EP0808454A1 - Process for determining the solids content of a gas flow - Google Patents
Process for determining the solids content of a gas flowInfo
- Publication number
- EP0808454A1 EP0808454A1 EP96901801A EP96901801A EP0808454A1 EP 0808454 A1 EP0808454 A1 EP 0808454A1 EP 96901801 A EP96901801 A EP 96901801A EP 96901801 A EP96901801 A EP 96901801A EP 0808454 A1 EP0808454 A1 EP 0808454A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- transmitter
- receiver
- electromagnetic waves
- coal
- solids
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005293 ferrimagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005350 ferromagnetic resonance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001028 reflection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
- G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
- G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
- G01N21/534—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke by measuring transmission alone, i.e. determining opacity
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for determining the loading of a gas stream with solids, in particular for controlling the combustion of a boiler with coal dust in a coal-fired power plant, and a device therefor.
- coal dust is supplied to corresponding burners by carrier air, which are arranged in different levels in a boiler. Combustion air also arrives in the boiler, which supports the combustion of the coal dust in the boiler.
- distributors or similar actuators are used in a corresponding delivery line, which are set once, namely when the coal-fired power plant is started up, and then remain in this position for a longer period of time.
- the present invention has for its object to develop a method and an apparatus of the type mentioned above, with which a continuous determination of the solids content in a gas stream is possible in a simple manner, without this gas stream being impaired in any way.
- Transmitters are sent to a receiver and the attenuation of these electromagnetic waves as a result of absorption part of them is determined on the solid fractions.
- the great advantage of this process is, on the one hand, that it is continuously possible to apply the electromagnetic waves to the gas flow with the solid components. Accordingly, the solids content can be measured continuously. Furthermore, mechanical installations in, for example, a sensor tube, which lead to the above-mentioned disruption of the gas flow, are unnecessary.
- the invention makes use of the advantage of electromagnetic waves that parts of these electromagnetic waves are reflected and absorbed in solid parts. That is, these parts do not reach the receiver, so that a significant difference between the electromagnetic waves emitted and those received is found. From this difference, conclusions can be drawn about the loading of the gas stream with solid components, although this is certainly initially only a relative value. By evaluating the relative measurement with a correction factor, an absolute measurement is obtained.
- the throughput and / or the quantity is recorded on a plate belt with which coal is fed to a mill for producing coal dust. This can be done with commercially available measuring systems, e.g. with a radiometric belt scale.
- the sum is formed from the individual measurements of the coal dust flow in the burner outputs or the sensor tubes in order to determine the total throughput and / or quantity.
- the correction factor to make an absolute measurement from the relative measurement of the coal dust flow is calculated from:
- ⁇ throughput (amount of plate belt. throughput (amount of individual measurement )
- the relative values are generally sufficient for controlling the firing of a boiler with coal dust in a coal-fired power plant, the relative values from the individual feed lines to the individual burners being compared with one another.
- Another or additional possibility of measuring the loading of a gas stream with solid particles is done by determining an amplitude change in the emitted electromagnetic waves. This process takes advantage of the effect of the reflection effect.
- the amplitude of a reflected, frequency-shifted, electromagnetic wave signal, in particular a microwave signal, is also a measure of the loading of the gas stream and can be used as such for signal evaluation.
- transmitters and receivers for electromagnetic waves are commercially available. It is mentioned here only as an example that the transmitter can be a Gunn oscillator. In contrast, a Schottky diode in a cavity resonator can, for example, be used for the receiver. However, these are only exemplary embodiments.
- the electromagnetic waves are reflected multiple times on their way between the transmitter and the receiver.
- this is done in a sensor tube for coal dust particles through the metal walls of this tube.
- the transmitter and receiver for electromagnetic waves are inclined in or against the current direction.
- a three-time reflection can take place in the sensor tube, whereby the damping effect is significantly increased, so that the difference between the emitted and the received waves can be increased and thus displayed more clearly.
- the three-time reflection is thus only to be regarded as an example; of course, a single reflection, a straight pass or a multiple reflection can also suffice in individual cases.
- Microwaves with a frequency of more than 1 GHz are preferably used as electromagnetic waves.
- the loading of a gas stream is determined on the basis of the amplitude of the reflected, frequency-shifted microwave signal, it is advisable to integrate the transmitter and receiver in one antenna.
- This antenna then emits the corresponding electromagnetic waves, preferably perpendicular to the gas flow, so that these waves are reflected on the opposite inner wall of the delivery pipe and are received again by the same antenna. The same applies to those waves that are reflected by the solid parts.
- the throughput signal arises from the combination of the two signals. This happens because the transmitter is also designed as a receiver. This receiver receives those directly reflected back by the individual coal dust particles Waves, where a frequency shift is generated due to the Doppler effect. Both frequencies, ie the emitted as well as the reflected, differ only slightly. The speed can be determined from the frequency difference.
- an insert is to be used in the opening of the sensor tube through which the electromagnetic wave cone penetrates into the sensor tube, which brings about a lens effect. This means that this insert also scatters the electromagnetic waves to the side, so that dead spaces are eliminated.
- the insert preferably consists of two layers.
- One layer consists of a material through which electromagnetic waves are not damped, this layer being curved on the tube side, which creates the lens effect.
- This layer preferably consists of a low-loss plastic.
- this layer is still covered with a weakly damping layer, for which melted basalt is preferably used, which protects the plastic lens from abrasion.
- a one-piece ceramic lens can also be used.
- the installation location of the antenna plays a decisive role in the function of the measurement.
- the installation location must be chosen so that the distribution of the solids in the pipe is as homogeneous as possible. This is the case, for example, in the area of a pipe bend or after a diffuser introduced into the pipe.
- the homogeneity of the solid flow also determines whether measurements can be made with or without the lens insert described above.
- the entire process can also be carried out in existing coal-fired power plants; the device is easy to integrate.
- the measuring system is only to be coupled with a controller, which receives the corresponding setpoints from outside. In accordance with the comparison of the actual and the setpoints, the controller can then control corresponding actuators, such as flaps or valves.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram schematic of a method according to the invention for controlling the firing of a boiler with coal dust in a coal-fired power plant;
- FIG. 2 shows an enlarged detail from FIG. 1 in the area of a measuring point
- FIG. 3 shows a cross section through a sensor tube in the area of the measuring point according to FIG. 2;
- Figure 4 shows a schematically illustrated section through another embodiment of a measuring point.
- each burner 1 is connected to a coal mill 4 via a delivery line 3.1 to 3.4, an actuator 2.1 to 2.4 being switched on at a suitable point in the line between the coal mill 4 and the burner 1.1 to 1.4.
- the coal dust is transported with the aid of carrier air through the actuator 2 and the delivery line 3 to the burner 1.
- the carrier air is generated by a blower 5.
- a combustion air line 7 branches off from a carrier air line 6, which branches into individual branch lines 8.1 to 8.4, each branch line 8.1 to 8.4 with a nozzle 9.1 to 9.4 is connected.
- Each nozzle 9.1 to 9.4 is assigned to a burner 1.1 to 1.4 and supplies the burner area with combustion air.
- each branch line 8.1 to 8.4 an actuator 10.1 to 10.4 is switched on, which is connected to a controller 12.1 to 12.4 via a control line 11.1 to 11.4.
- This controller receives values from a measuring point 13.1 to 13.4, which determines a flow of combustion air between the actuator 10.1 to 10.4 and the nozzle 9.1 to 9.4.
- a measuring point 14.1 to 14.4 is provided up to 1.4, which outputs values to a further controller 15.1 to 15.4.
- Each controller 15.1 to 15.4 is connected to the actuator 2.1 to 2.4 via a further control line 16.1 to 16.4.
- the corresponding setpoints for controlling the actuators 2.1 to 2.4 and 10.1 to 10.4 are specified by a controller 17 to the controller 12.1 to 12.4 and 15.1 to 15.4.
- a sensor tube is fitted with a transmitter 20 for a microwave and, on the other hand, with a receiver 21 for this microwave.
- the transmitter 20 is preferably a Gunn oscillator in a cavity resonator, while the receiver 21 has a Schottky diode arranged in a cavity resonator.
- the transmitter 20 is also designed as a transmitter and receiver at the same time, as will be described later.
- a funnel-shaped antenna 24.1 or 24.2 adjoins the Gunn element 22 or the Schottky diode 23 and is placed on an angle housing 25.1 or 25.2.
- This angle housing 25.1 or 25.2 is connected to the sensor tube 18 via connecting shells 26.1 or 26.2.
- the sensor tube 18 is cut out in this area so that an opening 27 (see FIG. 3) is created between the interior 28 and the antenna 24.1 or 24.2.
- the transmitter 20 is set at an angle w of more than 90 ° relative to the sensor tube 18.
- the angle w causes the electromagnetic wave 29, indicated by the broken line, to fall into the sensor tube 18 for the conveying direction of the coal dust, is reflected three times in this sensor tube 18 on the walls and then falls into the receiver 21, which is set at an angle w against the conveying direction x.
- the electromagnetic wave is detected by the Schottky diode and a voltage corresponding to this electromagnetic wave is generated in the Schottky diode.
- the basic idea is based on the attenuation of a beam path of an electromagnetic wave by the coal dust.
- the electromagnetic wave should have a frequency range f> than 1 GHz. This micelle range causes a spinning effect of the ferrimagnetic elements when the waves hit the carbon particles, which results in beam attenuation. This process is called ferromagnetic resonance absorption.
- Transmitter 20 and receiver 21 of the electromagnetic waves are in the sensor tube 18th directed. The attenuation of the beam path generated by the coal dust is measured.
- the beam path is multiplied. This results in an increase in the damping effect on a defined route with triple reflection, as in the present case. This results in a significantly higher sensitivity of the measurement.
- An essential feature of the present invention is, however, that the flight speed of the coal particles is recorded at the same time. This is done using the Doppler effect, whereby, as already mentioned above, the transmitter is also designed as a receiver.
- a Schottky diode could also be arranged in the transmitter 20 in addition to the Gunn element.
- other embodiments are also conceivable here, such transmitters / receivers being commercially available.
- an insert 30 is inserted into the opening 27 formed by the connecting shell 26 in the sensor tube 18, which brings about a lens effect.
- the aim of this lens effect is to spread the emitted electromagnetic waves within the sensor tube 18 in such a way that as little dead space as possible arises.
- the insert 30 is preferably constructed in two layers.
- An inner curved shell 31 is made of a material that slightly damps the electromagnetic waves. Melt basalt is preferably used here.
- a plastic layer 32 is arranged above it, which does not dampen the electromagnetic waves at all.
- the embodiment of the method according to FIG. 4 also makes use of the above-mentioned Doppler effect, with which the flight speed of the coal particles is determined.
- the transmitter and receiver 20/21 are integrated in an antenna 24, this antenna 24 or the electric shaft 29, for example, running perpendicular to the delivery pipe 18. This means that this shaft 29 strikes the opposite inner wall of the conveyor tube 18 and is reflected back vertically again. If this wave hits a carbon particle moving in the conveyor tube 18, it is reflected, whereby on the one hand the above-mentioned frequency shift takes place, but on the other hand the reflected wave also has a different amplitude.
- the amplitude of the reflected, frequency-shifted microwave signal represents a measure of the loading of the gas stream and can therefore be used as such for signal evaluation.
- the loading of a gas stream can thus be determined not only via the attenuation of the radiating microwave signal, but also via the amplitude of the directly reflected microwave.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19504544A DE19504544A1 (en) | 1995-02-11 | 1995-02-11 | Method for determining the loading of a gas stream with solid components |
DE19504544 | 1995-02-11 | ||
PCT/EP1996/000564 WO1996024838A1 (en) | 1995-02-11 | 1996-02-09 | Process for determining the solids content of a gas flow |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0808454A1 true EP0808454A1 (en) | 1997-11-26 |
EP0808454B1 EP0808454B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
Family
ID=7753699
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96901801A Expired - Lifetime EP0808454B1 (en) | 1995-02-11 | 1996-02-09 | Process for determining the solids content of a gas flow |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6037783A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0808454B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH10513562A (en) |
AU (1) | AU4623496A (en) |
DE (2) | DE19504544A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996024838A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU776712B2 (en) * | 1999-11-19 | 2004-09-16 | Rhino Analytics, Llc | A deltal microwave sensor having improved sensitivity |
DE10137009C1 (en) * | 2001-07-28 | 2003-04-03 | Mic Measuring Ideas Consulting | Method and device for measuring the mass flow |
DE102004046500B4 (en) * | 2004-09-23 | 2009-01-22 | Eads Deutschland Gmbh | Oxygen detector and safety system for fuel tanks of aircraft, and fuel tank for aircraft |
DE102004058641B4 (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2007-03-01 | Agueeva, Olga, Dr. | Method for the continuous or discontinuous determination of the concentration of the constituents contained in a medium by means of evaluation of the microwaves permeating the medium |
DE112006000336A5 (en) * | 2005-02-09 | 2008-01-10 | Technomedica Ag | microwave unit |
DE102006005382A1 (en) | 2006-02-03 | 2007-08-16 | Glatt Gmbh | Measurement, monitoring and control of directed product movements in vortex or jet bed plants and suitable facilities |
JP2010504534A (en) * | 2006-09-25 | 2010-02-12 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア | Continuous production method of water-absorbing polymer particles |
EP2143997B1 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2019-09-18 | Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. | Pulverized coal burning boiler |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE384422C (en) * | 1922-03-26 | 1923-11-17 | Adolf Neumann | Measuring device for monitoring and influencing furnaces |
JPS5919814A (en) * | 1982-07-27 | 1984-02-01 | Nippon Steel Corp | Microwave flow meter |
US4580441A (en) * | 1983-05-10 | 1986-04-08 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Diesel smoke meter |
US4512200A (en) * | 1983-11-30 | 1985-04-23 | The Babcock & Wilcox Company | Pulverized coal relative distribution meter |
US4566321A (en) * | 1985-01-18 | 1986-01-28 | Transamerica Delaval Inc. | Microwave tank-contents level measuring assembly with lens-obturated wall-opening |
DE3580670D1 (en) * | 1985-04-17 | 1991-01-03 | Stichting Waterbouwkundig Lab | SYSTEM FOR MEASURING PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN LIQUID. |
US4726235A (en) * | 1986-03-12 | 1988-02-23 | Available Energy, Inc. | Ultrasonic instrument to measure the gas velocity and/or the solids loading in a flowing gas stream |
DE3839348A1 (en) * | 1987-11-23 | 1989-06-01 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | DEVICE FOR MEASURING PARTICLE EXPOSURE IN THE SMOKE AND EXHAUST GAS FROM A COMBUSTION PROCESS |
CA1322222C (en) * | 1988-09-26 | 1993-09-14 | Nicholas George Cutmore | Determination of carbon in fly ash |
US5341101A (en) * | 1991-02-01 | 1994-08-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method and apparatus utilizing ionizing and microwave radiation for saturation determination of water, oil and a gas in a core sample |
JP3139874B2 (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 2001-03-05 | 株式会社東芝 | Densitometer |
US5550537A (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1996-08-27 | Endress + Hauser, Inc. | Apparatus and method for measuring mass flow rate of a moving medium |
DE4426280A1 (en) * | 1994-07-25 | 1996-02-01 | Reich Ernst | Measuring concentration of solid particles in gas esp. for controlling administration of coal dust in coal-powered power station |
JP3160474B2 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 2001-04-25 | 株式会社東芝 | Microwave densitometer |
-
1995
- 1995-02-11 DE DE19504544A patent/DE19504544A1/en not_active Ceased
-
1996
- 1996-02-09 EP EP96901801A patent/EP0808454B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-09 DE DE59609302T patent/DE59609302D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-09 US US08/894,043 patent/US6037783A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-02-09 AU AU46234/96A patent/AU4623496A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-02-09 JP JP8524008A patent/JPH10513562A/en active Pending
- 1996-02-09 WO PCT/EP1996/000564 patent/WO1996024838A1/en active IP Right Grant
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9624838A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU4623496A (en) | 1996-08-27 |
DE19504544A1 (en) | 1996-08-14 |
WO1996024838A1 (en) | 1996-08-15 |
JPH10513562A (en) | 1998-12-22 |
DE59609302D1 (en) | 2002-07-11 |
US6037783A (en) | 2000-03-14 |
EP0808454B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
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