first detected on the supervisory control module, a similar signal is generated.
  • the network depending upon the choice of the network operator, would discontinue the call, but might send a notice or warning signal to the user, one or two units before expiration, that a new card needs to be inserted, and that only one or two units remain.
  • the call might be transferred to an operator, or to a robotic voice advising that additional units need to be inserted, or a different payment substituted.
  • the important 5 point is that both the handset and the supervisory control module independently keep track of the call as it progresses.
  • the ACM and ACM MAX register in the SIM card can be compared with the values in the ACM and ACM MAX registers 75 and 76' for that SIM card in
  • the central office does not continuously monitor remaining value in the card, but only the beginning and end of a call. This leaves in the central office and the supervisory control module the number of units or air
  • the handset sends a signal to the central office to interrupt the call.
  • the fact that the call is interrupted may also be recorded on the supervisory control module 62' .
  • 25 might be for every several units of calls, or for a given period of time. Thus, a user might get a short "free" use of the phone, but not any subsequent calls after the number of prepaid units have been exhausted.
  • An aspect of applicant's invention is to download from the
  • Fig. 8 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of validation of a prepaid card, and entry of validated prepaid 5 units in the SIM card and in the supervisory control module.
  • the SIM card if in the handset, is removed, then the prepaid card is inserted.
  • the handset interrogates the prepaid card and determines if one of the PLMN numbers read from the PLMN register 36' in the card matches the
  • PLMN number 10 PLMN number of the network in which the handset is operating. If there is no match, then a display on the handset indicates to the user that the card is for another network. The message may be displayed visually or by voice. If the PLMN number does match, then the handset interrogates the prepaid card as shown
  • the handset then uploads as shown in block 88' to the network operator 70' information about the prepaid card and the SIM card particularly the IMSI of the SIM.
  • this may either be an anonymous IMSI where the cellular phone is to be used only with prepaid cards,
  • the central office compares the certificate number and the number of units with the certificate number and the number of units for that card in the card data base 60' . As shown in block 90', the central office 5 compares the certificate number and the number of units in the card, and determines whether it agrees with the certificate number and number of units for that card in the card data base 60' . If there is no agreement, then a signal 91' is sent back to the handset, which causes a message to appear on the display
  • step 90' If there is an agreement in step 90', then two events occur. First is in the network operator, and is shown in block 92' . Here, the number of the card, which has just been validated, its certification number and perhaps the number of units for this card, are erased from
  • the ACM register 74' corresponding to this card is set to zero, and the ACM MAX register for this card 76' is increased by the number of units taken from the card set to the number of units taken from the card and the previous remainder
  • the second event is the downloading via the executable short message to the SIM, which is shown here with block 94' .
  • the display then gives a message that the card has been validated.
  • the ACM register 54 is set to zero, and the ACM MAX register now has the number of
  • Fig. 9 is a flow chart showing a call approval routine for calls from a cellular telephone, which has validated prepaid units stored in the SIM card 6', and corresponding prepaid
  • a call originates as shown in block 100.
  • An interrogation is made in the handset as shown on interrogation block 102, is the prepaid only flag 26' in the SIM card set? If there is no flag, then the call proceeds as a normal subscription, or there is limited access, e.g. 911, to an operator as shown in box 104. If yes, then the handset 5 proceeds to interrogation as shown in box 106 to determine is there prepaid value, and a comparison is made between the contents of the ACM Reg 54 and ACM MAX Reg 56. If there is no value remaining, then a message is sent to the supervisory control module, and a display to the user. If there is value
  • a clock 112 times the call.
  • This clock may be operated from the network operator or located in the handset. As each unit of air time is used, the ACM 54 register in the SIM card in the handset, and the ACM 74 register in the supervisory control module is increased. This
  • ACM is less than ACM MAX, then the call continues, as shown in block 111.
  • ACM reaches the ACM MAX, whether it is in the handset or in the
  • a signal is sent to interrupt the call as shown in block 118.
  • the loops are interrupted, when the user completes the call.
  • there may be a handshake between the ACM and the ACM MAX registers in the SIM card with the corresponding registers in
  • ACM ACM MAX
  • a display may also be made on the handset.
  • the remaining value i.e. the difference between ACM and ACM MAX, may also be displayed on the handset.
  • a similar display may be made at the time the handset is powered up.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic drawing of a prepaid card showing an alternative embodiment of a prepaid card in which some, but not all of the prepaid units may be transferred from the prepaid card to the SIM and the network operator's supervisory control module.
  • the card 8' has the contacts 14, and the bus 28' connected to the switch 30' .
  • the serial number register 32' prepaid number of units register 34', PLMN register 36' , certificate number register 38', and text string register 40'
  • there is a sequence 0 number register 46 and a microprocessor 128, which communicates with the switch 30' .
  • a sequence number is held in the sequence register 46.
  • the register is set to "1”.
  • the certificate is calculated with the sequence number of "1".
  • the card is used the first time,
  • sequence number register there is no sequence number register, and for encryption the sequence number is e.g. "1". It will be appreciated that another number than “1” might start the sequence, and the number "1" is used for purposes of illustration only; also, the sequence might be a multiple string of numbers.
  • the switch 30' and microprocessor 128 can be combined on the integrated circuit. Some or all of the functions performed by the switch might be performed internally in the microprocessor.
  • Fig. 10 some but not all of the prepaid number of units may be transferred to the SIM ACM MAX register 56 and the card data base supervisory control module ACM MAX register 76', while calculating and leaving a certificate number in the card 8' and a reduced number of prepaid units in the prepaid unit register 34' .
  • Prepaid card 8' has information which is readable outside of the prepaid card, namely the number of units remaining in the card and the serial number of the card. Invisible in the card, i.e. it cannot be taken out of the card, is a functional algorithm F shown in a function register 135 and a key for that algorithm Kn, shown in register 137.
  • the certificate number for the card, the prepaid number of units, the card number, a key, and sequence number are transmitted to the network operator.
  • the card is first placed into use, it is verified. At that point, a question is put to the user as to the number of units to be added to ACM MAX registers.
  • the prepaid card 8' in its microprocessor 128, recalculates a new certificate number using the algorithm F and the key number Kn and sequence number Seq. Nb.
  • the new certificate Certl is then stored in the certificate no. register 38' and the sequence number is increased by one.
  • An independent calculation may be made in the supervisory control module 62' and placed in the card data base 60' .
  • the card data base contains not only the new certificate number Certl but also the number of remaining prepaid units for this card.
  • the new certificate number and number of units remaining is transmitted over an encrypted and secure transmission. Variations might include calculating new certificate number Certl only in the card, and then copying to the supervisory control module and card data base.
  • the user has the option to transfer only a portion of the prepaid units to the SIM.
  • the card calculates a new certificate number using, the number of units, the function F and key number Kn and sequence number Seq. Nb.
  • the new certificate Certl is concatenated with the IMSI of the SIM and sent to the network operator.
  • the supervisory control module for such prepaid card does not need to store the certificate numbers. It calculates the certificate number by having the card serial number, the number of units uploaded, the sequence number, and the key Kn.
  • the supervisory control module has the algorithm. This provides an extra level of security in that there may be a parallel and independent calculation of each new certificate number for the remaining value for the prepaid cards.
  • the network operator when a card having only a portion of the units used, is presented to use the remaining number of units, then the network operator first searches the card data base for the original certificate number. If this is not found, the card data base does a reverse calculation of certificate numbers to determine if a valid Certl has been entered. Alternatively, it might go directly to a data base of Certl numbers.
  • a prepaid card may still be used. For example, if a person borrows another's cellular telephone, then the borrower may use his prepaid card to pay for some, all, or more of his telephone call. The borrower could insert into the handset a prepaid card, with for example a $5 value.
  • This prepaid card for example of the type shown in Fig. 5, would then be read and uploaded through the handset to the network operator's central office where the supervisory control module would interrogate the card data base. The card after validation would then transfer the value of that card to the lender's subscriber's accounts, i.e. the SIM subscription for a credit. This would appear on the bill of the subscriber.
  • a second example is a promotional prepaid card sent to a person having a regular subscription.
  • the card would be inserted into the handset for which the SIM operates in a subscription mode.
  • the prepaid card would be uploaded through the handset, and validated.
  • the card would be marked "USED", or a flag would be set that the card has been used.
  • the subscriber would have a credit to his subscription account, or telephone bill, for the amount of the prepaid card.

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Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à une carte à puce à prépaiement, conçue pour être utilisée dans un réseau téléphonique sans fil, et à un procédé pour le prépaiement de services téléphoniques sans fil, ainsi qu'à un système pour exploiter un réseau téléphonique sans fil au moyen de cartes à puce à prépaiement. Ces cartes, procédé et système permettent l'utilisation de téléphones sans fil de façon anonyme et/ou le prépaiement de ces services par un utilisateur ne bénéficiant pas d'un abonnement. Cette invention ne nécessite qu'un minimum de modification des téléphones sans fil existants et des réseaux téléphoniques sans fil, tout en garantissant la sécurité contre les abus et l'utilisation frauduleuse d'un tel système. En outre, un support publicitaire peut être offert avec les prépaiements ou des personnes peuvent accéder par prépaiement à un téléphone d'abonné.
EP97919599A 1996-04-19 1997-04-11 Prepaiement pour services de telephones sans fil au moyen de cartes a puce Withdrawn EP0894397A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US634818 1996-04-19
US08/634,818 US5915226A (en) 1996-04-19 1996-04-19 Prepaid smart card in a GSM based wireless telephone network and method for operating prepaid cards
US73825696A 1996-10-28 1996-10-28
US738256 1996-10-28
PCT/IB1997/000534 WO1997040616A1 (fr) 1996-04-19 1997-04-11 Prepaiement pour services de telephones sans fil au moyen de cartes a puce

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EP0894397A1 true EP0894397A1 (fr) 1999-02-03

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CA (1) CA2252526A1 (fr)
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WO1997040616A1 (fr) 1997-10-30
AU706532B2 (en) 1999-06-17
CA2252526A1 (fr) 1997-10-30
AU2401397A (en) 1997-11-12
NZ332372A (en) 2000-06-23

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