EP0831720A1 - Bakterielle behandlung zur konservierung von silage - Google Patents

Bakterielle behandlung zur konservierung von silage

Info

Publication number
EP0831720A1
EP0831720A1 EP96919030A EP96919030A EP0831720A1 EP 0831720 A1 EP0831720 A1 EP 0831720A1 EP 96919030 A EP96919030 A EP 96919030A EP 96919030 A EP96919030 A EP 96919030A EP 0831720 A1 EP0831720 A1 EP 0831720A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lactobacillus plantarum
silage
genetic equivalent
combination
genetic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96919030A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
William M. Rutherford
Mark A. Hinds
Scott M. Dennis
Michaela G. Rogers
Cindi S. Zimmerman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc
Original Assignee
Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc filed Critical Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc
Publication of EP0831720A1 publication Critical patent/EP0831720A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
    • A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
    • A23K30/18—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging using microorganisms or enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
    • A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
    • A23V2400/169—Plantarum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
    • A23V2400/21—Streptococcus, lactococcus
    • A23V2400/225—Faecalis

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of preserving agricultural products which are used for animal feed after storage under anaerobic conditions. Specifically, this invention relates to a method of preserving silage after storage under anaerobic conditions such that the extent and rate of digestibility of the silage are improved.
  • silage additives has become a widely accepted practice throughout much of the agricultural world.
  • aerobic respiration begins immediately upon chopping of silage.
  • soluble carbohydrates in the plant tissue are oxidized and converted to carbon dioxide and water. This process continues until either the oxygen level is depleted or the water soluble carbohydrates are exhausted.
  • respiration lasts only a few hours.
  • the growth of microorganisms during this period is limited to those that are tolerant of oxygen. Typically, this includes aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds. These organisms are generally recognized as being negative to the system because they metabolize sugar to carbon dioxide, heat, and water.
  • the pH is reduced, the residual oxygen is utilized and the material is said to undergo a lactic acid fermentation.
  • the material will remain stable and can be stored for many months in this condition.
  • the top cover is removed and the silo is opened for feeding.
  • the material is then exposed to air and the process is no longer anaerobic.
  • Microflora in the silage itself or airborne contaminants can begin to oxidize the acids present. This oxidation causes a loss in mass or dry matter of the feed and thus causes feeding losses.
  • the resultant pH and temperature increases are objectionable to the animals and the feed will be refused by the animals after it has begun to heat.
  • the incidence of aerobic instability observed in practice depends on the rate at which the ensiled material is removed from the silo and the length of time that the material has been ensiled before opening.
  • silage If the silage is unloaded slowly then more time is allowed for deterioration to occur on the surface of the opened silage. Longer ensiling times produce generally more stable silage as the acid concentrations are higher and all microflora populations tend to decrease. In general the silage should be stable for at least five days after opening. This will allow for adequate time for the silage to be removed.
  • bacterial inoculants help preserve silage, including grass silage, alfalfa silage and corn silage.
  • inoculation with lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation phase can be beneficial to the fermentation process, see e.g. U.S. Patent 4,842,871 of Hill issued June 27, 1989, as well as the literature references cited therein.
  • silages such as whole plant corn, alfalfa, etc.
  • the inoculant can also have beneficial effects on the digestibility of the silages by causing an increase in the availability of the fiber, and/or providing more nutrients per amount of silage at a faster rate.
  • a bacterial silage inoculant that is effective both during the initial anaerobic stages and during the initial aerobic stages when a silo is opened to air.
  • a further objective of the present invention is to develop a silage inoculant that increases the extent of digestibility or the silage, thereby making more nutrients available to the animal being fed.
  • silage including grass, alfalfa and/or corn silage
  • preservation is accomplished by mixing certain facultative bacterial inoculants.
  • the present inoculants improve the extent and rate of digestibility of silage, especially alfalfa silage.
  • the inoculants are combinations of selected strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium.
  • the present inoculants are compatible with the other bacteria, and thus do not retard the ensilage process in any way.
  • the inoculants include TJ1: a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 347 and
  • the present invention further provides methods of treating silage which comprise administering to the silage a small but ensilage preserving effective amount of the present inoculant prototypes.
  • the inoculants of the present invention are particularly effective in improving the digestibility of alfalfa silage.
  • silage as used herein is intended to include all types of fermented agricultural products such as grass silage, alfalfa silage, corn silage, sorghum silage, fermented grains and grass mixtures, etc. All can be treated successfully with the inoculants of the present invention.
  • the present invention is particularly effective in improving the extent and rate of digestibility of alfalfa silage.
  • a surprising aspect of this invention is that only certain combinations of certain strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and/or Enterococcus faecium will function effectively in the present invention.
  • the addition of Lactobacillus to silage as a general matter is known, see for example U.S. Patent No. 4,981,705.
  • the present invention is necessarily strain specific with regard to the
  • Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium are: Lactobacillus plantarum 347 in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301 ("TJ1") , Lactobacillus plantarium 346 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 347 (“ST”) , and Lactobacillus plantarum 286 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346 ("FS”) .
  • TJ1 Lactobacillus plantarum 347 in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301
  • ST Lactobacillus plantarum 347
  • FS Lactobacillus plantarum 286 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346
  • Such genetic equivalents or mutants thereof are considered to be functionally equivalent to the parent species. It is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art that spontaneous mutation is a common occurrence in microorganisms and that mutations can also be intentionally produced by a variety of known techniques. For example, mutants can be produced using chemical, radioactive, and recombinant techniques.
  • the critical issue is that they function to preserve the silage as described for the parent species and/or strain.
  • the present invention includes mutations resulting in such minor changes as, for example, minor taxonomical alterations.
  • compositions useful for treatment of this invention may include the present inoculants within the ranges useful for treating ensilage products, i.e. typically 10 8 -10 14 viable organisms/ton, preferably 10 9 -10 viable organisms/ton, more preferably 10 10 viable organisms/ton.
  • a mixture of the two strains ranging from about 75% to about 25% of each strain is preferred.
  • a mixture of about 50% of each of the two strains per inoculant is particularly preferred.
  • the composition of the present invention can also include other common silage preservation organisms as, for example, Propionibacteria, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Pediococcus, and certain enzymes from fungi or bacteria, providing they are in no way antagonistic to the active organisms.
  • compositions can be carried out using standard techniques common to those of ordinary skill in the art, i.e. spraying, dusting, etc,
  • the level of inoculant was 1 x 10 5 viable organisms per gram of forage in a 50:50 mixture. This corresponds to 9 x 10 10 organisms per ton.
  • Treatments were applied as a liquid.
  • the prototype inoculants developed consisted of selected strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium in the following combinations: Lactobacillus plantarum strain 347 and
  • TJ1 Enterococcus faecium strain 301
  • FS Lactobacillus plantarum strain 3 6 and Lactobacillus plantarum strain 347
  • ST Lactobacillus plantarum strain
  • Prototype combinations were mixed in a 50:50 ratio and applied on wilted, chopped alfalfa in a liquid form at a rate of 1 x 10 5 cfu/g forage.
  • Treated forage was divided into equal portions and packed to a standard density using a hydraulic press into 4" x 14" experimental PVC silos.
  • Silos were sealed at each end with rubber caps held tightly by metal rings. One end was fitted with a pressure release valve so that gases could escape and still maintain anaerobiosis.
  • Experimental silos were stored at 20-25°C for 80-120 days prior to opening to simulate farm silo conditions. Experimental silos were opened, silage removed into a clean container, mixed, and samples taken for microbial, chemical and digestibility analysis.
  • silage was placed in a plastic lined polystyrene cooler, a probe placed in the center of the silage mass, and temperature measured every 3 hours for one week to determine aerobic stability.
  • a plastic lined polystyrene cooler a probe placed in the center of the silage mass
  • temperature measured every 3 hours for one week to determine aerobic stability.
  • silage is exposed to air, large losses of nutrients can occur as the result of aerobic microorganisms' consuming sugars and fermentation products in the silage.
  • the sugars are respired to carbon dioxide and water, producing heat.
  • some aerobic microorganisms produce toxins which affect an animal's health.
  • Ammonia nitrogen determination was conducted using standard procedures involving dissociation of the ammonia ion by raising the pH, followed by steam distillation of the ammonia out of the silage.
  • the amount of ammonia nitrogen is quantitatively measured by titration.
  • the level of ammonia nitrogen is an indicator of the rate of fermentation. The faster the rate of fermentation, the lower the activity of proteolytic enzymes, thereby making more proteins available for an animal.
  • the fermentation endpoint measurement is pH.
  • a satisfactory pH for alfalfa silage is less than 4.5.
  • proteolytic activity decreases.
  • the pH measurements were made with an Orien® model 701A pH meter calibrated with pH 4.01 and 7.00 buffers.
  • IVDM rate of digestibility was determined using a system designed to simulate what happens in the rumen. Dried silage samples are combined with a buffer and rumen fluid containing live cellulytic microorganisms. As the cellulytic microorganisms digest the fiber in the silage sample, gas is produced. The rate of digestibility was defined as the slope of the linear portion of the curve produced by plotting gas production vs. time.
  • Table 1 summarizes the data from a 1992 trial. Table 1 indicates that TJ1, FS and ST all have higher rates of digestibility than the control silage. Thus, the nutrients from silages inoculated would be available to an animal faster than the nutrients from uninoculated silage. TJ1- and FS-inoculated silages also show lower ammonia nitrogen levels than control silage, thus indicating a faster fermentation rate leading to lower protein loss. The pH values were all acceptable ( ⁇ 4.5) with the inoculated silages having numerically better pH's than the control silage. Table 2 summarizes data from 1993 covering seven trials for pH, rot, cumm_dd, extent of digestion, and rate of digestion. Five trials were conducted for ammonia nitrogen.
  • TJ1, FS, and ST all show significantly (P ⁇ .l) higher rates (nutrients available faster) and extents (more nutrients available) of digestibility and lower (P ⁇ .1) ammonia nitrogen levels (less protein loss) than uninoculated silage.
  • the inoculants also provide better rot and cumm_dd values than control silage indicating better aerobic stability. Better rot values indicates less loss of nutrients due to aerobic heating. Cumm_dd values were all very low indicating minimal total heating. The rot values were all satisfactory as over 6 days passed before aerobic microorganisms started growing and causing heating. Cumm_dd values were very low showing that total heating was minimal.
  • Table 3 summarizes data from five trials conducted for TJ1 and four trials conducted for ST in 1994. The data indicate that TJl and ST have higher rates and extents of digestibility than control silage. Inoculated silages also had significantly (P ⁇ .20) better pH values than control silage (which had a pH above 4.5) .

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
EP96919030A 1995-06-01 1996-06-03 Bakterielle behandlung zur konservierung von silage Withdrawn EP0831720A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US45734395A 1995-06-01 1995-06-01
US457343 1995-06-01
PCT/US1996/008384 WO1996038052A1 (en) 1995-06-01 1996-06-03 Bacterial treatment to preserve silage

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0831720A1 true EP0831720A1 (de) 1998-04-01

Family

ID=23816362

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96919030A Withdrawn EP0831720A1 (de) 1995-06-01 1996-06-03 Bakterielle behandlung zur konservierung von silage

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0831720A1 (de)
JP (1) JP2001520505A (de)
AU (1) AU7513496A (de)
BR (1) BR9609364A (de)
CA (1) CA2221967A1 (de)
PL (1) PL323559A1 (de)
WO (1) WO1996038052A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1304563C (zh) * 2005-08-11 2007-03-14 上海交通大学 苜蓿青贮的微生物发酵液
CN1304564C (zh) * 2005-08-11 2007-03-14 上海交通大学 苜蓿青贮的微生物发酵液的制备方法
CN104068293B (zh) * 2014-06-27 2016-09-21 甘肃民祥牧草有限公司 一种苜蓿打捆裹包青贮方法

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4842871A (en) * 1985-08-01 1989-06-27 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Method and inoculant for preserving agricultural products for animal feed
GB8604760D0 (en) * 1986-02-26 1986-04-03 Dallas Keith Ltd Silage additives
US4743454A (en) * 1986-07-28 1988-05-10 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Hay preservative
AT392798B (de) * 1989-01-18 1991-06-10 Reichl Herwig Mag Verfahren zur herstellung eines silierzusatzes
US4981705A (en) * 1989-11-06 1991-01-01 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Bacterial treatment to preserve silage
ES2075179T3 (es) * 1990-06-11 1995-10-01 Pioneer Hi Bred Int Procedimiento de triturado en humedo para el maiz ensilado.

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9638052A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MX9709290A (es) 1998-03-29
JP2001520505A (ja) 2001-10-30
PL323559A1 (en) 1998-04-14
WO1996038052A1 (en) 1996-12-05
CA2221967A1 (en) 1996-12-05
AU7513496A (en) 1996-12-18
BR9609364A (pt) 1999-05-18

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