EP0819482A1 - Process for forming a concave container out of a blank - Google Patents
Process for forming a concave container out of a blank Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0819482A1 EP0819482A1 EP97401716A EP97401716A EP0819482A1 EP 0819482 A1 EP0819482 A1 EP 0819482A1 EP 97401716 A EP97401716 A EP 97401716A EP 97401716 A EP97401716 A EP 97401716A EP 0819482 A1 EP0819482 A1 EP 0819482A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- blank
- sheet
- pass
- peripheral strip
- passes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
- B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
- B21D51/24—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects high-pressure containers, e.g. boilers, bottles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
- B21D51/02—Making hollow objects characterised by the structure of the objects
- B21D51/08—Making hollow objects characterised by the structure of the objects ball-shaped objects
Definitions
- the invention originates from the manufacture of metal bottles intended to contain a pressurized fluid, for example a liquefied gas, bottles comprising a body, of generally cylindrical shape, with a concave cover and bottom.
- a pressurized fluid for example a liquefied gas
- bottles comprising a body, of generally cylindrical shape, with a concave cover and bottom.
- These bottles can be produced in two parts - two half-shells welded together - or in three parts-two half-shells welded to a ferrule.
- a half-shell is made up of a concave part extended by a cylindrical neck of greater or lesser height.
- the present application relates to a process for forming a concave container from a blank, or from a plate (round blank), of sheet metal.
- the present invention aims to provide a method of forming a concave container from a sheet blank, which stresses the sheet to the minimum and which overcomes the subsequent heat treatment.
- the sheet thus stamped without excessive stresses, has parameters of elastic limit, elongation and resistance to rupture comprised within satisfactory ranges.
- the peripheral strip is held in place by a hold-down clamp only at the very start of the pass, before the sheet blank comes to marry the associated punch.
- the sheet blank is curved during three punches passes.
- the bottles which will now be described, both in their structure and in their manufacturing process, have been produced from a sheet of metal sheet, for example steel or aluminum, here of a small thickness (a few millimeters or even less ) and according to a diameter here always of a few hundred millimeters.
- the bottle of Figure 1 comprises a body 1, of generally cylindrical shape, consisting of two half-shells 2, 3 welded together.
- Each of the half-shells consists of a concave part 4 and a cylindrical neck 5 extending the periphery of the concave part.
- the two half-shells 3,4 are joined together, by their necks, by means of a solder joint 22, preferably made by laser to avoid local tensions.
- the bottle is provided with a base 19 forming a base.
- the foot is here made of thermoplastic material, for recycling purposes. Of complementary shape to that of the concave part 4, the foot 19 is glued to it.
- a gripping neck 20 there is also here provided, also made of thermoplastic material and bonded to the bottle, a gripping neck 20, with an annular part 23 pierced with gripping openings 21.
- the foot and the gripping neck could be made of metal or any other material secured to the bottle by shrinking, gluing, welding or other means of fixing.
- the bottle of Figure 2 is very similar to that of Figure 1, the same elements of the two bottles being designated by the same references. Unlike the bottle of Figure 1, that of Figure 2 is in three parts, the two half-shells 11, 12 being joined together by means of a ferrule 6.
- the half-shells 11, 12 have the same concave part 4 but this is extended by a much smaller peripheral neck 5.
- the ferrule 6 is produced from a rectangular sheet blank whose edges 7, 8 have been welded together after bending the blank here. One could also proceed by rolling, knurling a sheet blank or by any other method.
- the half-shells 11, 12 respectively form a cover and a bottom joined to the shell 6 by two solder joints 9, 10.
- the plate 18 is placed on the matrix.
- the blank holder 13 is lowered to first exert slight pressure on a peripheral strip 24 of the plate. Then the blank holder 13 and the punch 16 are lowered to exert greater pressure and press the plate 18 against the bottom of the die of the former.
- the peripheral strip 24 of the plate 18, held by the blank holder 13, is inclined at a first angle a on the starting plane 25 of the plate 18.
- the punch 16 thus besides that its associated matrix not shown, has a curve 17 adapted so that, at the end of the pass, the surfaces 17 and 26 of the punch 16 and the blank holder 13 are in the extension of one another, in other words, so that there is surface continuity from one to the other of the two parts.
- the peripheral strip 24 has therefore been straightened around a central portion 27 of the plate 18 in one direction. Then the conformator is opened to carry out the next pass.
- the objective of the second pass is to accentuate the straightening of the peripheral strip 24 around the central portion 27, on the one hand, and to accentuate the curve of this central portion 27, on the other hand.
- the peripheral strip 24 is held, by the blank holder 14 of surface 28, inclined by a second angle ⁇ on the starting plane 25 of stage 18, with the relation ⁇ > ⁇
- the punch 16A has a surface 29 of accentuated convexity compared to that 17 of the punch 16 and such that, at the end of the pass, the surfaces 28 and 29 of the blank holder and the punch are still in the extension l one of the other.
- the third pass is the last here and it is distinguished from the first two by the fact that during this pass the peripheral strip 24 is raised vertically, straightened still beyond the angles ⁇ and ⁇ of the two previous passes by an angle of 90 °, the angles ⁇ and ⁇ , in the present case being substantially equal to 35 ° and 50 ° respectively.
- the peripheral strip 24 thus straightened constitutes the cylindrical neck 5 of the half-shell.
- the blank holder 15 only serves to hold the edge 24 at the start of the pass. Its spacing from the matrix 30 is such that it then authorizes the sheet, under the action of the punch 16B, to come to marry the matrix 30, under the blank holder 15.
- half shells could be formed in two passes or more than three passes, depending on the circumstances.
- the sheet As the sheet is very slightly stressed during its forming and therefore it will not need to undergo any heat treatment, it may have been previously coated with a layer of anticorrosion protection.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
- Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
Abstract
Description
L'invention tire son origine de la fabrication de bouteilles métalliques destinées à contenir un fluide sous pression, par exemple un gaz liquéfié, bouteilles comprenant un corps, de forme générale cylindrique, avec un couvercle et un fond concaves. Ces bouteilles peuvent être réalisées en deux parties - deux demi-coquilles soudées entre-elles - ou en trois parties-deux demi-coquilles soudées à une virole. Une demi-coquille est constituée d'une partie concave prolongée par un col cylindrique de hauteur plus ou moins importante.The invention originates from the manufacture of metal bottles intended to contain a pressurized fluid, for example a liquefied gas, bottles comprising a body, of generally cylindrical shape, with a concave cover and bottom. These bottles can be produced in two parts - two half-shells welded together - or in three parts-two half-shells welded to a ferrule. A half-shell is made up of a concave part extended by a cylindrical neck of greater or lesser height.
De façon plus générale, la présente demande concerne un procédé de formation d'un récipient concave à partir d'un flan, ou d'une platine (flan rond), de tôle.More generally, the present application relates to a process for forming a concave container from a blank, or from a plate (round blank), of sheet metal.
On sait emboutir une tôle, maintenue par des serre-flans, par passe d'un poinçon. Dans un tel cas, le métal est fortement sollicité, ce qui entraîne une augmentation de sa dureté et donc une diminution de son élasticité, c'est à dire de sa capacité à subir un certain allongement élastique, comme cela est requis dans de nombreux domaines, notamment pour les appareils à pression. Il faut en conséquence soumettre la tôle, après emboutissage, à un traitement thermique pour lui redonner certaines de ses caractéristiques mécaniques initiales.We know how to stamp a sheet metal, held by blank clamps, by passing a punch. In such a case, the metal is highly stressed, which leads to an increase in its hardness and therefore a decrease in its elasticity, that is to say its ability to undergo a certain elastic elongation, as is required in many fields. , especially for pressure vessels. It is therefore necessary to subject the sheet, after stamping, to a heat treatment to restore it to some of its initial mechanical characteristics.
La présente invention vise à proposer un procédé, de formation d'un récipient concave à partir d'un flan de tôle, qui sollicite la tôle au minimum et qui s'affranchit du traitement thermique ultérieur.The present invention aims to provide a method of forming a concave container from a sheet blank, which stresses the sheet to the minimum and which overcomes the subsequent heat treatment.
A cet effet, la présente invention concerne un tel procédé, caractérisé par le fait que
- il est mis en oeuvre exclusivement à température ambiante,
- on galbe le flan de tôle,
en en maintenant une bande périphérique avec des serre-flans,
au cours de plusieurs passes de poinçons,
pour redresser la bande périphérique autour d'une portion centrale du flan,
chaque serre-flan et chaque poinçon associé présentant en fin de passe, à l'exclusion de la dernière, une continuité de surface et
toutes les passes de poinçons entrainant des redressements relatifs de la bande périphérique exclusivement dans le même sens.
- it is used exclusively at room temperature,
- we shape the sheet metal blank,
by maintaining a peripheral band with hold-downs,
during several punches passes,
to straighten the peripheral strip around a central portion of the blank,
each blank holder and each associated punch presenting, at the end of the pass, with the exception of the last, a surface continuity and
all the punches passing causing relative straightening of the peripheral strip exclusively in the same direction.
Grâce au procédé de l'invention, la tôle ainsi emboutie, sans sollicitations excessives, présente des paramètres de limite élastique, d'allongement et de résistance à la rupture compris dans des plages satisfaisantes.Thanks to the process of the invention, the sheet thus stamped, without excessive stresses, has parameters of elastic limit, elongation and resistance to rupture comprised within satisfactory ranges.
On notera que l'invention prévoit plusieurs passes de poinçons, c'est à dire au moins deux.Note that the invention provides several punches passes, that is to say at least two.
Dans la mise en oeuvre préférée du procédé de l'invention, lors de la dernière passe, la bande périphérique n'est maintenue par un serre-flan qu'au tout début de la passe, avant que le flan de tôle ne vienne épouser le poinçon associé.In the preferred implementation of the method of the invention, during the last pass, the peripheral strip is held in place by a hold-down clamp only at the very start of the pass, before the sheet blank comes to marry the associated punch.
Avantageusement, le flan de tôle est galbé au cours de trois passes de poinçons.Advantageously, the sheet blank is curved during three punches passes.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide de la description suivante du procédé de l'invention et de plusieurs formes de bouteille réalisées selon le procédé, en référence au dessin annexé, sur lequel
- la figure 1 est une demi-vue en coupe d'une première forme de bouteille réalisée selon le procédé de l'invention, en deux parties ;
- la figure 2 est une demi-vue en coupe d'une deuxième forme de bouteille réalisée selon le procédé de l'invention, en trois parties et
- les figures 3-5 illustrent respectivement les trois passes successives de l'emboutissage des demi-coquilles des bouteilles des figures 1 et 2.
- Figure 1 is a half sectional view of a first form of bottle produced according to the method of the invention, in two parts;
- FIG. 2 is a half-section view of a second form of bottle produced according to the method of the invention, in three parts and
- FIGS. 3-5 respectively illustrate the three successive passes of the stamping of the half-shells of the bottles of FIGS. 1 and 2.
Les bouteilles qui vont maintenant être décrites, tant dans leur structure que dans leur procédé de fabrication ont été réalisées à partir d'un flan de tôle métallique par exemple en acier ou en aluminium, ici d'une faible épaisseur (quelques millimètres, voire moins) et selon un diamètre ici toujours de quelques centaines de millimètres.The bottles which will now be described, both in their structure and in their manufacturing process, have been produced from a sheet of metal sheet, for example steel or aluminum, here of a small thickness (a few millimeters or even less ) and according to a diameter here always of a few hundred millimeters.
La bouteille de la figure 1 comporte un corps 1, de forme générale cylindrique, constitué de deux demi-coquilles 2, 3 soudées entre-elles. Chacune des demi-coquilles est constituée d'une partie concave 4 et d'un col cylindrique 5 prolongeant la périphérie de la partie concave. Les deux demi-coquilles 3,4 sont réunies entre elles, par leurs cols, par l'intermédiaire d'un joint de soudure 22, de préférence réalisé au laser pour éviter les tensions locales.The bottle of Figure 1 comprises a body 1, of generally cylindrical shape, consisting of two half-
La bouteille est pourvue d'un pied 19 formant embase. Le pied est ici en matière thermoplastique, à des fins de recyclage. De forme complémentaire de celle de la partie concave 4, le pied 19 est collé à elle. De même, il est ici aussi prévu, également en matière thermoplastique et collé à la bouteille, un col de préhension 20, avec une partie annulaire 23 percée d'ouvertures de saisie 21. Le pied et le col de préhension pourraient être en métal ou tout autre matériau solidarisé à la bouteille par frettage, collage, soudage ou autre moyen de fixation.The bottle is provided with a
La bouteille de la figure 2 est très semblable à celle de la figure 1, les mêmes éléments des deux bouteilles étant désignés par les mêmes références. A la différence de la bouteille de la figure 1, celle de la figure 2 est en trois parties, les deux demi-coquilles 11, 12 étant réunies entre elles par l'intermédiaire d'une virole 6. Les demi-coquilles 11, 12 présentent la même partie concave 4 mais celle-ci est prolongée par un col périphérique 5 beaucoup plus petit. La virole 6 est réalisée à partir d'un flan de tôle rectangulaire dont les bords 7, 8 ont été soudés entre eux après ici cintrage du flan. On pourrait aussi procéder par roulage, moletage d'un flan de tôle ou par tout autre méthode. Les demi-coquilles 11, 12 forment respectivement un couvercle et un fond réunis à la virole 6 par deux joints de soudure 9,10.The bottle of Figure 2 is very similar to that of Figure 1, the same elements of the two bottles being designated by the same references. Unlike the bottle of Figure 1, that of Figure 2 is in three parts, the two half-
Va maintenant être décrit le procédé de formation des demi-coquilles 2, 3, 11, 12, considérées comme récipients concaves, à partir d'un flan, ou plus exactement d'une platine, de tôle 18. Elles sont réalisées ici en trois passes d'emboutissage par trois poinçons 16, 16A, 16B associés respectivement à leurs matrices et à leurs serre-flans 13, 14, 15, en trois ensembles conformateurs.A description will now be given of the process for forming the half-
Pour la première passe, illustrée sur la figure 3, et le conformateur étant ouvert, on pose la platine 18 sur la matrice. On fait descendre le serre-flan 13 pour exercer tout d'abord une légère pression sur une bande périphérique 24 de la platine. On fait ensuite descendre le serre-flan 13 et le poinçon 16 pour exercer une pression plus importante et plaquer la platine 18 contre le fond de la matrice du conformateur.For the first pass, illustrated in FIG. 3, and the shaper being open, the
Au cours de cette première passe, la bande périphérique 24 de la platine 18, maintenue par le serre-flan 13, est inclinée d'un premier angle a sur le plan de départ 25 de la platine 18. Le poinçon 16, ainsi d'ailleurs que sa matrice associée non représentée, présente un galbe 17 adapté pour que, à la fin de la passe, les surfaces 17 et 26 du poinçon 16 et du serre-flan 13 soient dans le prolongeant l'une de l'autre, en d'autres termes, pour qu'il y ait continuité de surface de l'une à l'autre des deux pièces. Au cours de cette première passe, la bande périphérique 24 a donc été redressée autour d'une portion centrale 27 de la platine 18 dans un sens. Puis on ouvre le conformateur pour effectuer la passe suivante.During this first pass, the
La deuxième passe a pour objectif d'accentuer le redressement de la bande périphérique 24 autour de la portion centrale 27, d'une part, et d'accentuer le galbe de cette portion centrale 27, d'autre part. Ainsi, et au cours de cette deuxième passe, illustrée sur la figure 4, mais toujours sous la matrice du poinçon, la bande périphérique 24 est maintenue, par le serre-flan 14 de surface 28, inclinée d'un deuxième angle β sur le plan de départ 25 de la platine 18, avec la relation
Par ailleurs, le poinçon 16A présente une surface 29 de convexité accentuée par rapport à celle 17 du poinçon 16 et telle que, à la fin de la passe, les surfaces 28 et 29 du serre-flan et du poinçon soient encore dans le prolongement l'une de l'autre.Furthermore, the
La troisième passe, illustrée sur la figure 5, est ici la dernière et elle se distingue des deux premières par le fait qu'au cours de cette passe la bande périphérique 24 est relevée à la verticale, redressée encore au-delà des angles α et β des deux passes précédentes d'un angle de 90°, les angles α et β, dans le cas d'espèce évoqué étant sensiblement égaux respectivement à 35° et 50°.The third pass, illustrated in FIG. 5, is the last here and it is distinguished from the first two by the fact that during this pass the
La bande périphérique 24 ainsi redressée constitue le col cylindrique 5 de la demi-coquille. Ici, le serre-flan 15 ne sert qu'à maintenir le bord 24 en début de passe. Son écartement de la matrice 30 est tel qu'il autorise ensuite la tôle, sous l'action du poinçon 16B, à venir épouser la matrice 30, sous le serre-flan 15.The
On remarquera que le galbe du poinçon 16B et de la matrice 30 n'est ici pratiquement pas plus accentué que celui du poinçon 16A. On a d'ailleurs représenté en tirets, sur les figures 4 et 5, illustrant les deuxième et troisième passes, la platine en début de passe. C'est au cours de la deuxième passe que la portion centrale 27 a pratiquement reçu son galbe définitif, alors que le bord 24 a bien été progressivement redressé sur les trois passes.It will be noted that the curve of the
On remarquera qu'on pourrait former les demi-coquilles en deux passes ou plus de trois passes, selon les circonstances.Note that the half shells could be formed in two passes or more than three passes, depending on the circumstances.
Comme la tôle est très faiblement sollicitée au cours de son formage et donc qu'elle n'aura besoin de subir aucun traitement thermique, on pourra l'avoir préalablement revêtue d'une couche de protection anticorrosion.As the sheet is very slightly stressed during its forming and therefore it will not need to undergo any heat treatment, it may have been previously coated with a layer of anticorrosion protection.
Claims (4)
en en maintenant une bande périphérique (24) avec des serre-flans (13-15),
au cours de plusieurs passes de poinçons (16, 16A, 16B),
pour redresser la bande périphérique (24) autour d'une portion centrale (27) du flan,
chaque serre-flan et chaque poinçon associé (13, 16 ;
14, 16A) présentant en fin de passe, à l'exclusion de la dernière, une continuité de surface (26, 17 ; 28, 29) et
tous les passes de poinçons (16, 16A, 16B) entraînant des redressements relatifs de la bande périphérique (24) exclusivement dans le même sens.
by maintaining a peripheral strip (24) with blank clamps (13-15),
during several punches passes (16, 16A, 16B),
to straighten the peripheral strip (24) around a central portion (27) of the blank,
each blank holder and each associated punch (13, 16;
14, 16A) having at the end of the pass, excluding the last, a surface continuity (26, 17; 28, 29) and
all punches passes (16, 16A, 16B) causing relative straightening of the peripheral strip (24) exclusively in the same direction.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9609046 | 1996-07-16 | ||
| FR9609046A FR2751247B1 (en) | 1996-07-16 | 1996-07-16 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A METAL BOTTLE FOR CONTAINING A PRESSURIZED FLUID |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0819482A1 true EP0819482A1 (en) | 1998-01-21 |
| EP0819482B1 EP0819482B1 (en) | 2001-03-28 |
Family
ID=9494218
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19970401716 Expired - Lifetime EP0819482B1 (en) | 1996-07-16 | 1997-07-16 | Process for forming a concave container out of a blank |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0819482B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69704400T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2157536T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2751247B1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT819482E (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011001053A1 (en) * | 2009-07-03 | 2011-01-06 | Peugeot Citroën Automobiles SA | Machine for stamping curved blanks |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2200067A1 (en) * | 1972-09-22 | 1974-04-19 | Verzinkerei Zug Ag | Deep drawing - to give products free from folds and not requiring finishing |
| DE2450624A1 (en) * | 1973-10-30 | 1975-05-07 | Raciborska Fabryka Kotlow Rafa | DEVICE FOR PRESSING DEEP, THIN-WALLED CONTAINER FLOORS WITH LARGE DIAMETERS |
| GB2083383A (en) * | 1980-09-11 | 1982-03-24 | Alumasc Ltd | Keg |
| DE4137453C1 (en) * | 1991-11-14 | 1992-05-27 | Mercedes-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, 7000 Stuttgart, De | |
| WO1996022168A1 (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1996-07-25 | Cerec | Method and device for cold forming dished ends |
-
1996
- 1996-07-16 FR FR9609046A patent/FR2751247B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-07-16 ES ES97401716T patent/ES2157536T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-16 EP EP19970401716 patent/EP0819482B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-16 DE DE1997604400 patent/DE69704400T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-16 PT PT97401716T patent/PT819482E/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2200067A1 (en) * | 1972-09-22 | 1974-04-19 | Verzinkerei Zug Ag | Deep drawing - to give products free from folds and not requiring finishing |
| DE2450624A1 (en) * | 1973-10-30 | 1975-05-07 | Raciborska Fabryka Kotlow Rafa | DEVICE FOR PRESSING DEEP, THIN-WALLED CONTAINER FLOORS WITH LARGE DIAMETERS |
| GB2083383A (en) * | 1980-09-11 | 1982-03-24 | Alumasc Ltd | Keg |
| DE4137453C1 (en) * | 1991-11-14 | 1992-05-27 | Mercedes-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, 7000 Stuttgart, De | |
| WO1996022168A1 (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1996-07-25 | Cerec | Method and device for cold forming dished ends |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011001053A1 (en) * | 2009-07-03 | 2011-01-06 | Peugeot Citroën Automobiles SA | Machine for stamping curved blanks |
| FR2947467A1 (en) * | 2009-07-03 | 2011-01-07 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | MACHINE TO FIT THE GALBAN FLANKS |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69704400T2 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
| DE69704400D1 (en) | 2001-05-03 |
| FR2751247B1 (en) | 1998-10-16 |
| PT819482E (en) | 2001-09-28 |
| FR2751247A1 (en) | 1998-01-23 |
| ES2157536T3 (en) | 2001-08-16 |
| EP0819482B1 (en) | 2001-03-28 |
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