EP0876778A1 - Brush for automatic car wash installation - Google Patents

Brush for automatic car wash installation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0876778A1
EP0876778A1 EP98401083A EP98401083A EP0876778A1 EP 0876778 A1 EP0876778 A1 EP 0876778A1 EP 98401083 A EP98401083 A EP 98401083A EP 98401083 A EP98401083 A EP 98401083A EP 0876778 A1 EP0876778 A1 EP 0876778A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tufts
long
short
brush
hairs
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP98401083A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0876778B1 (en
Inventor
François Ordinaire
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MANUFLEX SA
Original Assignee
Ets Roger Brillie Sa Ste
Soc D Ets Roger Brillie S A
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ets Roger Brillie Sa Ste, Soc D Ets Roger Brillie S A filed Critical Ets Roger Brillie Sa Ste
Publication of EP0876778A1 publication Critical patent/EP0876778A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0876778B1 publication Critical patent/EP0876778B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B13/00—Brushes with driven brush bodies or carriers
    • A46B13/001—Cylindrical or annular brush bodies
    • A46B13/003—Cylindrical or annular brush bodies made up of a series of annular brush rings; Annular brush rings therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B9/00—Arrangements of the bristles in the brush body
    • A46B9/02—Position or arrangement of bristles in relation to surface of the brush body, e.g. inclined, in rows, in groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a brush for automatic washing installation.
  • vehicles in particular large vehicles such as trains, buses or trucks, of the type comprising a cylindrical drum on which are fixed, regular tufts of synthetic hair.
  • the bristles of brushes are generally made of flexible fibers plastic, for example polyethylene, polypropylene or polyamide, assembled in tufts in the cells of a support plate which is then bent in the form a cylindrical drum rotated by any means.
  • the contact pressure of the brush on the body depends on many factors such as the material of the fibers, the shape and dimensions of the section of these fibers, their density per cell, the distribution of cells, etc ... and also of brush pressurizing means.
  • means of controlling the pressurization do not currently provide a regular crushing of the brush during sudden variations due to the shapes of the bodywork or at the speed of travel thereof in front of the brush.
  • the main object of the present invention is therefore to remedy this drawback and, to do this, it relates to a brush of the aforementioned type which is characterized essentially in that it includes tufts of hair of a first length and tufts of hair at least a second length shorter than the first, the hairs short with greater rigidity than long hair.
  • the tufts of short hairs are evenly distributed in rows on the circumference of the drum between rows of tufts of long hair, but it's of course also possible to imagine other arrangements.
  • the short hairs have a cross section greater than that of long hair.
  • the report of the section of short hairs on the section of long hairs is greater than 2.
  • the short bristles are made of a more rigid synthetic material than that constituting the long hairs.
  • short hairs have a circular cross section
  • long hairs have a cruciform cross section.
  • the hairs are made up of non-flowered synthetic fibers.
  • the brush element shown in Figures 1 and 2 consists essentially of a support plate 1 provided with cells 2 arranged in staggered rows, in which are attached tufts of synthetic fibers 3 constituting the bristles of the brush.
  • the plaque support 1 is then bent on a tubular core in order to form with other plates the same kind a cylindrical drum capable of being rotated by a any means.
  • two kinds of fibers are provided, namely fibers long 4 and shorter fibers 5 whose rigidity is greater than that of fibers long.
  • the long fibers 4 constitute the washing hairs and they take up the usual characteristics of the washing fibers of standard brushes.
  • non-flowered cross-section polyamide fibers having a diameter of approximately 0.8 mm.
  • the short fibers 5 are designed to cause a significant increase in the reaction of the body to the brush.
  • they have a higher rigidity to that of long fibers and will for example consist of fibers in high density polypropylene, not flowered, having a diameter of about 2 mm, or more twice the diameter of long fibers.
  • the short bristles 5 are distributed uniformly in rows on the drum circumference, as shown in Figure 2 where we can see that each row of long hairs is surrounded by two rows of short hairs.
  • Figure 2 where we can see that each row of long hairs is surrounded by two rows of short hairs.
  • Figure 3 where there are successively two rows of long hairs, a row of hairs short, one row of long hairs, one row of short hairs, two rows of hairs long and so on.
  • Such a brush therefore ultimately makes it possible to obtain a quality of washing. much more regular, while preventing the brush from getting caught in recesses of the bodywork due to too high contact pressure.

Abstract

The brush for an automatic car wash comprises a cylindrical drum on which are fixed at regular intervals tufts of synthetic material bristles (3). There are tufts (4) of a first length and tufts (5) of a second lesser length. These shorter tufts have a greater rigidity than the long ones. The short tufts are divided uniformly into rows on the circumference of the drum between rows of long tufts. The ratio of the cross section of the short tufts to the long tufts is greater than two. The mixture of short and long bristles enables their regular squashing on the variable shape of the car bodywork.

Description

La présente invention concerne une brosse pour installation de lavage automatique de véhicules, en particulier des véhicules de gros gabarit comme les trains, les bus ou les camions, du type comprenant un tambour cylindrique sur lequel sont fixées, à intervalles réguliers, des touffes de poils en matière synthétique.The present invention relates to a brush for automatic washing installation. vehicles, in particular large vehicles such as trains, buses or trucks, of the type comprising a cylindrical drum on which are fixed, regular tufts of synthetic hair.

On sait que dans les équipements industriels de lavage des carrosseries de véhicules de gros gabarit, on utilise à l'heure actuelle couramment le principe du lavage à la brosse. Le lavage s'effectue alors par l'action combinée de deux phénomènes :

  • 1/ les produits détergents mélangés à l'eau de lavage permettent la mise en solution des salissures peu adhérentes ;
  • 2/ le frottement mécanique des poils des brosses sur la surface de la carrosserie décolle les salissures les plus adhérentes.
    • It is known that in industrial equipment for washing bodywork of large vehicles, the principle of brush washing is currently used. Washing is then carried out by the combined action of two phenomena:
  • 1 / the detergent products mixed with the washing water allow the solution of loosely adhering soiling;
  • 2 / the mechanical friction of the bristles of the brushes on the surface of the body takes off the most adherent dirt.

    • Les poils des brosses sont généralement constituées de fibres souples en matière plastique, par exemple du polyéthylène, du polypropylène ou du polyamide, assemblées en touffes dans les alvéoles d'une plaque support qui est ensuite cintrée sous la forme d'un tambour cylindrique entraíné en rotation par un moyen quelconque.The bristles of brushes are generally made of flexible fibers plastic, for example polyethylene, polypropylene or polyamide, assembled in tufts in the cells of a support plate which is then bent in the form a cylindrical drum rotated by any means.

    Pour obtenir une qualité de lavage régulière, il est souhaitable que l'écrasement de la brosse au niveau du point de contact avec la carrosserie à nettoyer soit également régulier.To obtain a regular washing quality, it is desirable that the crushing of the brush at the point of contact with the body to be cleaned is also regular.

    Or, la pression de contact de la brosse sur la carrosserie dépend de nombreux facteurs comme la matière constituant les fibres, la forme et les dimensions de la section de ces fibres, leur densité par alvéole, la répartition des alvéoles, etc... et également du moyen de mise en pression de la brosse. Malheureusement, l'expérience montre que les moyens de contrôle de la mise en pression ne permettent pas actuellement d'assurer un écrasement régulier de la brosse lors de variations brusques dues aux formes de la carrosserie ou à la vitesse de défilement de celle-ci devant la brosse.However, the contact pressure of the brush on the body depends on many factors such as the material of the fibers, the shape and dimensions of the section of these fibers, their density per cell, the distribution of cells, etc ... and also of brush pressurizing means. Unfortunately, experience shows that means of controlling the pressurization do not currently provide a regular crushing of the brush during sudden variations due to the shapes of the bodywork or at the speed of travel thereof in front of the brush.

    La présente invention a donc pour but principal de remédier à cet inconvénient et, pour ce faire, elle a pour objet une brosse du type susmentionné qui se caractérise essentiellement en ce qu'elle comprend des touffes de poils d'une première longueur et des touffes de poils d'au moins une deuxième longueur inférieure à la première, les poils courts ayant une rigidité supérieure à celle des poils longs. The main object of the present invention is therefore to remedy this drawback and, to do this, it relates to a brush of the aforementioned type which is characterized essentially in that it includes tufts of hair of a first length and tufts of hair at least a second length shorter than the first, the hairs short with greater rigidity than long hair.

    Ainsi, lorsque l'écrasement de la brosse devient trop important, les poils courts arrivent en contact avec la carrosserie et il se produit alors une variation rapide et importante de la réaction d'appui de la carrosserie sur la brosse qui repousse énergiquement cette dernière. On obtient donc de cette façon une qualité de lavage régulière, tout en évitant que la brosse ne vienne se coincer dans des recoins de la carrosserie.So when the crushing of the brush becomes too great, the short bristles come into contact with the body and then there is a rapid variation and important of the reaction of support of the body on the brush which pushes back energetically the latter. We thus obtain in this way a quality of washing regular, while preventing the brush from getting stuck in recesses of the body.

    De préférence, les touffes de poils courts sont réparties uniformément par rangées sur la circonférence du tambour entre des rangées de touffes de poils longs, mais il est bien entendu également possible d'imaginer d'autres dispositions.Preferably, the tufts of short hairs are evenly distributed in rows on the circumference of the drum between rows of tufts of long hair, but it's of course also possible to imagine other arrangements.

    Dans une forme de réalisation particulière de l'invention, les poils courts ont une section transversale supérieure à celle des poils longs. A titre d'exemple, le rapport de la section des poils courts sur la section des poils longs est supérieure à 2.In a particular embodiment of the invention, the short hairs have a cross section greater than that of long hair. For example, the report of the section of short hairs on the section of long hairs is greater than 2.

    De préférence, les poils courts sont réalisés en une matière synthétique plus rigide que celle constituant les poils longs.Preferably, the short bristles are made of a more rigid synthetic material than that constituting the long hairs.

    De même, les poils courts ont une section transversale circulaire, alors que les poils longs ont une section transversale cruciforme.Likewise, short hairs have a circular cross section, while long hairs have a cruciform cross section.

    Enfin, les poils sont constitués par des fibres synthétiques non fleurées.Finally, the hairs are made up of non-flowered synthetic fibers.

    Plusieurs formes d'exécution de l'invention sont décrites ci-après à titre d'exemple, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :

    • la figure 1 est une demi-vue en coupe d'un élément de brosse conforme à l'invention,
    • la figure 2 est une vue en plan de la plaque support correspondante, avant cintrage, montrant l'implantation des différentes sortes de fibres sur ladite plaque, et
    • la figure 3 est une vue analogue à la figure 2 montrant un autre exemple d'implantation.
    Several embodiments of the invention are described below by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
    • FIG. 1 is a half-section view of a brush element according to the invention,
    • FIG. 2 is a plan view of the corresponding support plate, before bending, showing the installation of the different kinds of fibers on said plate, and
    • Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 2 showing another example of layout.

    L'élément de brosse représenté sur les figures 1 et 2 se compose essentiellement d'une plaque support 1 pourvue d'alvéoles 2 disposées en quinconce, dans lesquelles sont fixées des touffes de fibres synthétiques 3 constituant les poils de la brosse. La plaque support 1 est ensuite cintrée sur un noyau tubulaire afin de former avec d'autres plaques du même genre un tambour cylindrique susceptible d'être entraíné en rotation par un moyen quelconque. The brush element shown in Figures 1 and 2 consists essentially of a support plate 1 provided with cells 2 arranged in staggered rows, in which are attached tufts of synthetic fibers 3 constituting the bristles of the brush. The plaque support 1 is then bent on a tubular core in order to form with other plates the same kind a cylindrical drum capable of being rotated by a any means.

    Conformément à l'invention, il est prévu deux sortes de fibres, à savoir des fibres longues 4 et des fibres plus courtes 5 dont la rigidité est supérieure à celle des fibres longues.According to the invention, two kinds of fibers are provided, namely fibers long 4 and shorter fibers 5 whose rigidity is greater than that of fibers long.

    Les fibres longues 4 constituent les poils de lavage et elles reprennent les caractéristiques usuelles des fibres de lavage des brosses standard. Il s'agira par exemple de fibres polyamide à section cruciforme, non fleurées, ayant un diamètre d'environ 0,8 mm.The long fibers 4 constitute the washing hairs and they take up the usual characteristics of the washing fibers of standard brushes. For example, non-flowered cross-section polyamide fibers having a diameter of approximately 0.8 mm.

    Les fibres courtes 5 sont conçues pour provoquer une augmentation importante de la réaction de la carrosserie sur la brosse. A cet effet, elles ont une rigidité supérieure à celle des fibres longues et seront par exemple constituées par des fibres en polypropylène haute densité, non fleurées, ayant un diamètre d'environ 2 mm, soit plus de deux fois le diamètre des fibres longues.The short fibers 5 are designed to cause a significant increase in the reaction of the body to the brush. For this purpose, they have a higher rigidity to that of long fibers and will for example consist of fibers in high density polypropylene, not flowered, having a diameter of about 2 mm, or more twice the diameter of long fibers.

    Pour augmenter la rigidité des poils courts 5 par rapport aux poils longs 4, on peut évidemment jouer non seulement sur leur diamètre et sur la nature de la matière synthétique les constituant, mais également sur leur densité dans les alvéoles 2 de la plaque support 1.To increase the rigidity of short bristles 5 compared to long bristles 4, it is possible to obviously play not only on their diameter and on the nature of the material synthetic constituting them, but also on their density in the cells 2 of the support plate 1.

    De préférence, les poils courts 5 sont répartis uniformément par rangées sur la circonférence du tambour, comme illustré sur la figure 2 où l'on peut voir que chaque rangée de poils longs est entourée par deux rangées de poils courts. Bien entendu, d'autres dispositions sont également possibles, comme représenté par exemple sur la figure 3 où l'on trouve successivement deux rangées de poils longs, une rangée de poils courts, une rangée de poils longs, une rangée de poils courts, deux rangées de poils longs et ainsi de suite.Preferably, the short bristles 5 are distributed uniformly in rows on the drum circumference, as shown in Figure 2 where we can see that each row of long hairs is surrounded by two rows of short hairs. Of course, other arrangements are also possible, as shown for example on the Figure 3 where there are successively two rows of long hairs, a row of hairs short, one row of long hairs, one row of short hairs, two rows of hairs long and so on.

    La brosse conforme à l'invention qui vient d'être décrite opère de la manière suivante.The brush according to the invention which has just been described operates in the manner next.

    Lors du lavage, seuls les poils de lavage, c'est-à-dire les fibres longues 4, doivent être en contact avec la carrosserie à nettoyer.When washing, only the washing hairs, i.e. the long fibers 4, must be be in contact with the body to be cleaned.

    Si maintenant survient une variation rapide du contact, à la suite par exemple d'une variation brusque de la forme de la carrosserie, variation qui peut d'ailleurs être amplifiée par la vitesse de défilement relative de la brosse par rapport à la carrosserie, les poils de lavage s'écrasent et les fibres courtes 5 viennent en contact avec la surface de la carrosserie. Il se produit alors une augmentation importante de la réaction de la carrosserie sur la brosse qui se trouve ainsi repoussée énergiquement. Cette action de rejet de la brosse a lieu pendant toute la durée du contact des fibres courtes avec la carrosserie.If now there is a rapid change in contact, for example following a abrupt variation in the shape of the bodywork, a variation which may moreover be amplified by the relative speed of movement of the brush with respect to the body, the washing bristles are crushed and the short fibers 5 come into contact with the surface of the body. There then occurs a significant increase in the reaction of the bodywork on the brush which is thus strongly repelled. This action of rejection of the brush takes place throughout the duration of the contact of the short fibers with the body.

    Une telle brosse permet donc en définitive d'obtenir une qualité de lavage beaucoup plus régulière, tout en évitant que la brosse ne vienne se coincer dans des recoins de la carrosserie à la suite d'une pression de contact trop importante.Such a brush therefore ultimately makes it possible to obtain a quality of washing. much more regular, while preventing the brush from getting caught in recesses of the bodywork due to too high contact pressure.

    Claims (7)

    Brosse pour installation de lavage automatique de véhicules, du type comprenant un tambour cylindrique sur lequel sont fixées, à intervalles réguliers, des touffes de poils (3) en matière synthétique, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend des touffes de poils (4) d'une première longueur et des touffes de poils (5) d'au moins une deuxième longueur inférieure à la première, les poils courts (5) ayant une rigidité supérieure à celle des poils longs (4).Brush for automatic vehicle washing system, of the type comprising a cylindrical drum on which tufts of hair are fixed at regular intervals (3) made of synthetic material, characterized in that it comprises tufts of hair (4) of a first length and tufts of hair (5) of at least a second length lower than the first, the short hairs (5) having a rigidity greater than that of long hairs (4). Brosse selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que les touffes de poils courts (5) sont réparties uniformément par rangées sur la circonférence du tambour entre des rangées de touffes de poils longs (4).Brush according to claim 1, characterized in that the tufts of bristles short (5) are evenly distributed in rows around the circumference of the drum between rows of tufts of long hair (4). Brosse selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que les poils courts (5) ont une section transversale supérieure à celle des poils longs (4).Brush according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the short bristles (5) have a cross section greater than that of the long bristles (4). Brosse selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que le rapport de la section des poils courts (5) sur la section des poils longs (4) est supérieure à 2.Brush according to claim 3, characterized in that the section ratio short hairs (5) on the section of long hairs (4) is greater than 2. Brosse selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que les poils courts (5) sont réalisés en une matière synthétique plus rigide que celle constituant les poils longs (4).Brush according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the short bristles (5) are made of a more rigid synthetic material than that constituting the long hairs (4). Brosse selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que les poils courts (5) ont une section transversale circulaire, alors que les poils longs (4) ont une section transversale cruciforme.Brush according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the short hairs (5) have a circular cross section, while the long hairs (4) have a cruciform cross section. Brosse selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que les poils (3) sont constitués par des fibres synthétiques non fleurées.Brush according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the bristles (3) are made up of non-flowered synthetic fibers.
    EP19980401083 1997-05-05 1998-05-04 Brush for automatic car wash installation Expired - Lifetime EP0876778B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    FR9705513 1997-05-05
    FR9705513A FR2762764B1 (en) 1997-05-05 1997-05-05 BRUSH FOR AUTOMATIC VEHICLE WASHING SYSTEM

    Publications (2)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0876778A1 true EP0876778A1 (en) 1998-11-11
    EP0876778B1 EP0876778B1 (en) 2003-04-16

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    Family Applications (1)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP19980401083 Expired - Lifetime EP0876778B1 (en) 1997-05-05 1998-05-04 Brush for automatic car wash installation

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    EP (1) EP0876778B1 (en)
    DE (1) DE69813358T2 (en)
    ES (1) ES2192307T3 (en)
    FR (1) FR2762764B1 (en)

    Cited By (5)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2001021037A1 (en) * 1999-09-20 2001-03-29 Washtec Holding Gmbh Washing device for a car wash unit
    EP1181862A3 (en) * 2000-08-23 2002-05-29 Bernhard Heitmann Rotationally symmetric cylindrical brush for a cattle cleaning machine
    EP1584441A1 (en) * 2004-04-09 2005-10-12 Manufacture des Brosses du Marais Poitevin MBMP Process for manufacturing bristles for brushes of car washing installations, bristles and brushes made using said bristles
    EP2468130A3 (en) * 2010-12-23 2012-08-01 Robert Bosch GmbH Rotating brush, in particular for hand tool machines
    EP2497363A1 (en) 2007-05-18 2012-09-12 Sciessent, LLC Bioactive agrichemical compositions and use thereof

    Families Citing this family (2)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    AU2015289367B2 (en) * 2014-07-16 2018-09-20 Markus Kress Roller brush, in particular for a cleaning and/or care device and cleaning and/or care device
    US11484173B2 (en) 2014-07-16 2022-11-01 Markus Kress Roller brush, in particular for a cleaning and/or maintenance device and a cleaning and/or maintenance device

    Citations (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE1245899B (en) * 1965-07-24 1967-08-03 Alois Nickl Rotatable brush for washing vehicles
    DE2605842A1 (en) * 1976-02-13 1977-08-25 Leifheit International ROTATING BRUSH FOR CLEANING DEVICES, IN PARTICULAR FOR CARPET CLEANING DEVICES
    EP0118315A2 (en) * 1983-03-07 1984-09-12 Slagteriernes Forskningsinstitut Brushing device
    EP0193695A2 (en) * 1985-03-07 1986-09-10 FAVAGROSSA EDOARDO & FIGLIO A brush for a washing roller

    Patent Citations (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE1245899B (en) * 1965-07-24 1967-08-03 Alois Nickl Rotatable brush for washing vehicles
    DE2605842A1 (en) * 1976-02-13 1977-08-25 Leifheit International ROTATING BRUSH FOR CLEANING DEVICES, IN PARTICULAR FOR CARPET CLEANING DEVICES
    EP0118315A2 (en) * 1983-03-07 1984-09-12 Slagteriernes Forskningsinstitut Brushing device
    EP0193695A2 (en) * 1985-03-07 1986-09-10 FAVAGROSSA EDOARDO & FIGLIO A brush for a washing roller

    Cited By (7)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2001021037A1 (en) * 1999-09-20 2001-03-29 Washtec Holding Gmbh Washing device for a car wash unit
    US7152269B1 (en) 1999-09-20 2006-12-26 Washtec Holding Gmbh Washing device for a car wash unit
    EP1181862A3 (en) * 2000-08-23 2002-05-29 Bernhard Heitmann Rotationally symmetric cylindrical brush for a cattle cleaning machine
    EP1584441A1 (en) * 2004-04-09 2005-10-12 Manufacture des Brosses du Marais Poitevin MBMP Process for manufacturing bristles for brushes of car washing installations, bristles and brushes made using said bristles
    FR2868729A1 (en) * 2004-04-09 2005-10-14 Manuf Des Brosses Du Marais Po METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING WASH BRUSHES OF VEHICLES, HAIRS OBTAINED THEREBY AND BRUSHES MADE OF SUCH HAIR
    EP2497363A1 (en) 2007-05-18 2012-09-12 Sciessent, LLC Bioactive agrichemical compositions and use thereof
    EP2468130A3 (en) * 2010-12-23 2012-08-01 Robert Bosch GmbH Rotating brush, in particular for hand tool machines

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    DE69813358D1 (en) 2003-05-22
    EP0876778B1 (en) 2003-04-16
    ES2192307T3 (en) 2003-10-01
    DE69813358T2 (en) 2003-12-04
    FR2762764A1 (en) 1998-11-06
    FR2762764B1 (en) 1999-07-16

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