Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
  • F04F—PUMPING OF FLUID BY DIRECT CONTACT OF ANOTHER FLUID OR BY USING INERTIA OF FLUID TO BE PUMPED; SIPHONS
  • F04F7/00—Pumps displacing fluids by using inertia thereof, e.g. by generating vibrations therein

Definitions

• This invention relates to pumps and pumping action for fluids, which could be liquids, liquid metals, gases, or aerosols. It has particular reference to liquid pumps that would replace electromechanical pumps in the main classification of compression pumps and force pumps. It is, however, not limited thereto, but is broadly applicable to pumps for fluids in general, irrespective of whether the fluid is a liquid, a liquid metal, a gas, or an aerosol medium, and irrespective of the character or nature of the installation or system in which the pump is employed.
• the two categories of electromechanical pumps namely; force and compression pumps, all require moving parts for proper operation and, in some special way, these parts are designed in relation to the amount of fluid to be pumped per unit time and further the overall volume of the physical pump design.
• Compression pumps known as positive displacement types, are capable of generating great pressure, nevertheless requires many moving parts such as a piston, piston rod, crankshaft, and associated valve assemblies.
• Positive displacement constriction pumps are the safest; mainly because the pumped fluid never contacts an environment different than its internal tubing. They are for this fact used widely in the medical and pharmaceutical sector where the prevention of contamination is a vital factor. Their major disadvantage lies in the possible crushing forces upon the material being pumped if the tubing constricts completely.
• the moving parts required therein wear out from the fatigue caused by continuous operation.
• the Mandroian patent uses a source of sound from a fluctuating diaphragm or piezoelectric transducer that oscillates at a preselected frequency.
• the frequency of oscillation of the diaphragm piezoelectric transducer and the length of the pump chamber are configured together so that this arrangement forms a resonant cavity (chamber) where acoustic standing waves are established in the fluid, which allows for a pressure node or antinode at the wall opposite the diaphragm piezoelectric transducer.
• a series of pressure nodes and antinodes are distributed along the length of the chamber, and the number of nodes and antinodes depending upon the length of the chamber and the frequency of vibration of the diaphragm piezoelectric transducer.
• Mandroian further describes that the entrance port for the fluid is located in the chamber at one of the pressure nodes and an exit port is located at one of the pressure antinodes.
• This embodiment requires that a resonant condition must be created before any pumping action occurs and further, it is critical to have the dimensions of the chamber such that the entrance and exit ports are precisely on the nodes and antinodes for proper operation. This proper operation relies heavily on frequency resonant conditions within the chamber; if for any reason there is a frequency shift, then the efficiency of operation is decreased. Furthermore, if there is any alteration of the chamber design dimensions, then it will result in an operational compromise.
• the compressors used in both Lucas' patents likewise utilize embodiments which uses standing waves of acoustic pressure for creating nodes which are periodic points of minimum pressure and antinodes which are periodic points of maximum pressure.
• the standing wave phenomenon requires a resonant state for proper operation so as with these compressors of the Lucas patents.
• compressors require that a very narrow resonant operational frequency range be utilized by way of specific electronic control circuitry.
• This control circuitry includes microprocessor controlled phase locked loops to insure frequency stability, thus adding to the complexity of the design.
• Such control circuitry is necessary for such a complex compressor system used for refrigeration.
• Lucas' compressors require the creation of a standing wave within a resonant chamber or cavity, and further attempting to maintain the standing wave with its fixed periodic nodes and antinodes of pressure. These nodes and antinodes are required to be precisely located at the entrance and exit fluid ports, for the purpose of moving a gaseous refrigerant one way into a heat exchanger, where the excess heat generated from compression is carried off and the gaseous refrigerant is thereby cooled to a liquid phase. This cooled liquid is then passed through a volume that contains a number of ingredients to be cooled— such as food, etc.
• the internal mechanism of the compressor requires a longitudinal standing wave and that such a wave must be transverse to the exit and entrance ports. This mechanism is further established by action of streaming effecting the overall efficiency of such compressors by taking away energy from the wave. This streaming effect occurs when the very same pressure differentials that allow for transverse gaseous flow between exit and entrance ports, are of sufficient amplitude to cause a gaseous flow between the nodes and antinodes within the resonant chamber.
• the Lucas patents state that an ultrasonic transducer can be used in a non- resonant pulsed or modulated mode, "non-resonant mode,” meaning that the frequency of the transducer is not equal to the frequency of the standing acoustical wave.
• non-resonant mode meaning that the frequency of the transducer is not equal to the frequency of the standing acoustical wave.
• the transducer operates at its resonant mode and "that" mode is much higher than the standing wave frequency by design.
• the transducer is switched on and off to create a succession of short pulses; each pulse consists of a short train of high frequency oscillations.
• Acoustic standing waves are the primary mode of operation of the prior art. Furthermore, the standing waves are increased to their maximum value (taking into consideration system losses) after the generation of a traveling wave from a transducer or other source of acoustic energy. Further, this maximum value assigned to the standing wave is sustained by the constant acoustic energy injected into the system trough the transducer element.
• a gaseous fluid is the medium of choice for the compressors of Lucas' in order to function properly as a refrigeration compressor.
• the actual gaseous fluid flow is transverse to the acoustic standing wavefront.
• Precise geometry of the chamber is essential for successful operation requiring a resonant mode for the chamber; and additional electronic control measures are required to provide frequency compensation circuitry; such as phase locked loops that adjusts for frequency drift above and below the resonant mode of the chamber.
• Lucas compressors can utilize a multiplicity of acoustic energy sources situated at any one or all of the acoustic generated pressure nodes and antinodes, for the purpose of feeding additional energy at these points to increase the overall system efficiency.
• a pump which comprises a chamber and a transducer.
• the chamber receives a medium to be pumped.
• the chamber has first and second ends and an inlet and an outlet.
• the transducer is disposed at the first end of the chamber and provides an energy wave within the medium which imparts momentum to it, whereby it passes through the outlet by the momentum.
• FIG. 1 is a simplified sectional side view of the basic structure of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 2a illustrates a simplified sectional side view of the basic structure of the present invention of FIG. 1, with a well defined tapered channel used to guide a focused ultrasound beam through the medium;
• FIG. 2b illustrates a simplified sectional side view of another embodiment of the invention of FIG. 2a wherein the outlet is in the side wall of the chamber;
• FIG. 3 illustrates a simplified sectional basic structure of FIG. 1 with a tapered focusing guide along with an extended flow zone and acoustic wave trap to prevent reflected waves from re-entering the pump chamber;
• FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating how acoustic radiation pressure exerts a force on a stationary object in a control volume— for purposes of theoretical analysis;
• FIG. 5a is a front view of a special piano-parabolic transducer, comprised of two different piezoelectric transducer elements on a common substrate, which results in a composite frequency range much wider in spectrum that a single transducer element;
• FIG. 5b is a cut-away perspective view of the transducer of FIG. 5a showing its two individual piezoelectric transducer elements having two separate resonant frequencies;
• FIG. 5c is a resultant frequency bandwidth curve of the transducer shown in FIG. 5b showing how the overall frequency bandwidth is increased by this dual element piano-parabolic technique;
• FIG. 6 shows, in a simplified sectional side view, another embodiment of the basic structure of the present invention, with a special reflector arrangement called and impedance transformer for reflecting various waves of various frequencies;
• FIG. 7a shows, in a simplified sectional side view, another embodiment of the basic structure of the present invention using a multi-element transducer array with parabolic alignment for increased flow rates
• FIG. 7b shows, in a simplified sectional side view, another embodiment of the basic structure of the present invention using a multi-element transducer array with parallel plane alignment for increased flow rates;
• FIG. 8a shows, in a simplified sectional side view, another embodiment of the basic structure of the present invention which is multi-chambered and uni-directional, and using at least one transducer per chamber, but not restricted to one transducer per chamber; to be used in complex pumping arrangements;
• FIG. 8b shows, in a simplified sectional side view, another embodiment of the basic structure of the present invention which is multi-chambered and bi-directional and using at least one transducer per chamber, but not restricted to one transducer per chamber; to be used in complex pumping arrangements and opposite flow directions;
• FIG. 8c shows, in a simplified sectional side view, another embodiment of FIG.8a with a common mixture tank accessory
• FIG. 8d shows, in a simplified sectional side view, another embodiment of FIG.8b with a common mixture tank accessory
• FIG. 9 is another embodiment of a pump like device which provides a special blue water laser source
• FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of the pump design which uses ultrasound to generate electricity.
• a momentum transfer pump is disclosed without using any moving mechanical parts.
• the pump uses acoustic radiation forces to transfer momentum by elastic and inelastic collisions of phonons to the medium (fluid molecules) resulting in a flow gradient of the medium in a resultant direction opposite the acoustic energy source (transducer). It can be miniaturized; the fluid medium is totally isolated from the transducer means, and is silent with no conventional vibration.
• This momentum transfer pump can be used as a direct replacement for any conventional pump application and uses far less electrical energy for an equivalent mechanical pumping operation. If it does fail in operation, it can be easily repaired by replacing the few parts needed for operation, namely either the drive electronics or the acoustic transducer itself. Furthermore, using micro-electronic circuitry, the transducer and its associated drive electronics can be integrated into one hybrid component, truly allowing for a pump system with two major parts; a transducer assembly and the pump housing or chamber.
• the main housing or chamber itself can be a single moulded or machined part and, as such, would not fail, for it is simply a metal or plastic enclosed chamber.
• Such a solid state pump functions via the momentum imparted by a specially designed ultrasonic transducer element.
• transverse waves are more common in very viscous liquids, but their importance in acoustics is primarily limited to sound waves in solids.
• Acoustic radiation forces were first measured in 1903 and in recent years, the practical importance of acoustic measurements of this type are seen in both the non-destructive testing and medical ultrasound areas. However, a more detailed approach to these measurements arose from research done in the medical ultrasound area.
• the power outputs of ultrasonic transducers are measured with several parameters in mind.
• the transducer under test is submerged in a tank of water and an ultrasonic beam emitted from the transducer is directed toward a target such as a hydrophone or a slab of rubber suspended as a pendulum.
• a target such as a hydrophone or a slab of rubber suspended as a pendulum.
• the measurements are made in water because the characteristic acoustic impedance of water and human tissue are similar. It is accepted that the radiation force F exerted on totally absorbing target by an ultrasonic beam of power W is given by the equation;
• the resultant of the normal pressure thrusts on the surface S, plus the resultant of the body forces acting on the enclosed fluid, is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the enclosed fluid plus the rate of flow of motion outwards through 5.
• the fixed surface S is represented so that it encloses the target and the region bounded by S is referred to as the control volume.
• the constraint force is exerted in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic beam, and to determine its magnitude is simply a consideration of the forces and momentum in this direction.
• These relevant forces and rates of change of momenta to be considered are the hydrostatic pressure in the liquid, which acts equally and in opposite directions through the left and right hand planes of the surface S, ergo, it may be disregarded.
• the sound pressure superimposed on the hydrostatic pressure exerts a force on the left hand plane of the surface S.
• the sound pressure in the beam at the surface is denoted by p, and the force is given by pA.
• the constraint force -F is the only significant force acting on the material within the control volume.
• the rate of change of momentum dM/dt of the material within the control volume consists of the rate of change of momentum of the target and rate of change of momentum of the small quantity of liquid in the control volume.
• Equation (2) In association with the propagation of the ultrasonic beam through the surface S, there is a movement of the liquid medium forward and backward through S and, therefore, a transport of momentum through S. If the particle velocity in the beam at the surface S is represented as u, the momentum per unit volume of liquid at the surface is pu, and the rate of flow of momentum inwards through a unit area of surface pu 2 . The rate of flow into the control volume is therefore pu 2 A. From Euler's momentum theorem. Equation (2)
• Equation (2) is averaged with respect to time.
• the partial derivative dM/dt represents the rate of change of momentum of the target plus the rate of change of momentum of the liquid in the control volume.
• Lagrangian variables refer to a moving mass element of liquid and not to a fixed point in space
• Eulerian variables refer to a fixed point x in space which may be occupied by different mass elements of the medium (liquid) at different times.
• the responsive element of the momentum transfer pump is an ultrasonic source in general. It may, however, be a specific source such as a piezoelectric transducer, and electrostriction transducer, stimulated Brillouin emission sources, surface generation in Quartz, thin-film piezoelectric transducers, depletion layer transducers, or diffusion layer transducers.
• NON-METALLIC or METALLIC INTERNALLY INSULATED OUTPUT VALVE
• NON-METALLIC or METALLIC INTERNALLY INSULATED TUBING 35.
• NON-METALLIC or METALLIC
• the momentum transfer pump comprises a preferably cylindrical shaped chamber or chamber means 11 having an input port or inlet 1 for fluid entry into to the main body of the chamber 11 and which allows fluid to exit or pass from said chamber 11.
• fluid 7 contained within the chamber acts as the medium for the transfer of acoustic radiation pressure from a conventional disc shaped piezoelectric transducer element 8 having a parabolic front face plane disposed at one end, the first end, of the chamber 11, to molecules of the fluid medium 7.
• the transducer 8 is driven by conventional electronic drive circuitry 4 which generates electrical pulses to energy the piezoelectric transducer element 8; they form an acoustic source for providing an acoustic radiation field which emanates acoustic phonons as described in more detail below.
• the electronic drive circuitry 4 is connected to an electrical power source (not shown) through electrical terminals 3.
• a transducer means comprise the drive circuitry 4 and the transducer 8 to prevent fluid escaping into the circuitry's housing 14 which is illustrated in FIG. 2a.
• the piezoelectric transducer 8 is electrically stimulated by the drive circuitry 4 and it in turn vibrates at its natural resonant frequency; this transducer 8 can either be of a high-Q narrow band width type, or a high-Q broadband width type; but the transducer 8 not restricted to only these types. In the broadest sense however, the transducer 8 could, in general be any device that can effectively transform electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• the transducer 8 is acoustically coupled to the medium 7 by a conventional coating or acoustic coupling device 10 which enables the maximum transfer of acoustic radiation pressure into that medium 7.
• the radiation pattern emitted (phonons) from the transducer 8 is that of a longitudinal wave of some nature (preferably a simple harmonic wave although a complex wave can be used) and this radiation sets up a traveling wave within the chamber 11 which contains energy and momentum. As this traveling wave interacts with the medium 7 through the components of absorption, scattering, and nonlinear propagation, it transfers its energy and longitudinal momentum to the medium 7. The interaction is constant; and instantly causes pumping action to occur.
• the effective radiation pressure generated by the transducer 8 and coupled to the medium 7 is directly proportional to the acoustic power transmitted per unit time through a unit area of the coupling device 10 , which couples the transducer energy to the medium 7. However, it is also determined in part by a reflection coefficient.
• the reflection coefficient is determined by the ration of the product of the density and velocity of the coupling medium 10 and the density and velocity of the fluid medium 7 to be pumped. If acoustic phonons from the transducer source 8 are totally absorbed (inelastic collisions between phonons and fluid molecules) by the medium 7 , then the radiation pressure is equal to the ratio of the power emitted from the transducer 8, to the wave velocity in this medium 7; or in summary, it is equal to the energy density.
• the radiation pressure is equal to the ratio of twice the power emitted from the transducer, to the wave velocity in the medium 7; or in summary, it is equal to twice the energy density.
• the real resultant radiation pressure falls somewhere on an time averaged value for this imparted longitudinal momentum to the medium 7.
• the energy per unit volume of fluid is derived from a directly proportional relationship amongst the acoustic frequency, fluid density, velocity of sound through the medium 7, the fluid particle (molecular) displacement, and further it is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the emitted acoustic wave from transducer 8.
• the acoustic coupler 10 does not interact with the emitted phonons to any significant degree and is essentially transparent to the acoustic waves; additionally it prevents any contact of the fluid medium 7 with the external environment, and this feature of the invention serves an important purpose where the absence of contamination is vital. Lack of contamination is commonly required in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors.
• the chamber 11 forms a non resonant cavity at the operating frequency of the transducer 8. In this embodiment the side walls of the chamber 11 are devoid of any outlets.
• FIG. 2a is a drawing of another embodiment of the pump which utilizes a tapered guide 12 which serves to steer the medium 7 flow gradient and the acoustic radiation in a concentrated direction which is opposite that of transducer 8.
• An outer housing 13 with removable rear cover 14 is disposed over the chamber 11, transducer 8 and the drive circuitry 4.
• This tapered guide 12 establishes a very high radiation energy density which reduces the total chamber path length otherwise required to achieve the necessary momentum interaction. With increased radiation energy density, non linearity of the medium 7 alters the radiation energy wave thus creating radiation harmonics.
• Sonoluminescence is a non-equilibrium phenomenon in which energy in a sound wave becomes highly concentrated so as to generate flashes of light in a liquid. These flashes comprise of over IO 5 photons and they are too fast to be resolved by the fastest photo-multiplier tubes available.
• Basic experiments show that when sonoluminescence is driven by a resonant sound field, the bursts can occur in a continuously repeating, regular fashion. These precise 'clock-like' emissions can continue for hours at drive frequencies ranging from sonic to ultrasonic.
• bursts represent an amplification of energy by eleven orders of magnitude.
• the bubble absorbs energy from the sound field and its radius expands from an ambient value R 0 to a maximum value R m .
• the compressional component of the imposed sound field causes the bubble to collapse in a runaway fashion (first anticipated by physicist Rayleigh about 1917).
• the resulting excitation (heating) of the bubble contents (surface) leads to the emission of a pulse of light as the bubble approaches a minimum radius R c . This manifests as a 50 ps (picosecond) pulse width and peak power of 30 mW.
• Cavitation results form the dynamic Casimir effect wherein dielectric media are accelerated and emit light.
• the generation of cavitation within the fluid is an essential component to be considered for pump operation in certain instances as described infra as regards the embodiment of FIG. 9.
• the tapered guide or tapered guide means 12 as shown in FIG. 2a and FIG. 3 is designed to conform to the focusing radiation pattern emitted by the transducer 8 which is preferably fabricated with a piano-parabolic front face 38 and shown on all figures except FIG. 4.
• the purpose of this transducer 8 design is for the focusing (concentration) of emitted acoustic energy therefrom into the medium 7 and this action allows for increased momentum transfer to the medium particles (molecules).
• the pump will function properly without a piano- parabolic face 38 transducer 8.
• Another variation of the transducer 8 is shown in Fig.
• transducer 8 is a combination of two different parabolic transducers or transducer elements 8a and 8b each having a parabolic face plane which are fabricated on a single substrate 8d.
• Parabolic transducer 8a has by design a lower piezoelectric resonant frequency f 8a than the resonant frequency f 8b of the central parabolic transducer 8b.
• f 8aL and f 8bL When they are both simultaneously excited by a common drive pulse or pulses, they both emit a band f 8aL to f 8aH and f 8bL to f gbH of acoustic energy waves hovering around their respective central resonant frequencies f 8a and f 8b as shown in FIG.
• transducer 5c are separated enough in value to allow for a broadbanding effect to occur whose overall resultant bandwidth as shown in FIG. 5c is between the lower frequency half power point f 8aL of transducer 8a and the higher frequency half power point f 8bH of transducer 8b.
• the drive circuitry 4 is designed to generates a wide range of frequencies within this bandwidth. If one of the factors involved with momentum transfer is fluid density and particle displacement, then for different fluids optimum pumping action can be realized by simply tuning to a frequency that is corespondent to that optimized pumping action. This feature permits for the same pump to be used over a wide range of fluid viscosities without incorporating any necessary design changes. It is very important to realize that the operation of the present pump invention does not rely on any resonant cavity chamber design and therefore, no standing wave effects are utilized. This is the improvement of the present current invention over all the previously described prior art patents, and additionally has focused and dual frequency band transducer features.
• the medium 7 flow gradient and the acoustic radiation generated by said transducer means 8 is steered by the tapered guide 12 which is modified for this configuration to cause medium 7 fluid flow through an output port 5 disposed in the side wall of the chamber 11 near its second end.
• FIG. 3 shows another improved feature which clearly illustrates the lack of any connection with standing wave pumps or compressor.
• a linear zone guide 15 is used to carry the medium 7 up to an acoustic wave trap or wave trap means 16 and through this zone to the output port 5. Since any acoustic wave energy not absorbed by the medium 7 is prevented from being fed back into the pump chamber 11 by the acoustic wave trap 16 and subsequently interacting with the primary pumping action and thereby reducing the overall pump efficiency.
• the acoustic wave trap 16 which comprises an interior attenuation medium 17 which consists of some material with a very high acoustic absorption coefficient (i.e.
• the purpose of the wave trap 16 in this embodiment of the present invention is primarily utilized to nullify any development of standing waves within the pump chamber 11 which would interfere with its proper operation.
• the use of a wave trap 16 and standing wave operation as in all the prior art patents discussed supra are mutually exclusive. In summary the wave trap absorbs and cancels any wave energy not completely absorbed by the medium 7 in the chamber 11.
• FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention which extends the design configuration to encompass possible variations in pump geometry. For instance, if the pump geometry has to be confined to a certain circumscribed volume, and if the pump chamber physical dimensions are not long enough to insure complete absorption of the emitted acoustic wave energy, then a series of corner energy reflectors or energy reflector means 20 will reflect the emitted energy waves into additional linear zones or auxiliary chambers 15a, 15b, and 15c disposed parallel to the main pump chamber or main chamber 1 1 ; consequently, the wave energy is completely absorbed before the fluid exits the output port 5.
• FIG. 7b illustrates another embodiment of the present invention which features three transducers 8a, 8b, and 8c disposed in a parabolic plane so as to provide a resultant focused beam radiation field.; however this configuration is not restricted to any specific number of such transducers.
• the purpose of this of the present invention is to increase the emitted acoustic radiation pressure into the medium 7, thus producing increased flow rates to the medium 7.
• the alignment of this plurality of transducers 8 is not restricted to any specific alignment configuration.
• the parabolic face plane alignment configuration produces increases in the acoustic radiation pressure density pattern into the medium 7 resulting in the intensity of the acoustic radiation field being concentrated at a focal point within the medium 7.
• the emitted acoustic radiation patterns are represented by parallel lines 22a, 22b, and 22c, whereas with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 7a, the acoustic radiation pressure density pattern is represented by lines 22.
• the present invention can also have a plurality of transducers configured in as shown in FIG. 8a and FIG. 8b.
• Each of the plurality of transducers 8a and 8b are placed within one of the plurality of chambers 11a and l ib, but not restricted to any specific combination of transducers and chambers; or specific plurality of transducers in a specific plurality of chambers.
• the embodiment shown in 8b makes it clear that bi-directional or parallel flow is possible with this arrangement, however it is not restricted to only two different or parallel flows, but can be a plurality of directional flows or a plurality of parallel flows.
• the configuration of fluid flow 2a to 6a for FIG. 8a from chamber 11a is from input port la to output port 5a, and in a parallel direction for chamber l ib whose respective fluid flow 2b to 6b is from input port lb to output port 5b.
• FIG. 8b wherein the pump chambers 11a and l ib are situated in a manner that places their respective transducers 8a and 8b in directions opposing one another.
• This configuration produced bi-directional fluid flow 2a to 6a and 2b to 6b.
• Such configuration is not restricted to only bi-directional fluid flow but it can be a plurality of different directional arrangements.
• An ancillary extension of the multiple momentum pump is shown in FIG. 8c, wherein the fluid flow 7a from the top chamber 1 la travels to output port 5a and is further directed into the top chamber output flow and valve assembly 28a and the fluid flow 7b from the bottom chamber l ib travels to output port 5b and is further directed into the bottom chamber output flow and valve assembly 28b.
• Mixture tank or mixing chamber 29 accepts the different fluids from the top chamber output flow and valve assembly 28a and the bottom chamber output flow and valve assembly 28b where the mixture flows through a mixture output flow and valve assembly 30.
• FIG. 8d shows another embodiment, a derivation of FIG. 8b wherein in this configuration the opposing directional input ports 2a and 2b of FIG. 8b are connected to a common mixture tank or mixing chamber 29 for the purpose of mixing the different fluids.
• FIG. 9 represents another ancillary pump like configuration of the present invention whereby the previously configured output port 5 is replaced with a window or transparent means 24 comprised of glass or some similar transparent material.
• water H2O
• the primary goal of this embodiment of the invention is not to have pumping action taking place; instead the water remains within the chamber for the purpose of creating cavitation within the water.
• a very high energy density acoustic radiation pressure field is generated by an increased power pulse emanating from the drive circuitry 4 and applied to the transducer 8.
• the energy density is further increased by utilizing a tapered guide 12 and a parabolic transducer 8 which further concentrates the acoustic energy density.
• cavitation occurs within the water and these micro-bubbles (cavitation) form a cluster 23 near the window 24.
• These micro-bubbles expand and contract in unison with the emitted ultrasound and during the collapse phase of this activity blue light is emitted through the window 24.
• the phenomenon is a form of coherent sonoluminescence; which stems from the dynamic Casimir effect wherein dielectric media are accelerated and emit light.
• a bubble in water is seen as a hole in a dielectric medium.
• Water is a polar molecule with a high dipole moment and responds to incident light as an oscillating dipole. If a group of water molecules is ordered into a helical structure of an axial extent greater that the wavelength of blue light where the photon energy 3.3 eV and if the individual molecules are oriented so that the dipole moment vector of the molecules is generally pointing in the incident light direction, the group in unison is excited at the frequency of incident light.
• This sonoluminescence may be a highly ordered arrangement of water molecules in a liquid crystalline state scattering incident light in the Raman band. However, the sound wave is important. In the expansion, the molecular order is lost because the intermolecuiar spacing exceeds the range of electrostatic interaction.
• FIG. 10 represents another embodiment of this invention, namely a method of generating an electrical current within a liquid metallic medium 26.
• the premise for the operation of this apparatus relating to the present invention utilizes a liquid metallic medium 26 which is made to flow by the previous methods set forth in the above descriptions of FIGS 1-8.
• An external electromagnetic field coil 27 is wound around the outside of the chamber 11 and an electromagnetic field is established throughout the liquid metallic medium 26 therein. It should be apparent that for any number of design considerations either an electromagnetic field coil 27 could be used or a permanent magnetic field can be used; both provide a magnetic means. However, there is no restriction on the present invention to the number of electromagnetic fields or permanent magnetic fields established for this or any other purpose of the invention. As the acoustic energy is emitted from transducer 8 there is a flow gradient set up within the liquid metal medium 26 and as this liquid metal medium flows through the electromagnetic field created by field coil 27 and an electric current is induced therein by the field coil 27 which begins to flow within the liquid metal medium 26.
• the flow of this induced electric current is in the same direction of the pumped fluid flow 6 and travels through a connecting means connected between the outlet 5 and the inlet 1.
• the connecting means loop is through a first nonmetallic or metallic valve 32 and also through the nonmetallic or metallic output tubing 34 and in turn continuing on through a second nonmetallic or metallic valve 32. It then passes into the nonmetallic or metallic soiled tubing 35, where it cycles out through a nonmetallic or metallic valve assembly 31 where it eventually putzes through nonmetallic or metallic tubing 33 and to inlet valve 31 which is the initial reentry point for a new cycle of flow.
• a single transducer 8 is used but a plurality of transducers 8 can be incorporated for various design reasons, or any combination of a plurality of transducers and a plurality of chambers with a plurality of electromagnetic fields 27 or a plurality permanent magnetic fields for various design reasons. It should be apparent to anyone skilled in such art that a plurality of non-metallic or metallic coiled tubing arrangements could be used in conjunction with a plurality of transducers and a plurality of chambers with a plurality of electromagnetic fields 27 or a plurality of permanent magnetic fields for any possible design configuration or configurations.
• the above described embodiment utilizes a pump as described previously; which pump is surrounded by an externally generated magnetic field for the purpose of providing magnetic lines of force directly through the chamber means 11.
• the pump fluid medium 26 is a liquid metal and as it moves through the magnetic field it creates an electric current flow through the liquid metal.
• Such an embodiment, using ultrasound energy, can be used to generate electricity.

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• 1996
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