Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
  • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
  • A01N63/22—Bacillus
  • A01N63/23—B. thuringiensis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
  • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
  • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
  • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C275/00—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C275/04—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C275/06—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic and saturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C275/16—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic and saturated carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
  • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor

Definitions

• the invention is related to a method of obtaining and identifying a factor which potentiates the pesticidal activity of a Bacillus related pesticide, a chemical pesticide and/or a virus with pesticidal properties.
• Biopesticides are naturally occurring pathogens and/or the substances produced bythese pathogens.
• the advantage of using biopesticides is that they are generally less harmful to non-target organisms and the environment as a whole compared to chemical pesticides.
• Bacillus thuringiensi ⁇ The most widely used biopesticide is Bacillus thuringiensi ⁇ .
• Bacillus thuringiensis is a motile, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and insect-rich environments.
• Bacillus thuringiensis produces a parasporal crystal consistio (s) which is insecticidal upon ingestion to susceptible insect larvae of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera.
• the inclusions may vary in shape, number, and composition. They are comprised of one or more proteins called delta-endotoxins, which may range in size from 27-140 kDa.
• insecticidal delta-endotoxins are generally converted by proteases in the larval gut into smaller (truncated) toxic polypeptides, causing midgut destruction, and ultimately, death of the insect (H ⁇ fte and Whiteley, 1989, Microbiological Reviews 53:242-255) .
• Bacillus thuringiensis strains that are widely used as biopesticides in the forestry, agricultural, and public health areas.
• Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai produce delta-endotoxins specific for Lepidoptera.
• a delta-endotoxin specific for Coleoptera is produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Krieg et al . , 1988, U.S. Patent No. 4,766,203).
• Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis produces delta-endotoxins specific for Diptera
• Bacillus thuringiensis strains specific for dipteran pests have also been described.
• a Bacillus thuringiensis isolate has been disclosed which is toxic to Diptera and Lepidoptera (Hodgman et al . , 1993, FEMS Microbiology Let ters 114:17-22).
• SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified crystal delta-endotoxin from this isolate revealed three protein species which are related to Cry ⁇ A(b) , CrylB, and CryHA toxins.
• Bacillus thuringiensis strains have been described which have pesticidal activity against pests other then Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera.
• Five Bacillus thuringiensis strains have been disclosed which produce delta- endotoxins that are toxic against nematodes (Edwards, Payne, and Soares, 1988, Eur. Pat. Appl. No. 0 303 426 Bl) .
• Bacillus thuringiensis isolates have also been disclosed with activity against acaride pests. These isolates produce crystals comprised of proteins with molecular weights in the (wide) range of 35 kDa to 155 kDa (Payne, Cannon, and Bagley, 1992, PCT Application No. WO 92/19106). There have also been disclosed Bacillus thuringiensis strains with activity against pests of the order Hymenoptera (Payne, Kennedy, Randall, Meier, and Uick, 1992, Eur. Pat. Appl. No. 0 516 306 A2); with activity against pests of the order Hemiptera (Payne and Cannon, 1993, U.S. Patent No.
• cry crystal protein
• the delta-endotoxins are encoded by cry (crystal protein) genes which are generally located on plasmids.
• the cry genes have been divided into six classes and several subclasses based on relative amino acid homology and pesticidal specificity.
• the major classes are Lepidoptera-specific i cryi) • Lepidoptera-and Diptera-specific ( cryll) ; Coleoptera-specific (cryTXl); Diptera-specific ( crylV) (H ⁇ fte and Whiteley, 1989, Microbiological Reviews 53:242-255); Coleoptera- and Lepidoptera-specific (referred to as cryV genes by Tailor et al . , 1992, Molecular Microbiology 6:1211-1217); and Nematode- specific (referred to as cryV and cryVI genes by Feitelson et al . , 1992, Bio /Technology 10:271-275) .
• Delta-endotoxins have been produced by recombinant DNA methods.
• the delta-endotoxins produced by recombinant DNA methods may or may not be in crystal form.
• ⁇ -exotoxin type I a heat-stable pesticidal adenine-nucleotide analog, known as ⁇ -exotoxin type I or thuringiensin, which is pesticidal alone (Sebesta et al . , in H.D. Burges (ed.), Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases , Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 249-281) .
• ⁇ -exotoxin type I has been found in the supernatant of some Bacillus thuringiensis cultures.
• ⁇ -exotoxin type I Mamestra configurata Walker, Tetra ⁇ ychus urticae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Tetranychus cinnabarinus .
• the toxicity of ⁇ - exotoxin type I is thought to be due to inhibition of DNA- directed RNA polymerase by competition with ATP. It has been shown that ⁇ -exotoxin type I is encoded by a cry plasmid in five
• Bacillus thuringiensis strains (Levinson et al . , 1990, J. Bacteriol . 172:3172-3179) .
• ⁇ -exotoxin type I was found to be produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi serotype 9, and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis serotype 10.
• Another ⁇ -exotoxin classified as ⁇ -exotoxin type II has been described (Levinson et al . , 1990, J. Bacteriol . 172:3172-3179).
• ⁇ -exotoxin type II was found to be produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni serotype 8ab and is active against Leptinotarsa decemlineata .
• the structure of ⁇ - exotcxin type II is not completely known, but is significantly different from that of ⁇ -exotoxin type I in that a pseudouridine moiety is in the place of adenine in which attachment to the ribose ring is at a position that would otherwise be occupied by a proton (Levinson, in Hickle and Finch (eds.), Analytical Chemistry of Bacillus thuringiensis, ACS Symposium Series, Washington, D.C., 1990, pp. 114-136). Furthermore, there is only one signal in the proton NMR spectrum corresponding to the nucleoside base (at 7.95 ppm) , and does not have a ribose-type anomeric protein signal (5.78 ppm).
• alpha-exotoxin which is toxic against the larvae of Musca domestica (Luthy, 1980, FEMS Microbiol . Lett . 8:1-7); gamma-exotoxins, which are various enzymes including lecithinases, chitinases, and proteases, the toxic effects of which are expressed only in combination with beta-exotoxin or delta-endotoxin (Forsberg et al . , 1976,
• Bacillus thuringiensis Its Effects on Environmental Quality, National Research Council of Canada, NRC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Subcomittees on Pesticides and Related Compounds and Biological Phenomena) ; sigma exotoxin which has a structure similar to beta-exotoxin, and is also active against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Argauer et al . , 1991, J-. Entomol . Sci . 26:206-213); and anhydrothuringiensin (Prystas et al., 1975, Coll . Czechosslovak Chem . Comm. 40:1775) .
• B.t. formulations The art has strived to achieve increased mortality of B.t. formulations. Means have included searching for new strains with increased mortality, attempting to engineer present strains, and attempting to design more effective formulations by combining B. t . spores and crystals with new pesticidal carriers chemical pesticides, or enhancers (see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,250,515, a trypsin inhibitor) . It is therefore an object of the present invention to potentiate the pesticidal activity of pesticides.
• the invention relates to a method for obtaining which a factor which potentiates the pesticidal activity of a Bacillus related pesticide comprising (a) culturing a Bacillus strain under suitable conditions;
• step (b) recovering the factor from the supernatant of the culture of step (a) .
• the Bacillus strain is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus subtilus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus thuringiensis .
• the factor is in substantially pure form.
• a substantially pure factor means a factor which contains less than 10% of contaminants, for example, delta-endotoxin protein. Such a substantially pure factor may be obtained by isolating said factor, e.g., by column chromatography.
• the factor obtained is a potentiator.
• a "potentiator” is a substance which has no significant pesticidal activity, e.g. having an LC 50 (LC 50 is the concentration of the substance required to kill 50% of the pests) of more than about 3000 ⁇ g/g as assayed by bioassay (see Section 6) but acts to increase the pesticidal activity of a
• Bacillus related pesticide at least about 50% and does not cause larval stunting.
• other substances capable of enhancing pesticidal activity known in the art such as trypsin inhibitors and exotoxins have pesticidal activity.
• the factor is water soluble.
• a substance or compound is "water soluble" if at least about 1 mg of a substance can be dissolved in 1 ml of water.
• the factor may also potentiate the pesticidal activity of a chemical pesticide and/or a virus with pesticidal properties.
• a Bacillus related pesticide is a Bacillus (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus subtilis) strain, spore, or substance, e.g. protein or fragment thereof having activity against or which kill pests or a microorganism capable of expressing a Bacillus gene encoding a Bacillus protein or fragment thereof having activity against or which kill pests (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin) and an acceptable carrier (see Section 5.2., infra, for examples of such carriers) .
• the pest may be, for example, an insect, a nematode, a mite, or a snail.
• Examples of such microorganisms include but are not limited to bacteria, e.g.
• the factor obtained may be formulated into a composition comprising the factor and a pesticidal carrier as well as the factor and a Bacillus related pesticide, chemical pesticide and/or a virus with pesticidal properties.
• These compositions may be used for controlling a pest, decreasing the resistance of a pest to a Bacillus related pesticide comprising exposing the pest to a composition comprising the factor and a pesticidally acceptable carrier, or potentiating the pesticidal activity of a Bacillus related pesticide.
• the invention is also directed to a method for identifying said factor comprising (a) culture of a strain of Bacillus;
• Figure 1 schematically shows the general procedure used for purifying la.
• Figure 2 shows the 13 C NMR spectrum of la.
• Figure 3 shows the proton NMR spectrum of la.
• Figure 4 shows the results of nOe experiments on the acetylated derivative of la.
• the factor potentiates the pesticidal activity of a Bacillus related pesticide and may have a molecular weight of from about 350 to about 1200 or in a specific embodiment from about 350 to about 700.
• the factor potentiates the pesticidal activity of a Bacillus related pesticide at least about 1.5 fold to optionally about 1000 fold, preferably from about 100 fold to about 400 fold.
• the factor potentiates the pesticidal activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin including but not limited to a Cryl (including but not limited to CrylA, CrylB, and CrylC) , CryII, Crylll, CryIV, CryV, or CryVI protein in full-length form or a proteolytically processed, truncated form, from about 1.5 fold to about 1000 fold.
• the factor potentiates a B.t.
• the factor may also potentiate the pesticidal activity of a chemical pesticide and/or a virus with pesticidal properties.
• the factor may also be water soluble, stable in water up to about 100°C for at least about 5 minutes, stable when subjected to direct sunlight for at least about 10 hours, and/o stable at a pH of about 2 for about 10 days.
• the factor may have 13 carbons. Additionally, the factor may have iH NMR shifts at ⁇ l.5, 3.22, 3.29, 3.35, 3.43, 3.58, 3.73, 3.98, 4.07,
• said factor has the structure la or salt thereof.
• the salt would be capable of potentiating a Bacillus related pesticide.
• the factor may be obtainable from a Bacillus strain (e.g. Bacillus ⁇ ubtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus thuringiensis) in shake flasks or a fermentor.
• Bacillus strain e.g. Bacillus ⁇ ubtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus thuringiensis
• the factor is obtainable from the supernatant of a Bacillus thuringiensis culture including but not limited to
• Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai , Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. alesti, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. americansis, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
• the factor is obtainable from the supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki , Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, or Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
• the factor is recovered from a cry- spo- mutant of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki .
• Bacillus may be cultured using media and fermentation techniques known in the art (see, for example, Rogoff et al., 1969, J. Invertebrate Path. 14:122-129; Dulmage et al., 1971, j. Invertebrate Path. 18:353-358; Dulmage et al., in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, H.D. Burges, ed. , Academic Press, N.Y., 1980).
• the supernatant can be recovered by separating B.t. spores and crystals from the culture (fermentation) broth by means well known in the art, e.g. centrifugation and/or ultrafiltration.
• the factor is contained in the supernatant which may be recovered by means well known in the art, e.g. ultrafiltration, evaporation, and spray-drying. This procedure is more specifically described in the sections which follow.
• Purification of the factor can be carried out by various procedures known in the art, including but not limited to chromatography (e.g. ion exchange, affinity, and size exclusion column chromatography) , electrophoretic procedures, differential solubility, extraction, or any other standard technique known in the art.
• the potentiating activity of the factor of the pesticidal activity of Bacillus related pesticide, virus having pesticidal activity, or chemical-pesticide against various pests may be assayed using procedures known in the art, such as an artificial insect diet incorporated, artificial diet overlay, leaf painting, leaf dip, and foliar spray. Specific examples of such assays are given in Section 7, infra.
• the factor obtained can be formulated alone; with a Bacillus related pesticide, which as defined, supra, is a Bacillus related pesticide, which as defined, supra, is a Bacillus related pesticide, which as defined, supra, is a Bacillus related pesticide, which as defined, supra, is a Bacillus related pesticide, which as defined, supra, is a Bacillus related pesticide, which as defined, supra, is a Bacillus related pesticide, which as defined, supra, is a
• Bacillus strains include, but are not limited to, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
• israeltaki (marketed as DIPELTM from Abbott Laboratories, Inc., JAVELINTM from Sandoz, BIOBITTM from Novo Nordisk A/S, FORAYTM from Novo Nordisk A/S, BIOCOTTM from Novo Nordisk A/S, MVPTM from Mycogen, BACTOSPEINETM from Novo Nordisk A/S, and THURICIDETM from Sandoz); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (marketed as FLORBACTM from Novo Nordisk A/S, and XENTARITM from Abbott Laboratories, Inc.); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (marketed as NOVODORTM from Novo Nordisk A/S,
• TRIDENTTM from Sandoz, and M-TRAKTM and M-ONETM from Mycogen
• Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (marketed as either BACTIMOSTM or SKEETALTM from Novo Nordisk A/S, TEKNARTM from Sandoz, and VECTOBACTM from Abbott Laboratories, Inc.); Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki /tenebrionis (marketed as FOILTM from
• Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki/aizawai (marketed as CONDORTM from Ecogen and AGREETM from Ciba-Geigy) ; and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki /kurstaki (marketed as CUTLASSTM from Ecogen) .
• the Bacillus related protein may be selected from the group including, but not limited to, Cryl, Cryll, Crylll, CrylV,
• the chemical pesticide may be, for example, an insect growth regulator such as diflubenzuron, a carbamate such as thiodicarb and methomyl, an organophosphate such as chlorpyrifos, a pyrethroid such as cypermethrin and esfenvalerate, inorganic fluorine such as cryolite, and a pyrrole.
• an insect growth regulator such as diflubenzuron
• a carbamate such as thiodicarb and methomyl
• an organophosphate such as chlorpyrifos
• a pyrethroid such as cypermethrin and esfenvalerate
• inorganic fluorine such as cryolite
• a pyrrole a pyrrole
• the entomopathogenic virus may be a baculovirus, e.g., Autograp ⁇ a californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) , Syngrapha falcifera NPV, Cydia po onella GV (granulosis virus) , Heliothis zea NPV, ymantria dispar NPV, Orgyia pseudotsugata NPV, Spodoptera exigua NPV, Neodiprion lecontei
• NPV Autograp ⁇ a californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
• Syngrapha falcifera NPV Cydia po onella GV (granulosis virus)
• Heliothis zea NPV ymantria dispar NPV
• Orgyia pseudotsugata NPV Spodoptera exigua NPV
• NPV Neodiprion sertifer NPV
• Harrisina brillians NPV and Endopiza viteana Clemens NPV.
• compositions comprising the substance and a Bacillus related pesticide
• the substance may be present in the amount of at least about 0.1 g/BIU or 0.05 g factor per g Bacillus delta-endotoxin and spore, optionally to about 300 g/BIU or 150 g substance per g Bacillus delta-endotoxin and spore, preferably 2 g/BIU or 1 g substance per g Bacillus delta- endotoxin and spore.
• BIU is billion international units as determined by bioassay. The bioassay compares the sample to a standard Bacillus reference material using Trichoplusia ni or other pest as the standard test insect. The potency is determined by dividing the reference standard LC50 then multiplying by the reference standard potency.
• the composition may comprise the factor in substantially pure form or a supernatant from Bacillus in dry, concentrated, or liquid form and a pesticidally acceptable carrier, examples of which are disclosed, infra.
• This composition may be applied separately to a plant, e.g., transgenic plants. Specifically, the composition may be applied to a plant previously containing and expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis gene. In another embodiment, the composition may be applied to a plant previously exposed to a Bacillus thuringiensis composition. In another embodiment, the composition may be applied to other environments of a dipteran pest(s), e.g., water or soil. The substance is present in the composition at a concentration of about 0.001% to about 60% (w/w) .
• the composition comprising the substance and a pesticidally acceptable carrier in addition to controlling a pest may also be used to decrease the resistance of a pest to a pesticide.
• the composition may be used to potentiate a Bacillus related pesticide.
• the composition in one embodiment may be applied at the same time as the pesticide in an amount of at least about 2 g substance/BIU up to optionally about 300 g substance/BIU. In another embodiment, the composition may be applied up to about 24 hours after the pesticide as an adjuvant to extend the efficacy of residual pesticide.
• compositions disclosed above may be obtained by the addition of a surface active agent, an inert carrier, a preservative, a humectant, a feeding stimulant, an attractant, an encapsulating agent, a binder, an emulsifier, a dye, a U.V. protectant, a buffer, a flow agent, or other component to facilitate product handling and application for particular target pests.
• a surface active agent an inert carrier, a preservative, a humectant, a feeding stimulant, an attractant, an encapsulating agent, a binder, an emulsifier, a dye, a U.V. protectant, a buffer, a flow agent, or other component to facilitate product handling and application for particular target pests.
• Suitable surface-active agents include anionic compounds such as a carboxylate, for example, a metal carboxylate of a long chain fatty acid; a N-acylsarcosinate; mono or di-esters of phosphoric acid with fatty alcohol ethoxylates or salts of such esters; fatty alcohol sulphates such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium octadecyl sulphate or sodium cetyl sulphate; ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulphates; ethoxylated alkylphenol sulphates; lignin sulphonates; petroleum sulphonates; alkyl aryl sulphonates such as alkyl- benzene sulphonates or lower alkylnaphthalene sulphonates, e.g., butyl-naphthalene sulphonate; salts or sulphonated naphthalene- formaldehyde condensates
• Non-ionic agents include condensation products of fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, fatty acid amides or fatty- alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted phenols with ethylene oxide, fatt esters of polyhydric alcohol ethers, e.g., sorbitan fatty acid esters, condensation products of such esters with ethylene oxide, e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitar fatty acid esters, block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, acetylenic glycols such as 2,4,7,9-tetraethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol, or ethoxylated acetylenic glycols.
• a cationic surface active agent examples include, for instance, an aliphatic mono-, di-, or polyamine as an acetate, naphthenate or oleate; an oxygen- containing amine such as an amine oxide of polyoxyethylene alkylamine; an amide-linked amine prepared by the condensation of a carboxylic acid with a di- or polyamine; or a quaternary ammonium salt.
• inert materials include inorganic mineral such as kaolin, mica, gypsum, fertilizer, phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfates, or phosphates; organic materials such as sugar, starches, or cyclodextrins; or botanical materials such as wood products, cork, powdered corncobs, rice hulls, peanut hulls, and walnut shells.
• inorganic mineral such as kaolin, mica, gypsum, fertilizer, phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfates, or phosphates
• organic materials such as sugar, starches, or cyclodextrins
• botanical materials such as wood products, cork, powdered corncobs, rice hulls, peanut hulls, and walnut shells.
• compositions of the present invention can be in a suitable form for direct application or as a concentrate or primary composition which requires dilution with a suitable quantity of water or other diluent before application.
• the pesticidal concentration will vary depending upon the nature of the particular formulation, specifically, whether it is a concentrate or to be used directly.
• the composition contains 1 to 98% of a solid or liquid inert carrier, and 0 to 50%, preferably 0.1 to 50% of a surfactant. These compositions will be administered at the labeled rate for the commercial product, preferably about 0.01 pound to 5.0 pounds per acre when in dry form and at about 0.01 pint to 25 pints per acre when in liquid form.
• the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal delta-endotoxin and/or factor can be treated prior to formulation to prolong the pesticidal activity when applied to the environment of a target pest as long as the pretreatment is not deleterious to the crystal delta-endotoxin or substance.
• Such treatment can be by chemical and/or physical means as long as the treatment does not deleteriously affect the properties o the composition(s) .
• chemical reagents include, but are not limited to, halogenating agents; aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde; anti-infectives, such as zephiran chloride; alcohols, such as isopropranol and ethanol; and histological fixatives, such as Bouin's fixative and Helly' fixative (see, for example, Humason, Animal Tissue Techniques, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1967).
• compositions of the invention can be applied directly to the plant by, for example, spraying or dusting at the time when the pest has begun to appear on the plant or before the appearance of pests as a protective measure.
• Plants to be protected within the scope of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, sorghum and related crops), beets (sugar beet and fodder beet), drupes, pomes and soft fruit (apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries) , leguminous plants (alfalfa, beans, lentils, peas, soybeans), oil plants (rape, mustard, poppy, olives, sunflowers, coconuts, castor oil plants, cocoa beans, groundnuts), cucumber plants (cucumber, marrows, melons), fibre plants (cotton, flax, hemp, jute) , citrus fruit (oranges,
• the composition can be applied by foliar, furrow, broadcast granule, "lay-by", or soil drench application. It is generally important to obtain good control of pests in the early stages of plant growth as this is the time when the plant can be most severely damaged.
• the spray or dust can conveniently contain another pesticide if this is thought necessary.
• the composition of the invention is applied directly to the plant.
• compositions of the present invention can also be applied directly to ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, still water, and other areas subject to infestation by dipteran pests, especially pests of concern to public health.
• the composition can be applied by spraying, dusting, springling, or the like.
• compositions of the present invention may be effective against insect pests of the order Lepidoptera, e.g., Achroia grisella, Acleris gloverana, Acleris variana, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Alsophila pometaria,
• Lepidoptera e.g., Achroia grisella, Acleris gloverana, Acleris variana, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Alsophila pometaria
• Amyelois transitella Anagasta kuehniella, Anarsia lineatella, Anisota senatoria, Antheraea pernyi, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips ⁇ p . , Argyrotaenia sp . , Athetis mindara, Bombyx mori , Bucculatrix thurberiella, Cadra cautella, Choristoneura sp.
• Mame ⁇ tra bra ⁇ icae Mame ⁇ tra configurata, Manduca quinquemaculata, Manduca ⁇ exta, Maruca te ⁇ tulali ⁇ , Melanchra picta, Operophtera brumata, Orgyia ⁇ p .
• Thaurn ⁇ topoea pityocampa Tineola bi ⁇ elliella, Trichoplusia ni , Udea rubigalis, Xylomyge curialis, Yponomeuta padella; order Diptera, e.g., Aedes ⁇ p.
• Glo ⁇ ina fu ⁇ cipe ⁇ Glo ⁇ ina mor ⁇ itan ⁇ centrali ⁇ , Glossina mor ⁇ itan ⁇ mor ⁇ itan ⁇ , Glossina mori ⁇ tan ⁇ ⁇ ubmor ⁇ itan ⁇ , Glo ⁇ ina pallidipes, Glos ⁇ ina palpali ⁇ gambien ⁇ i ⁇ , Glo ⁇ ina palpali ⁇ palpali ⁇ , Glo ⁇ sina tachinoides, Haemagogu ⁇ equinu ⁇ , Haematobia irri tan ⁇ , Hypoderma bovi ⁇ , Hypoderma lineatum, Leucopi ⁇ ninae, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia ⁇ ericata, Lutzomyia longlpaipi ⁇ , Lutzomyia ⁇ hannoni , Lycoriella mali , Mayetiola de ⁇ tructor, Mu ⁇ c autumnalis, Musca domestica, Neobellieria ⁇ p.
• compositions of the invention may also be effective against insect pests of the order Coleoptera, e.g., Leptinotar ⁇ a ⁇ p.
• Acantho ⁇ celide ⁇ obtectus Acantho ⁇ celide ⁇ obtectus, Callosobruchu ⁇ chinen ⁇ i ⁇ , Epilachna varive ⁇ ti ⁇ , Pyrrhalta luteola, Cyla ⁇ formicariu ⁇ elegantulu ⁇ , Li ⁇ tronotus oregonen ⁇ i ⁇ , Sitophilu ⁇ sp.
• Cyclocephala boreali ⁇ Cyclocephala immaculata, Macrodactylu ⁇ subspinosu ⁇ , Popillia japonica, Rhizotrogu ⁇ majali ⁇ , Alphitobiu ⁇ diaperinu ⁇ , Paloru ⁇ ratzeburgi, Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrio ob ⁇ curu ⁇ , Tribolium ca ⁇ taneum, Tribolium confu ⁇ um, Triboliu ⁇ de ⁇ tructor; Acari, e.g., Oligonychu ⁇ praten ⁇ i ⁇ , Panonychu ⁇ ulmi, Tetranychu ⁇ urticae; Hymenoptera, e.g., Iridomyrmex humili ⁇ , Solenopsi ⁇ invicta; Isoptera, e.g., Reticuliterme ⁇ he ⁇ peru ⁇ , Reticuliterme ⁇ flavipes, Coptoterme ⁇ formo ⁇ anu ⁇ , Zootermop ⁇ i
• B. thuringien ⁇ i ⁇ subsp. kur ⁇ taki strain EMCC0086 (deposited with the NRRL as B-21147) is fermented for 72 hours at 30°C in a medium comprised of a carbon source such as starch, hydrolyzed starch, or glucose and a nitrogen source such as protein, hydrolyzed protein, or corn steep liquor.
• a carbon source such as starch, hydrolyzed starch, or glucose
• a nitrogen source such as protein, hydrolyzed protein, or corn steep liquor.
• the production of la is detected at 13 hours into the fermentation. Peak activity is found to be at approximately 30 hours.
• Supernatant from a B . thuringien ⁇ i ⁇ subsp. kurstaki fermentation is recovered by centrifugation and then is clarified by ultrafiltration through a 30 kDa MW-CO membrane using a Rhone Poulenc UF system.
• the 30 kDa filtration removed any remaining cell debris, crystal delta-endotoxin, spores, and soluble protein greater than 30 kDa molecular mass.
• the permeate is concentrated 10 fold by evaporation.
• the permeate is centrifuged and then 0.2 ⁇ filtered to further remove insolubles from the broth, leaving a clear broth containing la.
• the purification of la to homogeneity is achieved using a multi-step purification procedure shown schematically in Figure 1.
• the purification proceeded with a 5 kDa ultrafiltration step.
• the permeate from the 5 kDa ultrafiltration is adsorbed to a Sulfopropyl (SP) cation exchange resin and eluted with an ammonium acetate solution.
• SP Sulfopropyl
• the compound is then concentrated approximately 3OX by lyophilization, and the salt and other contaminants are removed with a BioRad P2 size exclusion column.
• the pool from the P2 column is run over a high resolution SP HPLC cation exchange column which yielded a homogeneous compound.
• the contaminating salt is removed by repeated lyophilization.
• the active compound is found to be water soluble but is not soluble in organic solvents. It is positively charged and reacted with ninhydrin as evidenced by silica thin layer chromatography. 13 C and proton NMR of the compound are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. 13 C NMR experiments revealed the presence of 13 carbons (referenced to 3-[trimethylsilyl propionic acid) .
• a DEPT experiment determined that there are three quaternary carbons (C) , seven methines (CH) , three methylenes (CH 2 ) and no methyl groups (CH 3 ) .
• proton coupling experiments such as 1-D decoupling and COSY, one large spin system containing eight carbons is identified. In addition, a smaller spin system consisting of two carbons is present.
• a carbon proton correlation experiment (HMBC) enabled assignment of each proton resonance in the molecule to its attached carbon.
• nOe Nuclear Overhauser Effect
• NOESY two dimensional nOe experiment
• Constituents include 2 amides, a urea, two aminos, and five hydroxyls. It contains seven chiral centers.
• the isolated la is found to potentiate the activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Bacillus thuringien ⁇ i ⁇ subsp. aizawai crystal delta-endotoxin pesticidal proteins toward Spodoptera exigua regardless of the form of the pesticidal proteins.
• the pesticidal activity of formulated B . t . k. isolated crystals, full-length (130 kDa molecular mass) or truncated CrylA proteins (-65 kDa molecular mass) are all potentiated.
• the activity of Cryll and CrylC inclusions are also potentiated.
• Section 7.1 upon boiling for 5 minutes, but loses all activity upon autoclaving (>190C) . Further, it is stable when subjected to direct sunlight for at least 10 hours. la is stable at pH 2 for 3 days, but unstable at pH 12. It is found to lose all activity when exposed to periodic acid or concentrated HCl.
• thuringien ⁇ i ⁇ subsp. galleriae (deposited with the NRRL) are found to produce la in about the same concentration as B. thuringien ⁇ i ⁇ subsp. kur ⁇ taki . la is also produced in B. ⁇ ubtili ⁇ , B. cereu ⁇ , B. t . subsp. alesti , B . t . subsp. american ⁇ i ⁇ , B. t . subsp. darm ⁇ tadiensi ⁇ , B. t . subsp. dendroli u ⁇ , B. t . subsp. entomocidu ⁇ , B . t . subsp. finitimus, B . t .
• a Beckman P/ACE Capillary Electrophoresis System equipped with a 50 ⁇ m x 57 cm uncoated capillary, 0.2 M phosphate pH 6.8 buffer, voltage at 15KV, and detection at 200 nm is used for quantifying the level of la. Sample volumes are 20 nl with a run time of 25 minutes.
• a standard curve is generated using purified la as the standard at levels of 1.25 mg/ml, 0.625 mg/ml, 0.3125 mg/ml, 0.156 mg/ml, and 0.078 mg/ml.
• a linear calibration curve is generated.
• the capillary Before each run, the capillary is flushed with running buffer (0.2 M phosphate, pH 6.8) for three minutes. After each 25 minute run, the capillary is flushed with 1 N NaOH for 1 minute, filtered HPLC water for 1 minute, 0.5 M phosphoric acid for 3 minutes, and filter HPLC water for 1 minute. The area under each peak is integrated and the peak area is determined and a final concentration is calculated from the standard curve. 7.5. RVAT.UATION OF B.t. PRODUCTS
• BACTOSPEINETM, JAVELINTM, NOVODORTM, SPHERIMOSTM, BACTIMOSTM, FORAYTM, FLORBACTM and BIOBITTM are obtained from Novo Nordisk A/S.
• XENTARITM and DIPELTM are obtained from Abbott Laboratories.
• AGREETM is obtained from Ciba-Geigy; MVPTM is obtained from Mycogen and CUTLASSTM is obtained from Ecogen.
• B . t . k. activity is determined by an artificial diet incorporation bioassay using third instar Spodoptera exigua larvae, second instar Helicoverpa zea larvae, third instar Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, second instar Heliothis virescens larvae, third instar Trichoplu ⁇ ia ni larvae, third instar P ⁇ eudoplu ⁇ ia includen ⁇ larvae, third instar Plutella xylo ⁇ tella larvae, third instar Spodoptera littorali ⁇ , and third instar Mame ⁇ tra bra ⁇ icae larvae.
• BIOBITTM FC FC represents flowable concentrate
• Standard artificial diet composed of water, agar, sugar, casein, wheat germ, methyl paraben, sorbic acid, linseed oil, cellulose, salts, and vitamins are prepared in a 20 L heated kettle. This provides enough diet to test 10 to 12 samples with seven different concentrations of each test substance.
• the B.t. solutions are serially diluted to give 16 ml aliquots. Each aliquot is added to 184 g of molten diet. The mixture is subsequently homogenized and then poured into a plastic tray bearing 40 individual cells. Three control trays are prepared for each batch of diet.
• Trichoplusia ni 0.1 1. .1 (BIOBITTM HPWP) 0.2 1. .2
• Pseudoplusia includens 0.1 0 (BIOBITTM HPWP) 0.2 1 .2
• Plutella xylostella 0. 1 .6 (BIOBITTM HPWP) 0. 1 .3 2.0 1 .4 4.0 1 .9
• Wajnestra brassicae 2.0 4.9 Wajnestra brassicae 2.0 4.9 (FLORBACTM HPWP)
• the potentiation of various products on Spodoptera exigua by la is determined using diet incorporation bioassays described supra. Amounts of la added/BIU product are shown in Table V, infra. Ia/B.t. product mixture is incorporated into an agar-based wheat germ casein diet. The insects are placed on the diet for four days and held at 28'C. Mortality is recorded and analyzed using probit analysis. LC50, LCg 0 and potency are calculated from matched product lacking la. The results shown in Table V indicate that la potentiate various B.t.k. and B.t.a. products obtained from various sources. The B.t. strains contained in these products are described in Section 5.2., supra .
• Foliar bioassays are performed with second.instar Spodoptera exigua larvae on broccoli plants using BIOBITTM F C and la.
• the ratio of la to BIOBITTM FC is the same 2 g Ia/BI U BIOBITTM FC.
• the treatments are applied to broccoli plants via a track sprayer in a carrier volume of 20 gallons per acre. Leaves are excised from the plants after the spray deposit had dried, and infested with second instar Spodoptera exigua larvae. The results are shown in Table VI, infra .
• BIOBITTM FC + la 100% mortality is observed at a rate of 8.7 BlU/hectare BIOBITTM FC + la, while BIOBITTM FC alone killed 92% of the larvae at 58.8 BlU/hectare and 8% at 17.6 BlU/hectare.
• Treated plants are also placed in direct sunlight for eight hours, after which leaves are excised and infested. After eight hours in sunlight, BIOBITTM FC alone at 58.8 BlU/hectare gave 27% mortality, while BIOBITTM FC + la gave 100% mortality at 8.7 BlU/hectare.
• BIOBITTM FC FC is flowable concentrate
• BIOBITTM FC alone at 70 BlU/hectare gave 51% control while 2 g Ia/BIU BIOBITTM FC at 40 BlU/hectare provided 89% control (relative to no treatment) .
• JAVELINTM WG at 45 BlU/hectare gave 51% control.
• Colonies of susceptible and resistant Plutella xylostella are bioassayed. Resistant moths are field collected samples from Florida that have developed B.t. resistance following intensive exposure to JAVELINTM WG. BIOBITTM HPWP with la is analyzed using a leaf-dip bioassay. Resistance to JAVELINTM and XENTARITM is assayed without la.
• Six cm diameter cabbage leaf disks are dipped for 10 seconds into one of eight different concentrations of B.t. products or B.t./la formulations. Concentrations range from 1 to 1000 ppm. The leaf disks are allowed to air dry for two hours and placed in plastic petri dishes with second instar (0.2 to 0.4 mg) larvae. Twenty five insects/dose/day are replicated twice to give 50 insects/dose. After 72 hours at 27 * C, mortality is recorded. Dose mortality regression is analyzed with probit analysis.
• the strains have been deposited under conditions that assure that access to the culture will be available during the pendency of this patent application to one determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. ⁇ 1.14 and 35 U.S.C. ⁇ 122.
• the deposit represents a substantially pure culture of each deposited strain.
• the deposit is available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny are filed. However, it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action.

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