EP0839998B1 - Method for adjusting the full load injection quantity of a diesel engine - Google Patents
Method for adjusting the full load injection quantity of a diesel engine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0839998B1 EP0839998B1 EP97118792A EP97118792A EP0839998B1 EP 0839998 B1 EP0839998 B1 EP 0839998B1 EP 97118792 A EP97118792 A EP 97118792A EP 97118792 A EP97118792 A EP 97118792A EP 0839998 B1 EP0839998 B1 EP 0839998B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- injection quantity
- full power
- power injection
- full
- phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/04—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
- F02D41/10—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for acceleration
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D31/00—Use of speed-sensing governors to control combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02D31/001—Electric control of rotation speed
- F02D31/007—Electric control of rotation speed controlling fuel supply
- F02D31/009—Electric control of rotation speed controlling fuel supply for maximum speed control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
- F02D41/38—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for regulating the Full load injection quantity of a diesel internal combustion engine.
- DE-OS 26 50 247 describes a method for limitation the maximum permissible fuel flow rate with a mechanical speed controller Fuel pump of a diesel engine described. there for optimal use of engine power limited full load delivery rate associated with the respective speed from a full load flow rate map be derived. As a second company size next to the Speed serves the air mass supplied to the engine. For supercharged diesel engines is the second operating size the charge air pressure used.
- the engine described by the method described there also in transient operation, which is the case with internal combustion engines the transition from a low load state in a higher load state, up to the Power limit exploited and thus the cheapest Acceleration values can be achieved.
- This transient operation then follows a constant, stationary operation.
- a control method is known from US Pat. No. 4,655,186 the injection quantity for an Otto engine known. The procedure described there serves to avoid a mixture that is too lean under high loads to obtain. The mixture is emaciated in Otto engines a physical consequence of the transient State that when accelerating from lower Load is present. A mixture thinning leads thereby increasing the exhaust gas temperatures what possibly damage to the catalytic converter can lead.
- DE 37 00 401 C2 describes a mixture control device for feedback control of the air / fuel ratio of an internal combustion engine, which is normally operated with a lean mixture.
- a control is provided that the change in the air / fuel ratio temporarily exceeds an amount caused by the change in a setpoint.
- the invention is therefore based on the object To create procedures, which with simple means without necessary additional equipment for improvement contributes to the driving dynamics of a diesel engine.
- the combustion chamber temperature is from Load condition of the motor dependent. That is why at low load, e.g. at idle, the combustion chamber walls relatively cold. The temporary excess is only due to the cold combustion chamber walls Diesel internal combustion engine, which are present at low load, possible. With warm or hot combustion chamber walls, such as when the engine is under heavy load the excess would be exceeded lead to the critical temperature of the combustion chamber walls. Therefore, the inventive method is only when accelerating from an unloaded or little stressed state or in an unsteady state Operation applied.
- Fig. 1 shows a diagram in which the abscissa is formed by the time t and that of a diesel engine supplied full-load injection quantity represents the ordinate.
- the course of the shown there Full load injection quantity provides the state of the art Diesel engines or supercharged diesel engines. Accordingly, the process is divided into two phases, in a first time-limited phase Full load injection quantity by a boost pressure dependent Quantity limitation or a smoke map is limited. This smoke map is dependent on the engine speed and that from the boost pressure and the charging temperature calculated air mass per work cycle.
- the full-load injection quantity increases up to one Full load injection quantity in the steady state, at which the engine in continuous operation just hit the limit of mechanical load reached.
- phase 2 in which the stationary Full load injection quantity is kept constant.
- the full-load injection quantity is analogous to FIG. 1 plotted over time.
- the temporal The course is divided into three phases, with in the first, transient phase, the maximum full-load injection quantity about the full load injection quantity in steady state is increased.
- phase 2 the Diesel engine has a limited amount of time fed.
- the excess to the full-load injection quantity already described in FIG. 1 reduced in steady state.
- the increase in the full-load injection quantity to an excess quantity is regulated by a control device, which Presence of an unsteady state by reaching or exceeding various internal arithmetic parameters, such as. Speed gradients or load gradients recognizes.
- Phase 3 represents phase 2 described in FIG. 1 the constant full-load injection quantity in the stationary Condition.
- the torque of the Diesel engine increases what. in shortened Acceleration times, especially when accelerating from low-stress conditions, precipitates.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Regelung der Vollasteinspritzmenge einer Dieselbrennkraftmaschine.The invention relates to a method for regulating the Full load injection quantity of a diesel internal combustion engine.
In der DE-OS 26 50 247 ist ein Verfahren zur Begrenzung der höchstzulässigen Kraftstoffördermenge der mit einem mechanischen Drehzahlregler ausgestatteten Kraftstoffpumpe eines Dieselmotors beschrieben. Dabei soll zur optimalen Ausnutzung der Motorleistung eine der jeweiligen Drehzahl zugeordnete begrenzte Volllastfördermenge aus einem Vollastfördermengenkennfeld abgeleitet werden. Als zweite Betriebsgröße neben der Drehzahl dient dabei die dem Motor zugeführte Luftmasse. Für aufgeladene Dieselmotoren wird als zweite Betriebsgröße der Ladeluftdruck verwendet.DE-OS 26 50 247 describes a method for limitation the maximum permissible fuel flow rate with a mechanical speed controller Fuel pump of a diesel engine described. there for optimal use of engine power limited full load delivery rate associated with the respective speed from a full load flow rate map be derived. As a second company size next to the Speed serves the air mass supplied to the engine. For supercharged diesel engines is the second operating size the charge air pressure used.
Durch das dort beschriebene Verfahren soll der Motor auch im instationären Betrieb, welcher bei Brennkraftmaschinen den Übergang von einem niedrigen Lastzustand in einen höheren Lastzustand darstellt, bis an die Leistungsgrenze ausgenutzt und somit die günstigsten Beschleunigungswerte erzielt werden können. The engine described by the method described there also in transient operation, which is the case with internal combustion engines the transition from a low load state in a higher load state, up to the Power limit exploited and thus the cheapest Acceleration values can be achieved.
Auf diesen instationären Betrieb folgt anschließend ein gleichbleibender, stationärer Betrieb.This transient operation then follows a constant, stationary operation.
Die bei diesem Verfahren getroffenen Maßnahmen sind jedoch sehr kompliziert und können darüber hinaus ihre Aufgabe der optimalen Ausnutzung des Dieselmotors im instationären Betrieb nicht vollständig erfüllen.The measures taken in this procedure are however very complicated and can also be their Task of optimal use of the diesel engine in the Do not fully meet transient operation.
Aus der US-PS 4,655,186 ist ein Verfahren zur Steuerung der Einspritzmenge für eine Otto-Brennkraftmaschine bekannt. Das dort beschriebene Verfahren dient dazu, bei hoher Belastung kein zu mageres Gemisch zu erhalten. Eine Abmagerung des Gemisches ist bei Otto-Motoren eine physikalische Folge des instationären Zustandes, der beim Beschleunigen aus niedriger Belastung vorliegt. Eine Gemischabmagerung führt dabei zu einem Ansteigen der Abgastemperaturen, was unter Umständen zu einem Schaden am Abgaskatalysator führen kann.A control method is known from US Pat. No. 4,655,186 the injection quantity for an Otto engine known. The procedure described there serves to avoid a mixture that is too lean under high loads to obtain. The mixture is emaciated in Otto engines a physical consequence of the transient State that when accelerating from lower Load is present. A mixture thinning leads thereby increasing the exhaust gas temperatures what possibly damage to the catalytic converter can lead.
Als Gegenmaßnahme zu der Gemischabmagerung wird gemäß dem dort beschriebenen Verfahren eine größere Benzinmenge und damit ein überfettetes Gemisch eingespritzt. Das Verfahren ist nur bei einem Otto-Motor anwendbar, da bei einem Dieselmotor andere Voraussetzungen bezüglich des thermodynamischen Gleichgewichts der Brennkraftmaschine herrschen. Darüber hinaus kann es nur in sehr engen Grenzen angewendet werden, da bei einer zu starken Überfettung des Gemisches die Zündfähigkeit nicht mehr gegeben ist. Eine Leistungs- bzw. Drehmomenterhöhung, welche zu einem besseren Beschleunigungsvermögen führt, ist mit dem dort beschriebenen Verfahren nur in sehr geringem Maße erreichbar. As a countermeasure to the mixture thinning, according to the process described there a larger amount of gasoline and thus injected an over-greased mixture. The procedure can only be used with an Otto engine, there are other requirements for a diesel engine the thermodynamic balance of the internal combustion engine to rule. Furthermore, it can only be in very narrow limits can be applied, since one too strong over-greasing of the mixture the ignitability is no longer given. An increase in power or torque, which leads to better acceleration leads is with that described there The process can only be achieved to a very small extent.
Weiterhin beschreibt die DE 37 00 401 C2 eine Gemischregelvorrichtung zur Rückkopplungs-Regelung des Luft/Brennstoff-Verhältnisses einer Brennkraftmaschine, welche normalerweise mit einem mageren Gemisch betrieben wird. Dabei ist zum Erreichen eines gewünschten Ansprechverhaltens bei niedriger Emission von Nox auch bei Übergangszuständen der Brennkraftmaschine eine derartige Steuerung vorgesehen, daß die Änderung des Luft/Brennstoff-Verhältnisses vorübergehend über einen durch die Änderung eines Sollwertes bedingten Betrag hinausgeht.Furthermore, DE 37 00 401 C2 describes a mixture control device for feedback control of the air / fuel ratio of an internal combustion engine, which is normally operated with a lean mixture. In order to achieve a desired response behavior with low emission of No x even in transitional states of the internal combustion engine, such a control is provided that the change in the air / fuel ratio temporarily exceeds an amount caused by the change in a setpoint.
Dazu werden jedoch komplizierte mechanische Einrichtungen benötigt, welche außerdem keine exakte Steuerung zulassen. Außerdem kann mit der dort beschriebenen Vorrichtung eine Drehmoment- bzw. Leistungserhöhung nicht erreicht werden.However, this involves complicated mechanical devices which also does not require exact control allow. You can also use the one described there Device a torque or power increase cannot be reached.
Der Erfindung liegt deshalb die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zu schaffen, welches mit einfachen Mitteln ohne notwendige Zusatzeinrichtungen zur Verbesserung der Fahrdynamik einer Dieselbrennkraftmaschine beiträgt.The invention is therefore based on the object To create procedures, which with simple means without necessary additional equipment for improvement contributes to the driving dynamics of a diesel engine.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch die in Anspruch 1 genannten Merkmale gelöst.According to the invention, this object is achieved by the 1 mentioned features solved.
Durch die Zugabe einer Übermenge im instationären Betrieb, welche der Dieselbrennkraftmaschine am Ende der ersten und in der zweiten Phase des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zugeführt wird, wird die Gasannahme sowie das Drehmoment und damit auch die Fahrdynamik erheblich verbessert. Dies äußert sich insbesondere in kürzeren Beschleunigungszeiten auch aus niedrigen Drehzahlen.By adding a surplus in transient operation, which the diesel engine at the end of first and in the second phase of the invention Procedure is fed, the gas acceptance as well the torque and thus the driving dynamics considerably improved. This is particularly evident in shorter ones Acceleration times even from low speeds.
Vorteilhaft ist weiterhin, daß zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens keine zusätzlichen Einrichtungen benötigt werden und es somit in einfacher Weise durchgeführt werden kann.It is also advantageous that to carry out the no additional devices are needed and it is therefore easier Way can be done.
Bei Dieselmotoren ist die Brennraumtemperatur vom Lastzustand des Motors abhängig. Deshalb sind bei niedriger Belastung, wie z.B. im Leerlauf, die Brennraumwände relativ kalt. Die zeitlich begrenzte Übermenge ist nur aufgrund der kalten Brennraumwände der Dieselbrennkraftmaschine, die bei geringer Last vorliegen, möglich. Bei warmen bzw. heißen Brennraumwänden, wie sie im stark belasteten Zustand des Motors vorliegen, würde die Übermenge zu einem Überschreiten der kritischen Temperatur der Brennraumwände führen. Deshalb wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren lediglich bei einer Beschleunigung aus einem unbelasteten oder wenig belasteten Zustand bzw. in einem instationären Betrieb angewandt.For diesel engines, the combustion chamber temperature is from Load condition of the motor dependent. That is why at low load, e.g. at idle, the combustion chamber walls relatively cold. The temporary excess is only due to the cold combustion chamber walls Diesel internal combustion engine, which are present at low load, possible. With warm or hot combustion chamber walls, such as when the engine is under heavy load the excess would be exceeded lead to the critical temperature of the combustion chamber walls. Therefore, the inventive method is only when accelerating from an unloaded or little stressed state or in an unsteady state Operation applied.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen und aus dem nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung prinzipmäßig beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiel.Advantageous refinements and developments of Invention result from the dependent claims and from the principle described below with reference to the drawing Embodiment.
Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1
- ein Diagramm des Verlaufs der Vollasteinspritzmenge über der Zeit gemäß aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Dieselmotoren; und
- Fig. 2
- ein Diagramm des Verlaufs der Vollasteinspritzmenge über der Zeit nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren.
- Fig. 1
- a diagram of the course of the full-load injection quantity over time according to diesel engines known from the prior art; and
- Fig. 2
- a diagram of the course of the full-load injection quantity over time according to the inventive method.
Fig. 1 zeigt ein Diagramm, bei welchem die Abszisse von der Zeit t gebildet wird und die einer Dieselbrennkraftmaschine zugeführte Vollasteinspritzmenge die Ordinate darstellt. Der dort gezeigte Verlauf der Vollasteinspritzmenge stellt den Stand der Technik bei Dieselmotoren bzw. aufgeladenen Dieselmotoren dar. Demnach ist das Verfahren in zwei Phasen eingeteilt, wobei in einer ersten, zeitlich begrenzten Phase die Vollasteinspritzmenge durch eine ladedruckabhängige Mengenbegrenzung bzw. ein Rauchkennfeld begrenzt wird. Dieses Rauchkennfeld wird in Abhängigkeit der Motordrehzahl und der aus dem Ladedruck und der Ladetemperatur berechneten Luftmasse je Arbeitsspiel berechnet. Die Vollasteinspritzmenge steigt dabei bis zu einer Vollasteinspritzmenge im stationären Zustand, bei welcher der Motor im Dauerbetrieb gerade die Grenze der mechanischen Belastung erreicht.Fig. 1 shows a diagram in which the abscissa is formed by the time t and that of a diesel engine supplied full-load injection quantity represents the ordinate. The course of the shown there Full load injection quantity provides the state of the art Diesel engines or supercharged diesel engines. Accordingly, the process is divided into two phases, in a first time-limited phase Full load injection quantity by a boost pressure dependent Quantity limitation or a smoke map is limited. This smoke map is dependent on the engine speed and that from the boost pressure and the charging temperature calculated air mass per work cycle. The full-load injection quantity increases up to one Full load injection quantity in the steady state, at which the engine in continuous operation just hit the limit of mechanical load reached.
Nach Erreichen der Vollasteinspritzmenge geht das Verfahren
in die Phase 2 über, in welcher die stationäre
Vollasteinspritzmenge konstant gehalten wird.After the full-load injection quantity has been reached, the process continues
to
Gemäß Fig. 2 ist analog zu Fig. 1 die Vollasteinspritzmenge
über der Zeit aufgetragen. Der zeitliche
Verlauf ist dabei in drei Phasen eingeteilt, wobei in
der ersten, instationären Phase die maximale Vollasteinspritzmenge
über die Vollasteinspritzmenge im
stationären Zustand erhöht wird. In Phase 2 wird der
Dieselbrennkraftmaschine zeitlich begrenzt eine Übermenge
zugeführt. Am Ende dieser Phase wird die Übermenge
auf die bereits in Fig. 1 beschriebene Vollasteinspritzmenge
im stationären Zustand reduziert.According to FIG. 2, the full-load injection quantity is analogous to FIG. 1
plotted over time. The temporal
The course is divided into three phases, with in
the first, transient phase, the maximum full-load injection quantity
about the full load injection quantity in
steady state is increased. In
Die Erhöhung der Vollasteinspritzmenge auf eine Übermenge wird durch ein Regelgerät geregelt, welches das Vorliegen eines instationären Zustands durch Erreichen bzw. Überschreiten verschiedener interner Rechengrößen, wie z.B. Drehzahlgradienten oder Lastgradienten erkennt.The increase in the full-load injection quantity to an excess quantity is regulated by a control device, which Presence of an unsteady state by reaching or exceeding various internal arithmetic parameters, such as. Speed gradients or load gradients recognizes.
Phase 3 stellt die in Fig. 1 beschriebene Phase 2 mit
der konstanten Vollasteinspritzmenge im stationären
Zustand dar.
Durch die Maßnahme der Erhöhung der Vollasteinspritzmenge im instationären Zustand wird das Drehmoment der Dieselbrennkraftmaschine erhöht, was sich. in verkürzten Beschleunigungszeiten, insbesondere bei der Beschleunigung aus niedrig belasteten Zuständen, niederschlägt.By the measure of increasing the full-load injection quantity in the transient state, the torque of the Diesel engine increases what. in shortened Acceleration times, especially when accelerating from low-stress conditions, precipitates.
Claims (2)
- Method of regulating the full power injection quantity of a diesel combustion engine with a fixed full power injection quantity in the stationary state, with the following phases:1.1 a first, non-stationary phase, in which the full power injection quantity is increased over the full power injection quantity in the stationary state to an excess quantity.1.2 a second phase limited in time, in which the full power injection quantity is maintained at the level of the excess quantity and at the end of this phase is reduced to the full power injection quantity in the stationary state.1.3 a third phase, in which in the known way the full power injection quantity in the stationary state is fed to the diesel combustion engine.
- Method according to claim 1
characterised in that
the phases are regulated by a regulating device with the aid of internal computing values of the diesel combustion engine.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19645389 | 1996-11-04 | ||
| DE19645389A DE19645389C1 (en) | 1996-11-04 | 1996-11-04 | Method for regulating the full-load injection quantity of a diesel internal combustion engine |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0839998A2 EP0839998A2 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
| EP0839998A3 EP0839998A3 (en) | 1999-12-15 |
| EP0839998B1 true EP0839998B1 (en) | 2002-11-27 |
Family
ID=7810594
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97118792A Expired - Lifetime EP0839998B1 (en) | 1996-11-04 | 1997-10-29 | Method for adjusting the full load injection quantity of a diesel engine |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5894829A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0839998B1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9705411A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19645389C1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3428407B2 (en) * | 1997-12-09 | 2003-07-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Diesel engine injection amount control device |
| DE19848166A1 (en) * | 1998-10-20 | 2000-04-27 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Internal combustion engine control method involves selecting rail pressure during acceleration so small or negative rail pressure gradient is followed by increasingly greater gradient |
| EP1065364B1 (en) * | 1999-07-01 | 2004-09-29 | Ford Motor Company Limited | Engine management system with torque limit override means |
| DE19934833A1 (en) * | 1999-07-24 | 2001-01-25 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Method for controlling a common rail injection system |
| JP4089456B2 (en) * | 2003-02-12 | 2008-05-28 | 株式会社デンソー | Engine control device |
| JP2008215241A (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2008-09-18 | Toyota Motor Corp | Internal combustion engine control device |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2650247A1 (en) * | 1976-11-02 | 1978-05-11 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR LIMITING THE MAXIMUM FUEL FLOW RATE OF THE FUEL INJECTION PUMP OF A DIESEL ENGINE |
| JPS55167535U (en) * | 1979-05-21 | 1980-12-02 | ||
| US4655186A (en) * | 1984-08-24 | 1987-04-07 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for controlling fuel injection amount of internal combustion engine and apparatus thereof |
| JPH0637861B2 (en) * | 1985-01-08 | 1994-05-18 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Air-fuel ratio control method |
| JPS62162746A (en) * | 1986-01-10 | 1987-07-18 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Air-fuel ratio control device |
| DE3880146T2 (en) * | 1988-05-07 | 1993-07-15 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | CONTROLLING CHARGING COMBUSTION ENGINES. |
| JPH0765523B2 (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1995-07-19 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Fuel injection control device for diesel engine |
| DE19537786A1 (en) * | 1995-10-11 | 1997-04-17 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Method and device for controlling an internal combustion engine |
| DE19540061C1 (en) * | 1995-10-27 | 1996-10-02 | Daimler Benz Ag | Controlling motor vehicle diesel engine with fuel injection amount limited |
-
1996
- 1996-11-04 DE DE19645389A patent/DE19645389C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-10-29 EP EP97118792A patent/EP0839998B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-29 DE DE59708814T patent/DE59708814D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-04 BR BR9705411-9A patent/BR9705411A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-11-04 US US08/964,213 patent/US5894829A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5894829A (en) | 1999-04-20 |
| EP0839998A3 (en) | 1999-12-15 |
| EP0839998A2 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
| MX9708477A (en) | 1998-08-30 |
| BR9705411A (en) | 1999-09-28 |
| DE59708814D1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
| DE19645389C1 (en) | 1998-03-26 |
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