EP0871848B1 - Flowmeter with pitot tube with average pressure - Google Patents
Flowmeter with pitot tube with average pressure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0871848B1 EP0871848B1 EP96945447A EP96945447A EP0871848B1 EP 0871848 B1 EP0871848 B1 EP 0871848B1 EP 96945447 A EP96945447 A EP 96945447A EP 96945447 A EP96945447 A EP 96945447A EP 0871848 B1 EP0871848 B1 EP 0871848B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- flow rate
- calculated
- circuitry
- stat
- calculating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/05—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects
- G01F1/34—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure
- G01F1/36—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure the pressure or differential pressure being created by the use of flow constriction
- G01F1/40—Details of construction of the flow constriction devices
- G01F1/46—Pitot tubes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to measurement of fluid flow. More specifically, the present invention relates to flow measurement of a process fluid using an averaging pitot tube type sensor.
- Measurement of flow rate of process fluid is necessary to control industrial processes.
- transmitters which measure flow rate (Q) are placed at remote locations in the field of a process control system. These transmitters transmit flow rate information to a control room. The flow rate information is used to control operation of the process.
- process fluid refers to both liquid and gaseous fluids.
- Head meters are the most common type of meter used to measure fluid flow rates. They measure fluid flow indirectly by creating and measuring a differential pressure by means of an obstruction to the fluid flow. Using well-established conversion coefficients which depend on the type of head meter used and the diameter of the pipe, a measurement of the differential pressure may be translated into a mass or volume rate.
- an averaging pitot tube type primary element for indicating flow consists of two hollow tubes that sense the pressure at different places within the pipe. These tubes can be mounted separately in the pipe or installed together in one casing as a single device. This design includes a forward facing tube which measures total pressure (P TOT ). A second tube measures a down stream pressure. The differential pressure between the two tubes is proportional to the square of the flow as given in Equation 2.
- Q NKD 2 Y 1 ⁇ h
- P TOT absolute or total pressure
- P STAT static pressure
- the present invention provides apparatus for coupling to an averaging pitot tube type primary element having a generally forward facing tube and a second tube, the apparatus for calculating flow rate of process fluid, comprising a total pressure sensor arranged to sense total pressure (P TOT ) of the process fluid using the generally forward facing tube and for providing a total pressure sensor output (P TOT '); a differential pressure sensor arranged to sense a differential pressure (h) in the process fluid between the generally forward facing tube and the second tube and for providing a differential pressure sensor output (h'); circuitry arranged to calculate flow rate based upon the total pressure sensor output (P TOT ') and the differential pressure'sensor output (h'); I/O circuitry arranged to provide the calculated flow rate (Q); and characterised in that the I/O circuitry, the pressure sensors and the circuitry are all arranged in a transmitter and in that the transmitter transmits the calculated flow rate Q to a process control loop; and in that the circuitry is arranged to calculate the flow rate (Q) with the steps of:
- the present invention also provides a method using an apparatus for determining a flow rate (Q) of a process fluid flowing past an averaging pitot tube type primary element having a generally forward facing tube and a second tube, the method comprising sensing a total pressure (P TOT ) of the process fluid in the generally forward facing tube with a total pressure sensor providing a total pressure sensor output (P TOT '); sensing a differential pressure (h) in the process fluid between the generally forward facing tube and the second tube with a differential pressure sensor providing a differential pressure sensor output (h'); providing I/O circuitry arranged to provide the calculated flow rate (Q); and by arranging the I/O circuitry, the pressure sensors and circuitry in a transmitter that transmits the calculated flow rate (Q) over a process control loop; and by calculating the flow rate (Q) in the circuitry with the steps of :
- the present invention provides apparatus for measuring mass flow rate (Q) using an averaging pitot tube type primary element.
- the invention does not require a separate static pressure measurement.
- One aspect of the invention includes a total pressure sensor that senses total pressure (P STAT ) of a process fluid from one pitot tube.
- a second pressure sensor measures a differential pressure between the tubes of the primary element.
- Circuitry in the transmitter calculates static pressure (P STAT ) based upon the total pressure sensor output.
- the calculated static pressure (P STAT ) is used to calculate fluid density ( ⁇ ) and the gas expansion factor (Y 1 ).
- Flow (Q) is calculated based upon the pressure measurements, the fluid density ( ⁇ ) and the gas expansion factor (Y 1 ).
- FIG. 1A is a view of a process control system including a transmitter 10 in accordance with the present invention coupled to process piping 12.
- Process piping 12 carries process fluid having a velocity (V) and a flow rate (Q).
- Pipe 12 conducts flow of a fluid, either a gas or a liquid, in the direction indicated by arrow 16.
- the present invention does not require a separate measurement of static pressure (P STAT ) and provides an accurate estimation of the P STAT based upon the total pressure (P TOT ), which is sensed by the forward facing tube in an averaging pitot tube type primary element, and the differential pressure (h) measured between the two tubes.
- P TOT total pressure
- the estimate of calculated static pressure is used in calculations for determining fluid density ( ⁇ ) and the gas expansion factor (Y 1 ).
- the technique for estimating static pressure requires less computational time and power than- using typical prior art formulas.
- Transmitter 10 includes transmitter electronics module 18 and sensor module 22.
- Transmitter electronics-module 18 also preferably includes a boss 20 for accepting an input from a resistive temperature device (RTD), preferably a 100 ohm RTD which is typically inserted directly into the pipe or into a thermowell which is inserted into the pipe to measure the process fluid temperature.
- RTD resistive temperature device
- the wires from the RTD are connected to one side of a terminal block in a temperature sensor housing 24.
- the other side of the terminal block is connected to wires which run through tube 26 and are coupled to boss 20.
- Sensor module 22 includes a differential pressure sensor for measuring differential pressure (h) and a pressure sensor for measuring total pressure (P TOT ).
- the two sensors provide pressure signals which are digitized and provided to a microprocessor.
- Module 22 connects to primary element 14 through manifold 21 supported by mount 23.
- the compensated, linearized and digitized signals are provided to the electronics module 18.
- the electronics module 18 in transmitter 10 provides an output signal indicative of process conditions such as flow rate (Q) of the process fluid flowing through pipe 12 to a remote location, by a 4-20 mA two-wire loop preferably formed using twisted pair conductors, through flexible conduit 28. Further, in accordance with the present invention, transmitter 10 also provides an output signal indicative of flow rate.
- Transmitter 10 is coupled to primary element 14.
- Primary element 14 may comprise, for example, a pitot tube such as that shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,154,100 to Harbaugh et al. issued May 15, 1979, entitled Method And Apparatus For Stabilizing The Flow Coefficient For Pitot-Type Flowmeters With A Downstream-Facing Port.
- the pressure sensed by transmitter 10 is the static pressure (P STAT ) of the process fluid, for use in calculating the gas density ( ⁇ ) and the gas expansion factor (Y 1 ). These values are used in calculating the flow rate.
- transmitter 10 is used with an averaging pitot tube type primary element such as that shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,154,100, and the pressure measured on the upstream side of the pitot tube is an average value of the total, sometimes called stagnation, pressure (P TOT ).
- a second tube faces at an angle to the direction of flow such that a differential pressure (h) is developed between the tubes.
- the total pressure (P TOT ) is higher than the static pressure (P STAT ), such that using (P TOT ) to calculate the gas density and gas expansion factor will result in errors in the flow rate.
- FIGS 1B and 1C show a more detailed view of averaging pitot tube type primary element 14 which penetrates into pipe 12.
- Element 14 includes an elongated body 30A carrying a forward facing pitot tube 30B and a second, downstream facing pitot tube 30C.
- Tubes 30B and 30C include a plurality of openings 32 and 34, respectively, distributed along the length of the tubes. The multiple openings ensure that an average pressure is measured across the entire flow 16.
- Tubes 30B and 30C connect to sensor body 22 of transmitter 10 through piping 21A and 21B and manifold 21.
- the total pressure (P TOT ) can be corrected to approximate the static pressure (P STAT ) by exploiting this nearly linear relationship. Since the total pressure and static pressure converge to the same value at zero flow rate, the relationship between the total pressure and the static pressure can be expressed as: P TOT -P STAT -C 1 h or P STAT -P TOT -C 1 h where C 1 is the average slope over the operating range of pressure and temperature.
- Figure 4 shows that the estimation technique of Equation 5 is very accurate in estimating static pressure (P STAT ), even at large differential pressures (h). In one embodiment, accuracy of the P STAT calculation could be increased by using a polynomial of higher degree in h.
- FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram showing transmitter 10 for implementing the present invention.
- Transmitter 10 includes microprocessor 40 coupled to analog to digital converter 42.
- Analog to digital converter 42 connects to pressure sensors 44 and 46 for sensing a pressure (P TOT ) from tube 30B and a differential pressure (h) from tube 30C, respectively.
- Sensors 44 and 46 provide a total pressure sensor output P TOT , and a differential pressure sensor output h' to the converter 42 and couple to primary element 14 shown in Figure 1A.
- Analog to digital converter 42 also receives a temperature input from temperature sensor 24.
- Microprocessor 40 operates in accordance with instructions stored in memory 50 at a clock rate determined by clock 52. Memory 50 also stores information for microprocessor 40.
- Input/output circuitry 54 connects to process control loop 28A through terminal connections 56.
- Loop 28A carries current I from a remote source of power, which is used by input/output circuitry 54 to generate power for transmitter 10.
- transmitter 10 is wholly (or exclusively) powered by loop current I.
- Information is transmitted over loop 28A by input/output circuitry 54 by controlling the value of current I of control loop 28A. Additionally, input/output circuitry 54 may digitally modulate information onto loop 28A.
- Transmitter 12 is also capable of receiving instructions over loop 28A.
- Microprocessor 40 uses the equations discussed above and accurately calculates flow rate (Q) using the total pressure (P TOT ) to determine fluid density ( ⁇ ).
- the present invention provides an estimated value of static pressure (P STAT ) based upon the pressure (P TOT ) and the differential, pressure (h) from an averaging pitot tube type primary element. This eliminates the extra sensor in the prior art used to measure static pressure and the extra intrusion into the flow tube.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/582,905 US5817950A (en) | 1996-01-04 | 1996-01-04 | Flow measurement compensation technique for use with an averaging pitot tube type primary element |
US582905 | 1996-01-04 | ||
PCT/US1996/020898 WO1997025595A1 (en) | 1996-01-04 | 1996-12-31 | Flowmeter with pitot tube with average pressure |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0871848A1 EP0871848A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
EP0871848B1 true EP0871848B1 (en) | 2003-07-23 |
Family
ID=24330926
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96945447A Expired - Lifetime EP0871848B1 (en) | 1996-01-04 | 1996-12-31 | Flowmeter with pitot tube with average pressure |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5817950A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0871848B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4020433B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1105292C (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2239497A1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69629211T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1997025595A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102788616A (zh) * | 2012-07-24 | 2012-11-21 | 华中科技大学 | 内燃机润滑系统的流量分布测量装置及方法 |
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1996
- 1996-01-04 US US08/582,905 patent/US5817950A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-31 JP JP52526497A patent/JP4020433B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-31 EP EP96945447A patent/EP0871848B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-31 CA CA002239497A patent/CA2239497A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-12-31 WO PCT/US1996/020898 patent/WO1997025595A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-12-31 CN CN96199085A patent/CN1105292C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-31 DE DE69629211T patent/DE69629211T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US4592239A (en) * | 1983-08-10 | 1986-06-03 | Tekflo Limited | Flowmeter |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102788616A (zh) * | 2012-07-24 | 2012-11-21 | 华中科技大学 | 内燃机润滑系统的流量分布测量装置及方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0871848A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
US5817950A (en) | 1998-10-06 |
CN1105292C (zh) | 2003-04-09 |
DE69629211T2 (de) | 2004-04-22 |
DE69629211D1 (de) | 2003-08-28 |
CA2239497A1 (en) | 1997-07-17 |
JP4020433B2 (ja) | 2007-12-12 |
WO1997025595A1 (en) | 1997-07-17 |
CN1204396A (zh) | 1999-01-06 |
JP2000503123A (ja) | 2000-03-14 |
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