EP0810334A1 - Construction element for heat insulation - Google Patents

Construction element for heat insulation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0810334A1
EP0810334A1 EP97101949A EP97101949A EP0810334A1 EP 0810334 A1 EP0810334 A1 EP 0810334A1 EP 97101949 A EP97101949 A EP 97101949A EP 97101949 A EP97101949 A EP 97101949A EP 0810334 A1 EP0810334 A1 EP 0810334A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
pressure
component according
insulating body
webs
pressure elements
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EP97101949A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0810334B1 (en
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Schoeck Bauteile GmbH
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Schoeck Bauteile GmbH
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/003—Balconies; Decks
    • E04B1/0038—Anchoring devices specially adapted therefor with means for preventing cold bridging

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a component for thermal insulation between two components to be concreted, in particular between a building and a cantilevered outer part, consisting of an insulating body to be laid between them with at least integrated pressure elements which run transversely to the longitudinal extent of the insulating body and are connected to both components are.
  • the pressure elements generally have pressure plates anchored at their ends in the concrete components, which promote the introduction of force into the pressure elements and reduce the anchoring length in the concrete.
  • Such pressure plates which are in particular disc-shaped and arranged parallel to the longitudinal extension of the insulating body and perpendicular to the pressure elements running through the insulating body, have the disadvantage, however, that through them the central axis the pressure elements cannot be arranged at any depth in the thermal insulation component.
  • the height offset between the central axis of the pressure elements and the underside of the pressure plate cannot be reduced to a greater extent while maintaining the pressure plate function and, on the other hand, a certain concrete or insulating body thickness must be maintained below the pressure bearing in order to protect the pressure plate and thus the corrosion-prone pressure element from corrosion to protect.
  • the pressure elements consist of a profile body with several, in particular, vertically extending pressure webs, the length of the pressure elements in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the insulating body, i.e. the length of the system on the adjacent concrete component, being a multiple of its vertical height. While the vertical and horizontal dimensions in the plane of the joint generally do not differ in the case of the printing elements of the prior art, since these are rotationally symmetrical are carried out, the pressure element of the present invention is characterized in that there is only one orientation of the pressure element within the thermal insulation element that meets the requirements for the pressure element.
  • the pressure element according to the invention is due to the vertical, mutually parallel pressure bars in the vertical direction stiff and therefore kink-resistant, on the other hand in the horizontal direction smooth thrust, whereby it does not hinder lateral temperature-related changes in length of the projecting outer part relative to the building. If the pressure element was incorrectly rotated by 90 °, only a fraction of the pressure forces could be absorbed over a longer period of time.
  • the pressure element is optimally designed for the requirements that exist for each of the different stress directions within the joint by adapting the dimension of the pressure bars depending on the direction. This leads to drastic material savings.
  • the provision of several pressure bars means that the height of each pressure bar can be reduced, since the load to be absorbed is distributed accordingly.
  • the vertical direction of the pressure webs means that, although the entire pressure element extends horizontally from one component and thus transversely to the longitudinal extent of the joint to the other component, the pressure webs are at least partially arranged vertically within this horizontally extending pressure element.
  • the pressure webs are expediently connected by at least one connecting web running transversely thereto, which runs either vertically or horizontally in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the insulating body and causes the pressure webs to be mutually fixed in position.
  • this mutual positional fixation can also be ensured by the insulating body itself, so that a connecting web would not be necessary and the individual pressure webs would be loosely arranged without a direct connection.
  • the profile body consists of at least three pressure bars and the length of the pressure elements is at least three times as large as their height, which results in a good relationship between the cross section or the pressure element height and the pressure resistance or the absorbable moment for each pressure element.
  • the webs advantageously extend exactly in the vertical direction through the insulating body in order to ensure the requirement of vertical rigidity and horizontal thrust softness. With certain configurations of the pressure bars, however, their inclination from the vertical can also be recommended, which should not exceed 45 ° in some areas.
  • the pressure bars are provided with recesses penetrating them in the region of the insulating body.
  • the pressure elements on the sides facing the concrete component parallel have plate-shaped contact profiles which extend to the longitudinal direction of the insulating body and which can expediently simultaneously replace the connecting web by connecting the pressure webs to one another.
  • the contact profile surfaces which serve to absorb the pressure forces, are dimensioned essentially as large as the cross-sectional area of the pressure element circumscribed by the pressure webs, so that at least the vertical extension of the pressure element is not increased by the contact profiles. In this way, the distance of the contact profile from the lower edge of the insulating body can be minimized and, due to the larger lever arm between pressure and tension elements, the torque to be recorded can be increased.
  • the plate-shaped design of the contact profiles also includes, in particular, rough, ribbed or generally provided with projections, which improve the contact with the adjacent concrete components.
  • the plate-shaped contact profile can be made flatter and therefore wider, since it is supported on its rear side at short intervals by the pressure webs running perpendicular to it and is secured against bending. Consequently, the contact profile does not have to have a vertical projection over the pressure webs, which are also reduced in height, with the same force absorption.
  • the lamellar structure of the pressure elements means that the plate-shaped thrust bearings do not have to be made larger than the cross-sectional area circumscribed by the pressure bars, and yet the bearing surface is made larger than the cross-sectional area of the web in the insulating body, so that the thrust bearing performs its function of introducing the pressure forces into the Can guarantee pressure element.
  • the contact profiles are positively connected to the adjacent concrete components, which can be done by individual projections extending into the concrete, a correspondingly designed surface or by a contact profile extending into the concrete component.
  • the horizontal thrust movements between the two components are transmitted directly to the pressure element, which according to the invention is designed to be thrust-smooth. Relative movements between the concrete components and the pressure element, which can lead to overstressing of the thrust bearing surface up to its destruction, can thus be prevented.
  • the contact profiles are at least partially embedded in the insulating body and protrude only slightly into the concrete component in order to maintain a sufficient distance from the reinforcement in the concrete component.
  • the pressure elements and not only the contact profiles can, in general, protrude at least partially beyond the insulating body and be anchored in the adjacent concrete component, in order to produce a positive connection, which in particular favors the transmission of horizontal movements.
  • the pressure elements consist of, in particular, alkali-resistant, fiber-reinforced plastic, for example of glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics or thermosets, since this results in less heat conduction through the insulating body.
  • a plastic pressure element does not need a concrete or insulating material cover, since it is not sensitive to corrosion. Rather, the plastic pressure element can be installed flush with the adjacent concrete components, which improves handling.
  • a simplification in the assembly of the component for thermal insulation and a reduction in processing costs results from the fact that the length of the pressure element can correspond to the length of the insulating body and thus only one pressure element with a correspondingly large number of pressure bars has to be provided per insulating body.
  • the pressure elements can be composed in a modular design from individual pressure bars and / or contact profiles, or individual pressure elements can be combined to form a composite pressure element that is variable in length.
  • the combination can take place via a connecting web or via suitable connecting means, in particular by mutual gluing, clipping on or latching.
  • a pressure element 1 is shown in plan view, which extends between a building part A and a projecting outer part B, for example a concrete slab.
  • the pressure element 1 consists of eight vertical pressure bars 2, at the ends of which a plate-shaped contact profile 3 or 4 extending perpendicular to the pressure bars is arranged.
  • the contact profile 3 lies flat against the balcony plate B for transferring the compressive forces, while the contact profile 4 is connected flatly to the building component A.
  • Any means for positively anchoring the contact profiles in the concrete components - for example in the form of projections - are not shown in the principle drawings for the sake of simplicity.
  • an insulating body 5 is also arranged in the joint between the building component A and the balcony slab B, which extends along the entire length Joint extends and only has recesses for the tensile, transverse force and pressure elements to be introduced.
  • the insulating body also extends above the pressure element 1 in the joint in order to prevent sound and heat transmission through the joint. It can also be seen from the sectional view in FIG. 2 that the length of the pressure element 1 in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the insulating body is a multiple of its vertical height, namely twice in the present case.
  • Figure 3 finally shows the pressure element 1 in side view and shows the arrangement of the pressure element within the joint between the two concrete components.
  • the pressure element can be installed in the lowest possible position within the joint, since in particular the two plate-shaped contact profiles 3 and 4 do not protrude downward relative to the pressure webs 2.
  • the pressure element 1 is made of plastic, it is also not subject to corrosion if it is arranged flush with the underside of the component in the joint and is thus exposed to the ambient climate.
  • the contact profiles 3 and 4 are flush with the two concrete components A and B. Likewise, however, these can also be anchored in the concrete parts by means of projections or extend partially or completely into these concrete components.
  • Figures 4 to 6 show a pressure element 11, which is constructed similarly to the pressure element 1, but has two additional connecting webs 13 and 14 to the pressure webs 12 (see Figures 4 and 6), which extend perpendicular to the pressure webs 12 and again perpendicular to each other are arranged.
  • these connecting webs 13 and 14 in particular the bending stiffness and compressive strength in the different directions can be controlled in a suitable manner.
  • FIGS. 7 to 9 again show a pressure element 21 which differs from the pressure element 11 only in that a further connecting web 25 is provided parallel to the connecting web 23 (which corresponds to the connecting web 13 from FIG. 4).
  • FIGS. 10 to 12 an embodiment of a pressure element 31 is shown in FIGS. 10 to 12.
  • this pressure element has such pressure webs 32 which end at an arc and end into the adjacent plate-shaped pressure bearings 33, 34 (see FIG. 10) or into the connecting webs 35 and 36 (see Figure 11).
  • each pressure web 32 is provided with a recess 37 in order to reduce the heat transfer through the pressure element.
  • the spaces between the individual pressure bars can be used in all four of the embodiments shown Insulation material should be provided.
  • the advantage of the present invention lies in the fact that, due to their lamella construction, the pressure elements can be arranged in the lowest possible position within the joint and can even be designed with only a small height, thereby increasing the moment to be absorbed by the pressure element.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)

Abstract

The insulation body (5) which is to be inserted between the e.g. building and outside part (B) has integrated pressure elements running across the longitudinal extension of the insulation body and attached to both components. These pressure elements are formed as profiled bodies (1) with several vertically aligned pressure webs (2,12). The length of the pressure elements in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the insulation body is a multiple of its vertical height. The dimensions of the pressure webs are different to conform with the stresses which occur in the various load directions. The profiled bodies can each consist of at least three pressure webs. At least some areas of the webs are inclined by a maximum of 45 degrees from the vertical.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Bauelement zur Wärmedämmung zwischen zwei zu betonierenden Bauteilen, insbesondere zwischen einem Gebäude und einem vorkragenden Außenteil, bestehend aus einem dazwischen zu verlegenden Isolierkörper mit zumindest integrierten Druckelementen, die quer zur Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers durch diesen hindurch verlaufen und jeweils an beide Bauteile angeschlossen sind.The invention relates to a component for thermal insulation between two components to be concreted, in particular between a building and a cantilevered outer part, consisting of an insulating body to be laid between them with at least integrated pressure elements which run transversely to the longitudinal extent of the insulating body and are connected to both components are.

Mit Hilfe derartiger Bauelemente werden vorkragende Wandteile wie beispielsweise Balkone mit einer entsprechenden Zwischendecke eines Gebäudes unter weitgehendem Ausschluß von Kältebrücken verbunden. Zur Aufnahme von Druckkräften weisen die Druckelemente in der Regel an ihren Enden in den Betonbauteilen verankerte Druckplatten auf, die die Krafteinleitung in die Druckelemente begünstigen und die Verankerungslänge im Beton reduzieren.With the help of such components, cantilevered wall parts such as balconies are connected to a corresponding false ceiling of a building with the extensive exclusion of cold bridges. To absorb compressive forces, the pressure elements generally have pressure plates anchored at their ends in the concrete components, which promote the introduction of force into the pressure elements and reduce the anchoring length in the concrete.

Derartige Druckplatten, die insbesondere scheibenförmig ausgebildet sind und prallel zur Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers und senkrecht zu den durch den Isolierkörper verlaufenden Druckelementen angeordnet sind, haben allerdings den Nachteil, daß durch sie die Mittelachse der Druckelemente nicht beliebig tief im Wärmedämmungsbauelement angeordnet werden kann. Denn zum einen kann der Höhenversatz zwischen Mittelachse der Druckelemente und Druckplattenunterseite nicht in größerem Maße reduziert werden bei gleichzeitiger Aufrechterhaltung der Druckplattenfunktion und zum anderen muß unterhalb des Drucklagers eine bestimmte Beton- bzw. Isolierkörperdicke eingehalten werden, um die Druckplatte und somit das korrosionsgefährdete Druckelement vor Korrosion zu schützen. Hierdurch wird jedoch verhindert, was allgemein angestrebt wird, nämlich den Abstand zwischen Zug- und Druckelementen möglichst groß zu wählen, um hierdurch das auf das Druckelement übertragene Moment vergrößern zu können.Such pressure plates, which are in particular disc-shaped and arranged parallel to the longitudinal extension of the insulating body and perpendicular to the pressure elements running through the insulating body, have the disadvantage, however, that through them the central axis the pressure elements cannot be arranged at any depth in the thermal insulation component. For on the one hand, the height offset between the central axis of the pressure elements and the underside of the pressure plate cannot be reduced to a greater extent while maintaining the pressure plate function and, on the other hand, a certain concrete or insulating body thickness must be maintained below the pressure bearing in order to protect the pressure plate and thus the corrosion-prone pressure element from corrosion to protect. However, this prevents what is generally sought, namely to make the distance between tension and compression elements as large as possible in order to be able to increase the torque transmitted to the compression element.

Es ist somit Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Bauelement zur Wärmedämmung mit einem Druckelement zur Verfügung zu stellen, dessen geometrische Anordnung und Gestaltung die Übertragung größerer Momente als herkömmliche Lösungen ermöglicht, wobei jedoch die Wärmedämmeigenschaften nicht herabgesetzt werden sollen.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a component for thermal insulation with a pressure element, the geometric arrangement and design of which allows the transmission of larger moments than conventional solutions, but the thermal insulation properties should not be reduced.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die Druckelemente aus einem Profilkörper bestehen mit mehreren insbesondere vertikal verlaufenden Druckstegen, wobei die Länge der Druckelemente in Richtung der Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers, also die Länge der Anlage am angrenzenden Betonbauteil, ein Vielfaches ihrer vertikalen Höhe beträgt. Während sich bei den Druckelementen des Standes der Technik Vertikal- und Horizontalerstreckung in der Ebene der Fuge in der Regel nicht unterscheiden, da diese rotationssymmetrisch ausgeführt sind, zeichnet sich das Druckelement der vorliegenden Erfindung dadurch aus, daß es nur eine Orientierung des Druckelements innerhalb des Wärmedämmelementes gibt, die die Anforderungen an das Druckelement erfüllt. Denn das erfindungsgemäße Druckelement ist aufgrund der vertikalen, parallel zueinander verlaufenden Druckstege in Vertikalrichtung steif und somit knickstabil, hingegen in Horizontalrichtung schubbewegungsweich ausgebildet, wodurch es seitliche temperaturbedingte Längenänderungen des vorkragenden Außenteils gegenüber dem Gebäude nicht behindert. Bei einem fälschlicherweise um 90° gedrehten Einbau des Druckelementes ließe sich nur ein Bruchteil der Druckkräfte über längere Zeit aufnehmen.This object is achieved in that the pressure elements consist of a profile body with several, in particular, vertically extending pressure webs, the length of the pressure elements in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the insulating body, i.e. the length of the system on the adjacent concrete component, being a multiple of its vertical height. While the vertical and horizontal dimensions in the plane of the joint generally do not differ in the case of the printing elements of the prior art, since these are rotationally symmetrical are carried out, the pressure element of the present invention is characterized in that there is only one orientation of the pressure element within the thermal insulation element that meets the requirements for the pressure element. Because the pressure element according to the invention is due to the vertical, mutually parallel pressure bars in the vertical direction stiff and therefore kink-resistant, on the other hand in the horizontal direction smooth thrust, whereby it does not hinder lateral temperature-related changes in length of the projecting outer part relative to the building. If the pressure element was incorrectly rotated by 90 °, only a fraction of the pressure forces could be absorbed over a longer period of time.

Somit ist das Druckelement für die Anforderungen, die für jede der verschiedenen Beanspruchungsrichtungen innerhalb der Fuge bestehen, durch richtungsabhängige Anpassung der Dimension der Druckstege optimal ausgelegt. Dies führt zu einer drastischen Materialersparnis.Thus, the pressure element is optimally designed for the requirements that exist for each of the different stress directions within the joint by adapting the dimension of the pressure bars depending on the direction. This leads to drastic material savings.

Auf der anderen Seite führt das Vorsehen mehrerer Druckstege dazu, daß sich die Höhe jedes einzelnen Druckstegs reduzieren läßt, da sich die aufzunehmende Belastung entsprechend verteilt.On the other hand, the provision of several pressure bars means that the height of each pressure bar can be reduced, since the load to be absorbed is distributed accordingly.

Die Vertikalrichtung der Druckstege besagt, daß zwar das gesamte Druckelement vom einen Bauteil ausgehend horizontal und damit quer zur Längserstreckung der Fuge zum anderen Bauteil verläuft, hierbei aber die Druckstege innerhalb dieses horizontal verlaufenden Druckelements zumindest teilweise vertikal angeordnet sind.The vertical direction of the pressure webs means that, although the entire pressure element extends horizontally from one component and thus transversely to the longitudinal extent of the joint to the other component, the pressure webs are at least partially arranged vertically within this horizontally extending pressure element.

Zweckmäßigerweise sind die Druckstege durch zumindest einen hierzu quer verlaufenden Verbindungssteg verbunden, der in Richtung der Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers entweder vertikal oder horizontal verläuft und eine gegenseitige Lagefixierung der Druckstege zueinander bewirkt. Jedoch kann diese gegenseitige Lagefixierung auch durch den Isolierkörper selbst sichergestellt werden, so daß ein Verbindungssteg nicht erforderlich wäre und die einzelnen Druckstege ohne direkte Verbindung lose angeordnet wären. Insbesondere besteht der Profilkörper aus zumindest drei Druckstegen und ist die Länge der Druckelemente zumindest dreimal so groß wie deren Höhe, wodurch sich für jedes Druckelement ein gutes Verhältnis zwischen dem Querschnitt bzw. der Druckelementhöhe und der Druckfestigkeit bzw. dem aufnehmbaren Moment ergibt.The pressure webs are expediently connected by at least one connecting web running transversely thereto, which runs either vertically or horizontally in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the insulating body and causes the pressure webs to be mutually fixed in position. However, this mutual positional fixation can also be ensured by the insulating body itself, so that a connecting web would not be necessary and the individual pressure webs would be loosely arranged without a direct connection. In particular, the profile body consists of at least three pressure bars and the length of the pressure elements is at least three times as large as their height, which results in a good relationship between the cross section or the pressure element height and the pressure resistance or the absorbable moment for each pressure element.

Vorteilhafterweise erstrecken sich die Stege genau in Vertikalrichtung durch den Isolierkörper, um die Anforderung der vertikalen Steifigkeit und der horizontalen Schubweichheit zu gewährleisten. Bei bestimmten Ausgestaltungen der Druckstege kann sich jedoch auch deren Neigung aus der Vertikalen empfehlen, die in Teilbereichen 45° nicht übersteigen sollte.The webs advantageously extend exactly in the vertical direction through the insulating body in order to ensure the requirement of vertical rigidity and horizontal thrust softness. With certain configurations of the pressure bars, however, their inclination from the vertical can also be recommended, which should not exceed 45 ° in some areas.

Zur weiteren Einsparung des Druckelementmaterials, was zu einer Erhöhung der Wärmedämmung führt, empfiehlt es sich, wenn die Druckstege mit sie im Bereich des Isolierkörpers durchdringenden Aussparungen versehen sind.To further save the pressure element material, which leads to an increase in thermal insulation, it is advisable if the pressure bars are provided with recesses penetrating them in the region of the insulating body.

Es ist darüberhinaus vorteilhaft, wenn die Druckelemente an den dem Betonbauteil zugewandten Seiten sich paralell zur Längsrichtung des Isolierkörpers erstreckende plattenförmige Kontaktprofile aufweisen, die zweckmäßigerweise gleichzeitig den Verbindungssteg ersetzen können, indem sie die Druckstege miteinander verbinden. Hierbei sind idealerweise die Kontaktprofilflächen, die zur Aufnahme der Druckkräfte dienen, im wesentlichen so groß bemessen wie der von den Druckstegen umschriebene Querschnittsbereich des Druckelements, so daß zumindest die vertikale Erstreckung des Druckelementes durch die Kontaktprofile nicht erhöht wird. Hierdurch läßt sich der Abstand des Kontaktprofils von der Unterkante des Isolierkörpers minimieren und somit aufgrund des größeren Hebelarms zwischen Druck- und Zugelementen das aufzunehmende Moment erhöhen. Die plattenförmige Gestaltung der Kontaktprofile umfaßt insbesondere auch rauhe, gerippte oder ganz allgemein mit Vorsprüngen versehene Oberflächen, die den Kontakt mit den angrenzenden Betonbauteilen verbessern.It is also advantageous if the pressure elements on the sides facing the concrete component parallel have plate-shaped contact profiles which extend to the longitudinal direction of the insulating body and which can expediently simultaneously replace the connecting web by connecting the pressure webs to one another. Ideally, the contact profile surfaces, which serve to absorb the pressure forces, are dimensioned essentially as large as the cross-sectional area of the pressure element circumscribed by the pressure webs, so that at least the vertical extension of the pressure element is not increased by the contact profiles. In this way, the distance of the contact profile from the lower edge of the insulating body can be minimized and, due to the larger lever arm between pressure and tension elements, the torque to be recorded can be increased. The plate-shaped design of the contact profiles also includes, in particular, rough, ribbed or generally provided with projections, which improve the contact with the adjacent concrete components.

Darüber hinaus kann hierdurch das plattenförmige Kontaktprofil flacher und dafür breiter ausgeführt werden, da es auf seiner Rückseite in kurzen Abständen von den senkrecht hierzu verlaufenden Druckstege unterstützt und gegen Durchbiegen gesichert wird. Folglich muß das Kontaktprofil bei gleicher Kraftaufnahme keinen vertikalen Überstand gegenüber den ebenfalls in ihrer Höhe reduzierten Druckstegen aufweisen.In addition, the plate-shaped contact profile can be made flatter and therefore wider, since it is supported on its rear side at short intervals by the pressure webs running perpendicular to it and is secured against bending. Consequently, the contact profile does not have to have a vertical projection over the pressure webs, which are also reduced in height, with the same force absorption.

Somit ist offensichtlich, daß durch diese Lamellenbauweise die Bauhöhe des Druckelements einschließlich der Druckplatten verringert werden kann, ohne daß dies zu einem größeren Querschnittsbereich des Druckelementmaterials und somit zu einer größeren Wärmeleitung durch den Isolierkörper führen würde.It is therefore evident that the overall height of the pressure element, including the pressure plates, can be reduced by this lamella construction without this would lead to a larger cross-sectional area of the pressure element material and thus to greater heat conduction through the insulating body.

Durch den lamellenartigen Aufbau der Druckelemente ergebt sich, daß die plattenförmigen Drucklager nicht größer als der von den Druckstegen umschriebene Querschnittsbereich ausgeführt werden müssen und dennoch die Lagerfläche größer als die Stegquerschnittsfläche im Isolierkörper ausgeführt ist, so daß die Drucklager ihre Funktion der Einleitung der Druckkräfte in das Druckelement gewährleisten können.The lamellar structure of the pressure elements means that the plate-shaped thrust bearings do not have to be made larger than the cross-sectional area circumscribed by the pressure bars, and yet the bearing surface is made larger than the cross-sectional area of the web in the insulating body, so that the thrust bearing performs its function of introducing the pressure forces into the Can guarantee pressure element.

Zum einen ist es empfehlenswert, daß die Kontakprofile formschlüssig mit den angrenzenden Betonbauteilen verbunden sind, was durch einzelne, sich in den Beton erstreckende Vorsprünge, eine entsprechend ausgeführte Oberfläche oder durch ein sich in das Betonbauteil erstreckendes Kontaktprofil erfolgen kann. Hierdurch werden die horizontalen Schubbewegungen zwischen den beiden Bauteilen direkt auf das Druckelement übertragen, welches erfindungsgemäß schubbewegungsweich ausgeführt ist. Somit können Relativbewegungen zwischen den Betonbauteilen und dem Druckelement, welche zu einer Überbeanspruchung der Drucklageroberfläche bis hin zu deren Zerstörung führen können, verhindert werden. Zum anderen ist es aber auch empfehlenswert, wenn die Kontaktprofile zumindest teilweise in den Isolierkörper eingebettet sind und nur in geringem Maße in das Betonbauteil vorstehen, um so einen ausreichenden Abstand von der im Betonbauteil befindlichen Bewehrung einzuhalten. Hierdurch muß bei der Positionierung der Druckelemente nicht auf die Position der Bewehrungselemente Rücksicht genommen werden. Schließlich können ganz allgemein die Druckelemente und nicht nur die Kontaktprofile zumindest teilweise über den Isolierkörper hinausragen und im angrenzenden Betonbauteil verankert sein, um so einen Formschluß herzustellen, der insbesondere die Übertragung von Horizontalbewegungen begünstigt.On the one hand, it is recommended that the contact profiles are positively connected to the adjacent concrete components, which can be done by individual projections extending into the concrete, a correspondingly designed surface or by a contact profile extending into the concrete component. As a result, the horizontal thrust movements between the two components are transmitted directly to the pressure element, which according to the invention is designed to be thrust-smooth. Relative movements between the concrete components and the pressure element, which can lead to overstressing of the thrust bearing surface up to its destruction, can thus be prevented. On the other hand, it is also advisable if the contact profiles are at least partially embedded in the insulating body and protrude only slightly into the concrete component in order to maintain a sufficient distance from the reinforcement in the concrete component. This means that the positioning of the pressure elements the position of the reinforcement elements is not taken into account. Finally, the pressure elements and not only the contact profiles can, in general, protrude at least partially beyond the insulating body and be anchored in the adjacent concrete component, in order to produce a positive connection, which in particular favors the transmission of horizontal movements.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Druckelemente aus insbesondere alkalibeständigem, faserverstärktem Kunststoff bestehen, beispielsweise aus glasfaserverstärkten Thermoplasten oder Duroplasten, da sich hierdurch eine geringere Wärmeleitung durch den Isolierkörper ergibt. Darüberhinaus braucht ein solches Kunststoffdruckelement keine Beton- bzw. Isoliermaterialüberdeckung, da es nicht korrisionsempfindlich ist. Vielmehr kann das Kunststoffdruckelement bündig mit den angrenzenden Betonbauteilen verlegt werden, wodurch die Handhabbarkeit verbessert wird.It is particularly advantageous if the pressure elements consist of, in particular, alkali-resistant, fiber-reinforced plastic, for example of glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics or thermosets, since this results in less heat conduction through the insulating body. In addition, such a plastic pressure element does not need a concrete or insulating material cover, since it is not sensitive to corrosion. Rather, the plastic pressure element can be installed flush with the adjacent concrete components, which improves handling.

Im Fall des Einbaus eines Kunststoffdruckelementes ohne Betonüberdeckung empfiehlt es sich, wenn die Druckelemente auf ihrer Unterseite mit einem Brandschutzmaterial geschtürzt sind, da sie sonst im Falle eines Brandes schnell zerstört würden, woraufhin die ganze Lagerung erneuert werden müßte. Ein derartiges Brandschutzmaterial empfiehlt sich darüberhinaus auch für diejenigen Außenseiten des Isolierkörpers, die nicht von Beton beaufschlagt sind, da das Isoliermaterial hierdurch im Hinblick auf Wärme- bzw. Schalldämmung ausgelegt werden kann, ohne auf Brandschutzeigenschaften Rücksicht nehmen zu müssen.In the case of installing a plastic pressure element without a concrete cover, it is recommended that the pressure elements on their underside are covered with a fire protection material, otherwise they would be destroyed quickly in the event of a fire, after which the entire storage would have to be replaced. Such a fire protection material is also recommended for those outer sides of the insulating body that are not exposed to concrete, since the insulating material can thereby be designed with regard to heat or sound insulation without having to take fire protection properties into account.

Eine Vereinfachung bei der Bestückung des Bauelements zur Wärmedämmung und eine Reduzierung des Verarbeitungsaufwandes ergibt sich dadurch, daß die Länge des Druckelementes der Länge des Isolierkörpers entsprechen kann und somit pro Isolierkörper nur ein Druckelement mit einer entsprechend großen Anzahl an Druckstegen zur Verfügung gestellt werden muß.A simplification in the assembly of the component for thermal insulation and a reduction in processing costs results from the fact that the length of the pressure element can correspond to the length of the insulating body and thus only one pressure element with a correspondingly large number of pressure bars has to be provided per insulating body.

Ebenso können die Druckelemente in Modulbauweise aus einzelnen Druckstegen und/oder Kontaktprofilen zusammengesetzt seien oder einzelne Druckelemente zu einem in der Länge variierbaren zusammengesetzten Druckelement kombiniert werden. Hierbei kann das Kombinieren über einen Verbindungssteg oder über geeignete Verbindungsmittel insbesondere durch gegenseitiges Verkleben, Anklipsen oder Verrasten erfolgen.Likewise, the pressure elements can be composed in a modular design from individual pressure bars and / or contact profiles, or individual pressure elements can be combined to form a composite pressure element that is variable in length. The combination can take place via a connecting web or via suitable connecting means, in particular by mutual gluing, clipping on or latching.

Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der vorliegenden Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung von Ausführungsbeispielen anhand der Zeichnungen; hierbei zeigen

Figur 1
ein erfindungsgemäßes Druckelement in Draufsicht;
Figur 2
das Druckelement aus Figur 1 in entlang der Linie II-II aus Figur 1 geschnittener Vorderansicht;
Figur 3
das Druckelement aus den Figuren 1 und 2 in Seitenansicht;
Figuren 4 bis 6
eine alternative Ausführungsform eines Druckelements in denen Darstellungen entsprechend der Figuren 1 bis 3;
Figuren 7 bis 9
eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Druckelements in den Darstellungen entsprechend der Figuren 1 bis 3 und
Figuren 10 bis 12
eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Druckelements in den Darstellungen entsprechend der Figuren 1 bis 3.
Further features and advantages of the present invention result from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings; show here
Figure 1
a pressure element according to the invention in plan view;
Figure 2
the pressure element of Figure 1 in a sectional view taken along the line II-II of Figure 1;
Figure 3
the pressure element of Figures 1 and 2 in side view;
Figures 4 to 6
an alternative embodiment of a pressure element in which representations corresponding to Figures 1 to 3;
Figures 7 to 9
a further embodiment of a pressure element in the representations corresponding to Figures 1 to 3 and
Figures 10 to 12
a further embodiment of a pressure element in the representations corresponding to Figures 1 to 3.

In Figur 1 ist ein Druckelement 1 in Draufsicht dargestellt, das sich zwischen einem Gebäudeteil A und einem vorkragenden Außenteil B, beispielsweise einer Betonplatte, erstreckt. Das Druckelement 1 besteht aus acht vertikalen Druckstegen 2, an deren Ende jeweils ein sich senkrecht zu den Druckstegen erstreckendes plattenförmiges Kontaktprofil 3 bzw. 4 angeordnet ist. Hierbei liegt das Kontaktprofil 3 zur Übertragung der Druckkräfte flächig an der Balkonplatte B an, während das Kontaktprofil 4 flächig an das Gebäudebauteil A angeschlossen ist. Etwaige Mittel zum formschlüssigen Verankern der Kontaktprofile in den Betonbauteilen - beispielsweise in Form von Vorsprüngen - sind der Einfachheit halber in den Prinzipzeichnungen nicht dargestellt.In Figure 1, a pressure element 1 is shown in plan view, which extends between a building part A and a projecting outer part B, for example a concrete slab. The pressure element 1 consists of eight vertical pressure bars 2, at the ends of which a plate-shaped contact profile 3 or 4 extending perpendicular to the pressure bars is arranged. Here, the contact profile 3 lies flat against the balcony plate B for transferring the compressive forces, while the contact profile 4 is connected flatly to the building component A. Any means for positively anchoring the contact profiles in the concrete components - for example in the form of projections - are not shown in the principle drawings for the sake of simplicity.

Neben dem Druckelement 1 ist ebenfalls zwischen dem Gebäudebauteil A und der Balkonplatte B in der Fuge ein Isolierkörper 5 angeordnet, der sich längs der gesamten Fuge erstreckt und lediglich Aussparungen für die einzubringenden Zug-, Querkraft- und Druckelemente aufweist. So erstreckt sich der Isolierkörper - wie aus Figur 2 ersichtlich - in der Fuge auch oberhalb des Druckelementes 1, um eine Schall- und Wärmeübertragung durch die Fuge zu verhindern.
Aus der Schnittdarstellung der Figur 2 ist außerdem zu erkennen, daß die Länge des Druckelementes 1 in Richtung der Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers ein Vielfaches seiner vertikalen Höhe beträgt, nämlich im vorliegenden Fall das Doppelte.In addition to the pressure element 1, an insulating body 5 is also arranged in the joint between the building component A and the balcony slab B, which extends along the entire length Joint extends and only has recesses for the tensile, transverse force and pressure elements to be introduced. Thus, as can be seen from FIG. 2, the insulating body also extends above the pressure element 1 in the joint in order to prevent sound and heat transmission through the joint.
It can also be seen from the sectional view in FIG. 2 that the length of the pressure element 1 in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the insulating body is a multiple of its vertical height, namely twice in the present case.

Figur 3 zeigt schließlich das Druckelement 1 in Seitenansicht und läßt die Anordnung des Druckelementes innerhalb der Fuge zwischen den beiden Betonbauteilen erkennen. Hierbei ist insbesondere ersichtlich, daß das Druckelement in der tiefstmöglichen Position innerhalb der Fuge eingebaut werden kann, da insbesondere die beiden plattenförmigen Kontaktprofile 3 und 4 nicht gegenüber den Druckstegen 2 nach unten überstehen. Insbesondere wenn das Druckelement 1 aus Kunststoff hergestellt wird, unterliegt es auch dann keiner Korrosion, wenn es bündig mit den Bauteilunterseiten in der Fuge angeordnet wird und somit dem Umgebungsklima ausgesetzt ist.Figure 3 finally shows the pressure element 1 in side view and shows the arrangement of the pressure element within the joint between the two concrete components. It can be seen in particular that the pressure element can be installed in the lowest possible position within the joint, since in particular the two plate-shaped contact profiles 3 and 4 do not protrude downward relative to the pressure webs 2. In particular, if the pressure element 1 is made of plastic, it is also not subject to corrosion if it is arranged flush with the underside of the component in the joint and is thus exposed to the ambient climate.

Bei dem hier vorliegenden Ausführungsbeispiel liegen die Kontaktprofile 3 und 4 bündig an den beiden Betonbauteilen A und B an. Ebenso können diese jedoch auch mittels Vorsprüngen in den Betonoauteilen verankert sein bzw. sich teilweise oder vollständig in diese Betonbauteile flächig erstrecken.In the present embodiment, the contact profiles 3 and 4 are flush with the two concrete components A and B. Likewise, however, these can also be anchored in the concrete parts by means of projections or extend partially or completely into these concrete components.

Die Figuren 4 bis 6 zeigen ein Druckelement 11, das ähnlich dem Druckelement 1 aufgebaut ist, jedoch zu den Druckstegen 12 zwei zusätzliche Verbindungsstege 13 und 14 (siehe Figuren 4 und 6) aufweist, die sich senkrecht zu den Druckstegen 12 erstrecken und wiederum senkrecht zueinander angeordnet sind. Mit Hilfe dieser Verbindungsstege 13 und 14 lassen sich insbesondere die Biegesteifigkeiten und Druckfestigkeiten in den verschiedenen Richtungen in geeigneter Weise steuern.Figures 4 to 6 show a pressure element 11, which is constructed similarly to the pressure element 1, but has two additional connecting webs 13 and 14 to the pressure webs 12 (see Figures 4 and 6), which extend perpendicular to the pressure webs 12 and again perpendicular to each other are arranged. With the help of these connecting webs 13 and 14, in particular the bending stiffness and compressive strength in the different directions can be controlled in a suitable manner.

Die Figuren 7 bis 9 zeigen wiederum ein Druckelement 21, das sich von dem Druckelement 11 nur dadurch unterscheidet, daß ein weiterer Verbindungssteg 25 parallel zum Verbindungssteg 23 (der dem Verbindungssteg 13 aus Figur 4 entspricht) vorgesehen ist.FIGS. 7 to 9 again show a pressure element 21 which differs from the pressure element 11 only in that a further connecting web 25 is provided parallel to the connecting web 23 (which corresponds to the connecting web 13 from FIG. 4).

Schließlich ist in den Figuren 10 bis 12 eine Ausführungsform eines Druckelementes 31 dargestellt. Dieses Druckelement weist im Gegensatz zu den plattenförmigen Druckstegen der Druckelemente 1, 11 und 21 solche Druckstege 32 auf, die an ihren Enden bogenförmig auslaufen und in die angrenzenden plattenförmigen Drucklager 33, 34 (siehe Figur 10) bzw. in die Verbindungsstege 35 bzw. 36 (siehe Figur 11) übergehen. Darüberhinaus ist - wie aus Figur 12 erkennbar - jeder Drucksteg 32 mit einer Aussparung 37 versehen, um den Wärmeübergang durch das Druckelement zu reduzieren.Finally, an embodiment of a pressure element 31 is shown in FIGS. 10 to 12. In contrast to the plate-shaped pressure webs of the pressure elements 1, 11 and 21, this pressure element has such pressure webs 32 which end at an arc and end into the adjacent plate-shaped pressure bearings 33, 34 (see FIG. 10) or into the connecting webs 35 and 36 (see Figure 11). Furthermore, as can be seen from FIG. 12, each pressure web 32 is provided with a recess 37 in order to reduce the heat transfer through the pressure element.

Zur Verbesserung der Wärme- und Schalldämmeigenschaften können die Zwischenräume zwischen den einzelnen Druckstegen in allen vier aufgezeigten Ausführungsformen mit Dämmmaterial versehen sein.In order to improve the heat and sound insulation properties, the spaces between the individual pressure bars can be used in all four of the embodiments shown Insulation material should be provided.

Zusammenfassend liegt der Vorteil der vorliegenden Erfindung darin, daß die Druckelemente aufgrund ihrer Lamellenbauweise in der tiefstmöglichen Position innerhalb der Fuge angeordnet werden können und selbst mit nur geringer Höhe ausgeführt sein können, wodurch das vom Druckelement aufzunehmende Moment vergrößert wird.In summary, the advantage of the present invention lies in the fact that, due to their lamella construction, the pressure elements can be arranged in the lowest possible position within the joint and can even be designed with only a small height, thereby increasing the moment to be absorbed by the pressure element.

Claims (17)

Bauelement zur Wärmedämmung zwischen zwei zu betonierenden Bauteilen, insbesondere zwischen einem Gebäude (A) und einem vorkragenden Außenteil (B), bestehend aus einem dazwischen zu verlegenden Isolierkörper (5) mit zumindest integrierten Druckelementen, die quer zur Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers durch diesen hindurchverlaufen und jeweils an beide Bauteile angeschlossen sind,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) aus einem Profilkörper bestehen mit mehreren insbesondere vertikal verlaufenden Druckstegen (2, 12, 22, 32), wobei die Länge der Druckelemente in Richtung der Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers ein Vielfaches ihrer vertikalen Höhe beträgt.Component for thermal insulation between two components to be concreted, in particular between a building (A) and a cantilevered outer part (B), consisting of an insulating body (5) to be laid between them with at least integrated pressure elements which run through the insulating body transversely to the longitudinal extension thereof and each are connected to both components,
characterized,
that the pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) consist of a profile body with several, in particular, vertically extending pressure webs (2, 12, 22, 32), the length of the pressure elements in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the insulating body being a multiple of their vertical height. Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Abmessungen der Druckstege (2, 12, 22, 32) in Anpassung an die effektiv auftretenden Belastungen in den verschiedenen Belastungsrichtungen unterschiedlich sind.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the dimensions of the pressure webs (2, 12, 22, 32) are different in adaptation to the effectively occurring loads in the different load directions. Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Profilkörper aus zumindest drei Druckstegen (2, 12, 22, 32) besteht.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the profile body consists of at least three pressure bars (2, 12, 22, 32). Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Länge der Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) in Richtung der Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers (5) zumindest dreimal so groß ist wie deren Höhe.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the length of the pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the insulating body (5) is at least three times as large as their height. Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß zumindest Teilbereiche der Druckstege (2, 12, 22, 32) aus der Vertikalen um maximal 45° geneigt sind.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that at least partial areas of the pressure webs (2, 12, 22, 32) are inclined from the vertical by a maximum of 45 °. Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Druckstege (2, 12, 22, 32) mit sie im Bereich des Isolierkörpers (5) durchdringenden Aussparungen (37) versehen sind.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the pressure webs (2, 12, 22, 32) are provided with recesses (37) penetrating them in the region of the insulating body (5). Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) an den den Betonbauteilen (A, B) zugewandten Seiten sich parallel zur Längsrichtung des Isolierkörpers (5) erstreckende plattenförmige Kontaktprofile (3, 4, 33, 34) aufweisen.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) on the sides facing the concrete components (A, B) have plate-shaped contact profiles (3, 4, 33, 34) extending parallel to the longitudinal direction of the insulating body (5). Bauelement nach Anspruch 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Kontaktprofile (3, 4, 33, 34) die senkrecht hierzu verlaufenden Druckstege (2, 12, 22, 32) miteinander verbinden und daß deren Profilfläche im wesentlichen so groß bemessen ist wie der von den Druckstegen umschriebene Querschnittsbereich des Druckelements (1, 11, 21, 31).Component according to Claim 7,
characterized,
that the contact profiles (3, 4, 33, 34) have the pressure webs (2, 12, 22, 32) running perpendicular to them connect with each other and that their profile area is dimensioned essentially as large as the cross-sectional area of the pressure element (1, 11, 21, 31) circumscribed by the pressure bars. Bauelement nach Anspruch 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Kontaktprofile (3, 4, 33, 34) zumindest teilweise in den Isolierkörper (5) eingebettet sind.Component according to Claim 7,
characterized,
that the contact profiles (3, 4, 33, 34) are at least partially embedded in the insulating body (5). Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) zumindest teilweise über den Isolierkörper (5) hinausragen.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) at least partially protrude beyond the insulating body (5). Bauelement nach Anspruch 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Kontaktprofile (3, 4, 33, 34) formschlüssig mit den angrenzenden Betonbauteilen (A, B) verbunden sind.Component according to Claim 7,
characterized,
that the contact profiles (3, 4, 33, 34) are positively connected to the adjacent concrete components (A, B). Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) aus insbesondere alkalibeständigem faserverstärktem Kunststoff bestehen.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) consist in particular of alkali-resistant fiber-reinforced plastic. Bauelement nach Anspruch 12,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) zumindest auf einer Seite mit einem Brandschutzmaterial geschützt sind.Component according to Claim 12,
characterized,
that the pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) are protected at least on one side with a fire protection material. Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Länge des Druckelements (1, 11, 21, 31) in Richtung der Längserstreckung des Isolierkörpers (5) der Länge des Isolierkörpers entspricht.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that the length of the pressure element (1, 11, 21, 31) in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the insulating body (5) corresponds to the length of the insulating body. Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß einzelne Druckstege (2, 12, 22, 32) und/oder Kontaktprofile (3, 4, 33, 34) in Modulbauweise zu einem in der Länge variierbaren Druckelement (1, 11, 21, 31) kombinierbar sind.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that individual pressure bars (2, 12, 22, 32) and / or contact profiles (3, 4, 33, 34) can be combined in a modular design to form a length-adjustable pressure element (1, 11, 21, 31). Bauelement nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß einzelne Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) in Modulbauweise zu einem in der Länge variierbaren Druckelement kombinierbar sind.Component according to Claim 1,
characterized,
that individual pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) can be combined in a modular design to form a variable pressure element. Bauelement nach einem der Ansprüche 15 oder 16,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Kombinieren der einzelnen Druckstege (2, 12, 22, 32) und/oder Kontaktprofile (3, 4, 33, 34) oder der Druckelemente (1, 11, 21, 31) über einen Verbindungssteg oder über Verbindungsmittel insbesondere durch Kleben, Anklipsen oder gegenseitiges Verrasten erfolgt.Component according to one of claims 15 or 16,
characterized,
that the combination of the individual pressure webs (2, 12, 22, 32) and / or contact profiles (3, 4, 33, 34) or the pressure elements (1, 11, 21, 31) via a connecting web or connecting means, in particular by gluing, Clip on or snap together.
EP97101949A 1996-05-30 1997-02-07 Construction element for heat insulation Expired - Lifetime EP0810334B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19621643A DE19621643A1 (en) 1996-05-30 1996-05-30 Component for thermal insulation
DE19621643 1996-05-30

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EP0810334B1 EP0810334B1 (en) 2000-11-08

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EP0499590A1 (en) * 1991-02-15 1992-08-19 Reto Bonomo Insulating connecting element for balcony floors and the use thereoff
DE9318354U1 (en) * 1993-11-18 1994-03-24 Max Frank Gmbh & Co Kg, 94339 Leiblfing Balcony connection
DE4436808A1 (en) * 1994-10-14 1996-05-02 Schaedler Felix Dipl Ing Balcony etc. connector element

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE197484T1 (en) 2000-11-11
EP0810334B1 (en) 2000-11-08
DE59702589D1 (en) 2000-12-14
CA2204699A1 (en) 1997-11-30
DE19621643A1 (en) 1997-12-04
US5822938A (en) 1998-10-20

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