EP0882186A1 - Circuit hydraulique a detection de charge d'une machine de travail ou engin hydraulique automoteur - Google Patents
Circuit hydraulique a detection de charge d'une machine de travail ou engin hydraulique automoteurInfo
- Publication number
- EP0882186A1 EP0882186A1 EP97943839A EP97943839A EP0882186A1 EP 0882186 A1 EP0882186 A1 EP 0882186A1 EP 97943839 A EP97943839 A EP 97943839A EP 97943839 A EP97943839 A EP 97943839A EP 0882186 A1 EP0882186 A1 EP 0882186A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- load
- pressure
- sensing
- bypass valve
- pump
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/16—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors
- F15B11/161—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors with sensing of servomotor demand or load
- F15B11/165—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors with sensing of servomotor demand or load for adjusting the pump output or bypass in response to demand
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
- E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
- E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
- E02F9/2221—Control of flow rate; Load sensing arrangements
- E02F9/2225—Control of flow rate; Load sensing arrangements using pressure-compensating valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
- F15B2211/205—Systems with pumps
- F15B2211/2053—Type of pump
- F15B2211/20546—Type of pump variable capacity
- F15B2211/20553—Type of pump variable capacity with pilot circuit, e.g. for controlling a swash plate
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
- F15B2211/25—Pressure control functions
- F15B2211/253—Pressure margin control, e.g. pump pressure in relation to load pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
- F15B2211/30525—Directional control valves, e.g. 4/3-directional control valve
- F15B2211/3053—In combination with a pressure compensating valve
- F15B2211/30555—Inlet and outlet of the pressure compensating valve being connected to the directional control valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
- F15B2211/3056—Assemblies of multiple valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/31—Directional control characterised by the positions of the valve element
- F15B2211/3105—Neutral or centre positions
- F15B2211/3111—Neutral or centre positions the pump port being closed in the centre position, e.g. so-called closed centre
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/315—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit
- F15B2211/3157—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit being connected to a pressure source, an output member and a return line
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/32—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/329—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation actuated by fluid pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
- F15B2211/50509—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
- F15B2211/50518—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using pressure relief valves
- F15B2211/50527—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using pressure relief valves using cross-pressure relief valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/55—Pressure control for limiting a pressure up to a maximum pressure, e.g. by using a pressure relief valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/605—Load sensing circuits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/605—Load sensing circuits
- F15B2211/6051—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit
- F15B2211/6052—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit using check valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/605—Load sensing circuits
- F15B2211/6051—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit
- F15B2211/6054—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit using shuttle valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/605—Load sensing circuits
- F15B2211/6051—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit
- F15B2211/6055—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit using pressure relief valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/615—Filtering means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
- F15B2211/7051—Linear output members
- F15B2211/7053—Double-acting output members
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/71—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for load pressure-dependent automatic opening and closing of a closed-center load-sensing hydraulic circuit containing control and / or regulating elements for mobile hydraulic construction and work machines.
- the hydraulic systems used today in small and standard excavators can be divided into open-center and closed-center hydraulic systems.
- the basic circuit of an open center hydraulic circuit consists of a variable or constant pump in connection with a 6/3 or 8/3 way valve with neutral circulation.
- the term open center is derived from the free circulation of the pump volume flow in the neutral position of the directional control valves.
- pressure-controlled load-sensing systems with primary or secondary pressure compensators are often designed as closed-center hydraulic systems, whereby the directional control valves have a closed neutral position without free pump circulation.
- Closed-center hydraulic circuits have the disadvantage that the return flow volume used for hydraulic oil cooling is not available in stand-by operation of the construction and working machine, since the pressure-controlled variable displacement pump of the closed-center load-sensing system is in stand-by - Operation only covers the leakage losses to maintain the control pressure difference.
- the object of the invention is therefore to eliminate the disadvantages that exist in closed-center load-sensing systems by optimizing the open-loop and closed-loop control system.
- This goal is achieved by means of a device for automatic opening and closing of a closed-center load-sensing hydraulic circuit containing control and / or regulating elements for mobile hydraulic construction and work machines with at least one a variable displacement pump which can be controlled via an associated pressure regulator, the signals causing the opening or closing of the hydraulic circuit being derived from the pumps and load-sensing load pressure present in the hydraulic circuit.
- the subject matter of the invention relates to a device which consists of a self-switching load-sensing bypass valve, which is preferably integrated in the control block and which, depending on the load-sensing load and pump pressure present, opens the connection from the pump channel to the tank channel via a defined throttle .
- the control pressure difference generated by the variable pump during the load-free phases in stand-by mode drops when the bypass valve is open via the device-specific throttle, which results in a defined volume flow available for cooling the hydraulic medium in the tank channel of the control spool and thus in the return line from Control spool to hydraulic oil cooler.
- FIG. 2 partial representation of the load-sensing integrated in the control block according to FIG.
- FIG. 1 includes a control principle in which a pressure-controlled load-sensing variable pump 1, a closed-center load-sensing control block 2 with six load-pressure-compensated sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and secondary scales 9, 10, 11 , 12,13,14 supplied with hydraulic oil.
- the subject matter of the invention relates to a device which consists of a self-switching load-sensing bypass valve 15 which is integrated in the control block 2 and which is dependent on the load-sensing load pressure p L s present in the line 16 or 17 and on the pump pressure p P in line 18 or 19 the connection from the pump channel (line 19) to the tank channel 20 opens via a defined throttle 21.
- the control pressure difference ⁇ p_s generated by the pump 1 during the load-free phases in the stand-by mode drops when the bypass valve 15 is open via the device-specific throttle 21, which results in a defined volume flow available in the tank for cooling the hydraulic medium. channel 20 or 22 of the control slide 2 and thus in the return line 23 from the control slide 2 to the hydraulic oil cooler 24.
- the variable displacement pump 1 is equipped with a pressure regulator 25. Via the load signal line 26, the load pressure signal p LS is communicated to the pressure regulator 25 of the variable pump 1, which then reacts with an output pressure signal p P in the pump line 18 which is higher than the load pressure signal p_s by the control pressure difference ⁇ p_s.
- FIG. 2 shows a partial area of the load-sensing bypass valve 15 including the throttle point 21.
- the load-sensing bypass valve 15 contains a switching piston 27, which has a conical seat surface 28.
- the tank channel 20 can also be seen.
- a spring 29 is provided in the area of the switching piston 27.
- the switching piston 27 contains 2 active surfaces, namely A and A 2 .
- the pump pressure PP acts on the active surface A 2
- the load-sensing load pressure p LS acts on the active surface Ai in conjunction with the active force of the spring 29.
- the highest load pressure signal p L s p . m a x corresponding pressure signal effective in the load-sensing signaling channel 16 of the control slide 2.
- the load pressure signal p_s is communicated to the pressure regulator 25 of the variable displacement pump 1, which then reacts with an output pressure signal p P in the pump line 18 that is higher than the load pressure signal p L s by the control pressure difference ⁇ p L s.
- the pressure signals p LS and p P are applied to the active surfaces Ai and A 2 of the switching piston 27 of the load-sensing bypass valve 15 via the pressure channels 17 and 19.
- PLS PLmax (2) gives the following relationship for determining the minimum effective area A 1n .in required for the automatic closing operation on the conical seat 28 of the switching piston 27
- the load-sensing bypass valve 15 or its switching piston 27 is automatically activated by the pressure signals p S present on the corresponding active surfaces i and A 2 , p P , PT and p F closed.
- the load-sensing bypass valve 15 is automatically activated by the pressure signals p S present on the corresponding active surfaces i and A 2 , p P , PT and p F closed.
- the pressure signal ps present in the load reporting line 26 drops to the tank pressure level p ⁇ .
- the pump pressure p P in the line 18 thereby also drops to the level lying by ⁇ p LS above the input pressure of the load signaling line 26.
- the bypass valve 15 or the switching piston 27 opens the connection from the pump channel 18 via the throttle 21, which results in a defined volume flow in the return line 23 and thus in the hydraulic oil cooler 24 sets the load-free phases.
- a max for the effective area A ⁇ is calculated using the equation below from the control pressure difference ⁇ p_s of the effective area A 2 , the flow force F str and the spring equivalent pressure p F.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
- Operation Control Of Excavators (AREA)
Abstract
L'invention a pour objet un dispositif pour l'ouverture et la fermeture automatiques, en fonction du poids de charge, d'un circuit hydraulique de détection de la charge à système d'accumulation présentant des éléments de commande et de régulation, pour des machines de travail ou des engins hydrauliques automoteurs, ayant au moins une pompe à cylindrée variable pouvant être commandée via un régulateur de pression associé, dispositif dans lequel les signaux provoquant l'ouverture ou la fermeture du circuit hydraulique sont prélevés à partir de la pression de charge des pompes situées dans le circuit hydraulique et du système de détection de charge.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19639772 | 1996-09-27 | ||
DE1996139772 DE19639772C1 (de) | 1996-09-27 | 1996-09-27 | Load-Sensing-Hydraulikkreis einer mobilhydraulischen Bau- und Arbeitsmaschine |
PCT/EP1997/004846 WO1998013604A1 (fr) | 1996-09-27 | 1997-09-06 | Circuit hydraulique a detection de charge d'une machine de travail ou engin hydraulique automoteur |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0882186A1 true EP0882186A1 (fr) | 1998-12-09 |
Family
ID=7807090
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97943839A Withdrawn EP0882186A1 (fr) | 1996-09-27 | 1997-09-06 | Circuit hydraulique a detection de charge d'une machine de travail ou engin hydraulique automoteur |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0882186A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE19639772C1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1998013604A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE602004012846T2 (de) * | 2004-06-24 | 2009-04-09 | Walvoil S.P.A. | Load-sensing-Hydrauliksystem mit mehreren Sektionen |
JP4081487B2 (ja) | 2004-12-28 | 2008-04-23 | 東芝機械株式会社 | 油圧制御弁 |
DE102013221683A1 (de) * | 2013-10-25 | 2015-04-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Hydraulische Steuervorrichtung, Satz von hydraulischen Steuervorrichtungen, Verfahren zum Steuern einer hydraulischen Steuervorrichtung |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3878864A (en) * | 1973-12-07 | 1975-04-22 | Borg Warner | Bypass valve |
US4938022A (en) * | 1987-10-05 | 1990-07-03 | Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. | Flow control system for hydraulic motors |
DE3821348C2 (de) * | 1988-06-24 | 1997-09-11 | Linde Ag | Hydraulisches System |
JP2579202Y2 (ja) * | 1992-04-10 | 1998-08-20 | 株式会社小松製作所 | 圧力補償弁を備えた操作弁 |
-
1996
- 1996-09-27 DE DE1996139772 patent/DE19639772C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-09-06 EP EP97943839A patent/EP0882186A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-09-06 WO PCT/EP1997/004846 patent/WO1998013604A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9813604A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE19639772C1 (de) | 1998-04-02 |
WO1998013604A1 (fr) | 1998-04-02 |
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