EP0872874B1 - Détecteur de particules à électrodes multiples et procédé de fabrication de ce détecteur - Google Patents
Détecteur de particules à électrodes multiples et procédé de fabrication de ce détecteur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0872874B1 EP0872874B1 EP98400930A EP98400930A EP0872874B1 EP 0872874 B1 EP0872874 B1 EP 0872874B1 EP 98400930 A EP98400930 A EP 98400930A EP 98400930 A EP98400930 A EP 98400930A EP 0872874 B1 EP0872874 B1 EP 0872874B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- detector
- border
- detector according
- electrodes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J47/00—Tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density or energy of radiation or particles
- H01J47/001—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J47/00—Tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density or energy of radiation or particles
- H01J47/02—Ionisation chambers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a detector of particles with multiple electrodes as well as a manufacturing process of this detector.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view schematic and partial of an embodiment particular of this known detector.
- the electrode 6 constitutes the cathode of the detector while the electrode 8 constitutes the anode of this detector.
- the electrode 4 the structure of which matters little (it can be for example a grid), and the cathode 6 of the detector of figure 1 delimit a space called "conversion space”.
- the cathode 6 and the anode 8 of the detector define, for their part, a space called "space amplification ".
- the anode 8 of the detector comprises a set elementary anodes 14 formed on a support electrically insulating 16 and spaced from each other other.
- these elementary anodes are electrically bands conductors parallel to each other.
- the cathode 6 of the detector of FIG. 1 is an electrically conductive thin plate, of thin and pierced with holes 18 of small size, this cathode 6 thus forming a grid which, given the small size of its holes, may be called "micro-grid”.
- Polarization means not shown are able to bring the electrode 4 to a potential HV1, cathode 6 at a potential HV2 greater than HV1 and all conductive strips 14 at the same potential HV3 higher than HV2.
- the polarization means make it possible to create electric fields E1 and E2 respectively in conversion space and in space amplification.
- the distance D between cathode 6 and the plane conductive strip 14 is weak.
- the distance D is worth 100 ⁇ m.
- the distance between electrode 4 and the cathode 6 is much larger and is 3 mm in the example shown.
- the ratio R of the intensity of the electric field E2, created in space amplification, at the intensity of the electric field E1, created in the conversion space is very large in front 1 (greater than 10).
- the polarization means generate a field of 50 kV / cm in the amplification space and a field of 1 kV / cm in the conversion space so that ratio R is equal to 50.
- the conductive strips 14 are copper micro-tracks 150 ⁇ m wide and 5 ⁇ m thick (thickness much lower than D), which are formed by a classic technique of photogravure on the substrate insulator 16, these micro-tracks being spaced apart others of 320 ⁇ m.
- the micro-grid 6 is formed by electrodeposition and has a thickness of the order of 3 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m and square holes of 15 ⁇ m x 15 ⁇ m with a pitch of 25 ⁇ m.
- the enclosure 2 of the detector of FIG. 1 is provided with means not shown allowing it circulate a suitable gas, for example a mixture Ar + 10% DME.
- this gas allows the amplification of electrons by a process avalanche.
- the gas does not circulate at through enclosure 2 but enclosure 2 is initially filled with gas at the desired pressure.
- Each of the micro-tracks 14 is connected to a fast amplifier not shown, allowing amplify the electrical signals collected by this micro-track.
- an ionizing particle 12 crosses the conversion space defined by the electrodes 4 and 6, it ionizes the gas which is in the space of conversion and creates about ten electrons there primary.
- This crossing of the micro-grid is facilitated by the high R ratio existing between the field created in the conversion space and the field created in the amplification space.
- the field lines are deformed in the vicinity of the micro-grid and the electrons are focused towards the center of the holes in this micro-grid.
- these electrons are amplified by the well known process thanks to the high field prevailing in the amplification space (associated with the gas mixture suitable, e.g. Ar + 10% DME).
- Electrons are collected in a few nanoseconds by the anode micro-tracks and the ions quickly drift towards the micro-grid.
- the ion drift creates by induction a load on the micro-tracks of the anode.
- micro-tracks whose pitch is around of the amplification interval allow a location of the avalanche.
- M e ⁇ D
- ⁇ the first Townsend coefficient
- E2 the electric field created in the amplification space
- D the distance between the micro-grid and the anode where the multiplication.
- the variation of the gain M in function of V is substantially exponential when V varies in the range from 0.2kV to 0.5kV.
- the gain of detector is insensitive to small variations in distance between the micro-grid and the anode.
- This attraction tends to distort the micro-grid and can modify the amplification space if this micro-grid is not sufficiently maintained.
- electrically insulating spacers 29 (figure 2) made up of quartz or nylon fibers, the diameter is equal to D (100 ⁇ m) and which are placed on the micro-tracks 14 of the anode, perpendicular to these micro-tracks, and are regularly spaced from each other with a pitch ⁇ of the order of 2 mm at 3 mm.
- micro-grid thus stretched is placed on the fibers forming the spacers, the micro-grid being then between the frame and these fibers.
- the micro-grid holding frame presenting his own faults and his own rigidity, it appears areas where the distance between the micro-grid and the anode is no longer equal to its value nominal.
- the object of the present invention is to remedy the above drawbacks and, more generally prevent a flexible electrode from a particle detector to come into contact with a other electrode of this detector under the effect of a electrostatic force resulting from the application of a electrical voltage between these two electrodes while disturbing the electric field less than before thus established between these two electrodes.
- the present invention has for object an electrode particle detector multiple, in which a flexible electrode and a other electrode are intended to be worn to different electrical potentials and are maintained spaced from each other by spacers electrically insulating, placed between these two electrodes, this detector being characterized in that the spacers are point elements, distributed in the space between the two electrodes.
- the detector may further include a electrically insulating border which surrounds the whole point elements.
- Point elements and / or border can be attached to said other electrode, the flexible electrode resting on the elements punctual and possibly attached to the border.
- the two electrodes are kept parallel to the means of the elements punctual, these then having the same height (equal to the desired distance between the two electrodes).
- the border if used, has the same height than point elements.
- the present invention applies all particularly to detectors like those are described in documents (1), (2) and (3) mentioned above:
- the detector object of the invention can further comprise a first electrode spaced from the two electrodes, the flexible electrode delimiting (a) with said other electrode an amplification space where these two electrodes respectively constitute a cathode and an anode and (b) with the first electrode a space for converting particles into electrons ionization and drift of these electrons towards the amplification space, the cathode being pierced with holes, the anode comprising a set of anodes electrically isolated from each other others, the first electrode being intended to be brought to a first potential, the cathode to a second potential greater than the first potential and the anodes elementary to a third potential greater than second potential, to create electric fields respectively in the conversion spaces and amplification.
- the first electrode, the anode and the cathode are the distance D between the cathode and the anode being less than 500 ⁇ m, the ratio R of the intensity of the electric field created in the amplification space to the intensity of the electric field created in the space of conversion being greater than 10, the height of point elements being equal to D and the dimensions of these point elements, counted parallel to the anode, being substantially equal to D.
- anode and cathode point elements and / or the border are preferably fixed to the anode and the cathode rests on the point elements, and is possibly attached to the border.
- the distance between the flexible electrode and said other electrode is not not constant, these two electrodes being spaced apart controlled way using height spacers adapted to the desired interval between these two electrodes.
- the point elements form cylinders (in the broad sense, the cylinders of revolution being only a particular case), each cylinder having dimensions which, counted parallel to said two electrodes, are substantially equal to or less than the height of this cylinder.
- the point elements form spheres.
- the present invention also relates to a manufacturing process of the object detector the invention, characterized in that the said form is formed other electrode a layer of photoresist (resin photosensitive) whose thickness is adapted to the space chosen between the two electrodes, in that we form these point elements by insolation of this layer, through a mask defining the point elements, then development of the layer, and in that we place then the flexible electrode on the point elements in photoresist thus formed.
- photoresist resin photosensitive
- the photoresist layer is formed on the anode of the detector, so as to form thereon the point elements in photoresist, and the cathode is then placed on these point elements in photoresist.
- the mask further defines said border, so as to also form a border in photoresist on the anode by insolation then development of the photoresist layer and we place then the cathode on the point elements in photoresist.
- the thickness is equal to this height.
- these columns are regularly distributed in the space between the anode and the micro-grid and we note ⁇ the pitch of columns.
- the disturbed area represents ( ⁇ / 4). (3D / ⁇ ) 2 of the detector surface.
- the ratio D / rapport occurs at square and, keeping a step ⁇ between columns of 2 mm, only 1.7% of the detector surface is disrupted.
- balusters instead of fibers therefore leads to a considerable reduction in the disturbed surface.
- Columns 30 could be formed on the insulating substrate 16 but, in the example shown, they are formed on micro-tracks conductive 14.
- the detector according to the invention which is shown schematically and partial in Figure 3, we start by forming the micro-grid and the substrate (e.g. resin epoxy) carrying the micro-tracks 14 which are obtained by a traditional photogravure technique.
- the substrate e.g. resin epoxy
- the columns 30 are then formed also by a photoengraving technique.
- the thickness of this layer is equal to the distance D desired and can range from 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m (it is worth 100 ⁇ m in the example considered).
- This mask is previously aligned with the surface carrying the conductive micro-tracks using of marks engraved at the same time as these micro-tracks conductive.
- the detector is then completed (in particular by installing micro-grid 6 and the electrode 4).
- a photoresist border 32 (FIG. 4) which surrounds all of the balusters 30 and has the same height D than these.
- the micro-grid 6 When mounting the detector, the micro-grid 6 is placed on the balusters 30 and then stretched and fixed at its periphery on the edge 32, of preferably by gluing for example by means of a epoxy resin.
- the conductors 34 which can be seen on the figure 4 are simply extensions of the micro-tracks conductive and allow the connection of these to fast amplifiers that we use during the operation of the detector as we have seen upper.
- Such a detector according to the invention does not shows no disturbances comparable to those that we observed with detectors using fibers as spacers.
- balusters The area covered by the balusters is much less than in the prior art since we are gone from a linear configuration to a configuration punctual.
- the flatness defects of the substrate 16 are tolerable.
- the amount of material introduced into the detector is also weaker than in art conversion space can be reduced if necessary.
- a wide range of film thicknesses from photoresist is commercially available and all kinds of patterns are possible at the time of photogravure.
- the spacers can be shaped cylindrical of revolution or parallelepiped by example.
- a detector formed with the process using a photoresist layer still allows a change of micro-grid provided you use a glue easy to dissolve without damaging the photoresist.
- the micro-grid 6 is no longer attached to border 32: it is attached to substrate 16 using the border as spacer.
- the micro-grid can then be easily connected to a bias electrode: on can provide a photo-etched electrode on the substrate and use a conductive glue to fix the micro-grid to the substrate and, in particular, to this electrode.
- Attachment of the micro-grid to the substrate has another advantage: when you want to place two detectors side by side on the same insulating substrate, the fixing of the two corresponding micro-grids on this substrate reduces the “dead zone” between these two micro-grids.
- two detectors 36 and 38 are formed on the same substrate 16.
- micro-grids 6 and 6a rest on the posts 30 and 30a and borders 32 and 32a corresponding and are fixed, by gluing, to the substrate 16, in space 40.
- elementary anodes forming parallel micro-tracks 14 we can use, as mentioned in the document (1), elementary anodes forming a network two-dimensional checkerboard on the insulating substrate 16 or any other configuration.
- spheres insulators of diameter D, for example quartz, to the place of these balusters.
- the invention applies to any detector of particles in which two electrodes must be kept parallel to each other.
- the thickness of the micro-grid is of the order of 3 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m but in other detectors it could go up to 100 ⁇ m.
- the invention applies to any electrode liable to deform (whatever its thickness), to prevent it from forming a short circuit with another adjacent electrode by electro-static attraction with the latter when an electrical voltage is applied between these two electrodes.
- the electrodes are also not necessarily parallel.
- it may be useful to do continuously vary the distance between the micro-grid and the anode of a MICROMEGAS type detector (documents (1) to (3)).
- a MICROMEGAS type detector (documents (1) to (3)).
- spacers points of varying heights are achievable by example using insulating balls with diameters variables or by means of photoresist and a photolithography, and allow, thanks to the flexibility of the microgrid, to get any space desired between this microgrid and the anode.
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- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Description
- une enceinte à gaz 2, et
- trois électrodes planes 4, 6 et 8 contenues dans l'enceinte 2, qui sont parallèles les unes aux autres.
- la figure 1, déjà décrite, est une vue en perspective schématique et partielle d'un détecteur connu,
- la figure 2, déjà décrite, montre schématiquement des espaceurs utilisés dans ce détecteur et constitués par des fibres isolantes,
- la figure 3 est une vue en perspective schématique et partielle d'un mode de réalisation particulier du détecteur objet de l'invention, utilisant des espaceurs constitués par des colonnettes isolantes,
- la figure 4 montre schématiquement une bordure qui est utilisée dans le détecteur de la figure 3 et qui entoure les colonnettes,
- les figures 5 et 6 illustrent schématiquement d'autres modes de réalisation particuliers de l'invention, et
- les figures 7 et 8 illustrent schématiquement un autre détecteur conforme à l'invention.
Claims (19)
- Détecteur de particules à électrodes multiples, dans lequel une électrode flexible (6) et une autre électrode (8) sont destinées à être portées à des potentiels électriques différents et sont maintenues espacées l'une de l'autre au moyen d'espaceurs électriquement isolants, placés entre ces deux électrodes, ce détecteur étant caractérisé en ce que les espaceurs sont des éléments ponctuels (30) répartis dans l'espace compris entre les deux électrodes.
- Détecteur selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre une bordure électriquement isolante (32) qui entoure l'ensemble des éléments ponctuels (30).
- Détecteur selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 et 2, dans lequel les éléments ponctuels et/ou la bordure sont fixés à ladite autre électrode (8), l'électrode flexible (6) reposant sur les éléments ponctuels et étant éventuellement fixée à la bordure.
- Détecteur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les deux électrodes sont maintenues parallèles au moyen des éléments ponctuels, ceux-ci ayant la même hauteur (D).
- Détecteur selon les revendications 2 et 4, dans lequel la bordure a la même hauteur que les éléments ponctuels.
- Détecteur selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre une première électrode (4) espacée des deux électrodes, l'électrode flexible délimitant (a) avec ladite autre électrode un espace d'amplification où ces deux électrodes constituent respectivement une cathode et une anode et (b) avec la première électrode un espace de conversion des particules en électrons d'ionisation et de dérive de ces électrons vers l'espace d'amplification, la cathode étant percée de trous (18), l'anode comprenant un ensemble d'anodes élémentaires (14) électriquement isolées les unes des autres, la première électrode étant destinée à être portée à un premier potentiel, la cathode à un deuxième potentiel supérieur au premier potentiel et les anodes élémentaires à un troisième potentiel supérieur au deuxième potentiel, pour créer des champs électriques respectivement dans les espaces de conversion et d'amplification.
- Détecteur selon les revendications 4 et 6, dans lequel la première électrode est parallèle aux deux électrodes, la distance D entre la cathode et l'anode étant inférieure à 500 µm, le rapport R de l'intensité du champ électrique créé dans l'espace d'amplification à l'intensité du champ électrique créé dans l'espace de conversion étant supérieur à 10, la hauteur des éléments ponctuels étant égale à D et les dimensions de ces éléments ponctuels, comptées parallèlement à l'anode, étant sensiblement égales à D.
- Détecteur selon la revendication 6, comprenant en outre une bordure électriquement isolante (32) qui entoure l'ensemble des éléments ponctuels (30).
- Détecteur selon les revendications 7 et 8, dans lequel la bordure a la même hauteur que les éléments ponctuels.
- Détecteur selon l'une au moins des revendications 6 et 8, dans lequel les éléments ponctuels (30) et/ou la bordure sont fixés à l'anode (8) et la cathode (6) repose sur les éléments ponctuels et est éventuellement fixée à la bordure.
- Détecteur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 6, dans lequel la distance séparant l'électrode flexible et ladite autre électrode n'est pas constante, ces deux électrodes étant espacées de façon contrôlée à l'aide d'espaceurs de hauteurs adaptées à l'intervalle souhaité entre ces deux électrodes.
- Détecteur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, dans lequel les éléments ponctuels forment des cylindres (30), chaque cylindre ayant des dimensions qui, comptées parallèlement à ladite autre électrode, sont sensiblement égales ou inférieures à la hauteur de ce cylindre.
- Détecteur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, dans lequel les éléments ponctuels forment des sphères.
- Procédé de fabrication du détecteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on forme sur ladite autre électrode (8) une couche de photorésist dont l'épaisseur est adaptée à l'espace choisi entre les deux électrodes, en ce qu'on forme les éléments ponctuels (30) par insolation de cette couche, à travers un masque définissant ces éléments ponctuels, puis développement de la couche, et en ce qu'on place ensuite l'électrode flexible (6) sur les éléments ponctuels en photorésist ainsi formés.
- Procédé selon la revendication 14, pour la fabrication du détecteur selon la revendication 4, dans lequel l'épaisseur de la couche de photorésist est égale à ladite hauteur (D).
- Procédé selon la revendication 14, pour la fabrication du détecteur selon la revendication 6, dans lequel la couche de photorésist est formée sur l'anode (8) du détecteur, de manière à former sur celle-ci les éléments ponctuels (30) en photorésist, et la cathode (6) est ensuite placée sur ces éléments ponctuels en photorésist.
- Procédé selon la revendication 16, pour la fabrication du détecteur selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le masque définit en outre ladite bordure (32), de manière à former aussi une bordure en photorésist sur l'anode (8) par insolation puis développement de la couche de photorésist et on place ensuite la cathode (6) sur les éléments ponctuels en photorésist.
- Procédé selon la revendication 17, dans lequel on fixe la cathode (6) à la bordure (32) en photorésist.
- Procédé selon la revendication 17, dans lequel on fixe la cathode à un substrat électriquement isolant portant les anodes élémentaires en utilisant la bordure comme espaceur.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9704617A FR2762096B1 (fr) | 1997-04-15 | 1997-04-15 | Detecteur de particules a electrodes paralleles multiples et procede de fabrication de ce detecteur |
FR9704617 | 1997-04-15 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0872874A1 EP0872874A1 (fr) | 1998-10-21 |
EP0872874B1 true EP0872874B1 (fr) | 2002-12-18 |
Family
ID=9505917
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98400930A Expired - Lifetime EP0872874B1 (fr) | 1997-04-15 | 1998-04-15 | Détecteur de particules à électrodes multiples et procédé de fabrication de ce détecteur |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0872874B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE230159T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69810182T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2762096B1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2317538A1 (fr) | 2009-10-28 | 2011-05-04 | CERN - European Organization For Nuclear Research | Procédé de fabrication d'un espace d'amplification d'un détecteur de particules en avalanche |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2790100B1 (fr) | 1999-02-24 | 2001-04-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Detecteur bidimensionnel de rayonnements ionisants et procede de fabrication de ce detecteur |
FR2837000B1 (fr) * | 2002-03-08 | 2004-07-02 | Biospace Instr | Detecteurs de radiations et dispositifs d'imagerie autoradiographique comprenant de tels detecteurs |
EP2562563A1 (fr) | 2011-08-26 | 2013-02-27 | CERN - European Organization For Nuclear Research | Interface de lecture pour détecteur de particules en avalanche |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS58188030A (ja) * | 1982-04-26 | 1983-11-02 | Fujitsu Ltd | ガス放電パネルの製造方法 |
SE8403066L (sv) * | 1983-06-16 | 1984-12-17 | American Telephone & Telegraph | Forbettringar hos eller med avseende pa skermanordningar |
US5510674A (en) * | 1993-04-28 | 1996-04-23 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier |
-
1997
- 1997-04-15 FR FR9704617A patent/FR2762096B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-04-15 AT AT98400930T patent/ATE230159T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-04-15 DE DE69810182T patent/DE69810182T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-15 EP EP98400930A patent/EP0872874B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2317538A1 (fr) | 2009-10-28 | 2011-05-04 | CERN - European Organization For Nuclear Research | Procédé de fabrication d'un espace d'amplification d'un détecteur de particules en avalanche |
WO2011050884A1 (fr) * | 2009-10-28 | 2011-05-05 | Cern - European Organization For Nuclear Research | Procédé pour fabriquer un espace d'amplification d'un détecteur de particules à avalanche |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE230159T1 (de) | 2003-01-15 |
EP0872874A1 (fr) | 1998-10-21 |
FR2762096A1 (fr) | 1998-10-16 |
DE69810182T2 (de) | 2003-10-09 |
FR2762096B1 (fr) | 1999-06-11 |
DE69810182D1 (de) | 2003-01-30 |
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