EP0805888A1 - Process for processing a cellulose fiber lap - Google Patents
Process for processing a cellulose fiber lapInfo
- Publication number
- EP0805888A1 EP0805888A1 EP96903044A EP96903044A EP0805888A1 EP 0805888 A1 EP0805888 A1 EP 0805888A1 EP 96903044 A EP96903044 A EP 96903044A EP 96903044 A EP96903044 A EP 96903044A EP 0805888 A1 EP0805888 A1 EP 0805888A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- fibers
- rinsing
- energy
- kwh
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/498—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres entanglement of layered webs
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/02—Cotton wool; Wadding
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/04—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres having existing or potential cohesive properties, e.g. natural fibres, prestretched or fibrillated artificial fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/425—Cellulose series
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B1/00—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating
- D06B1/02—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by spraying or projecting
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B5/00—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating
- D06B5/02—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating through moving materials of indefinite length
- D06B5/08—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating through moving materials of indefinite length through fabrics
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of treating a web of natural fibers such as cotton fibers and is aimed in particular at the step during which the fibers are rinsed to remove the chemicals with which the web has previously been impregnated for its treatment.
- the leaves, twigs or other foreign matter coming from the picking are first removed by mechanical means.
- the fibers of their sheath of waxy and fatty materials are stripped by a chemical scouring treatment consisting in impregnating a sheet formed with the unbleached fibers by means, for example, of a soda-based liquor which is put in react by heating in a vaporizer.
- the sheet is neutralized and then rinsed with water.
- the fibers are brought into contact with a solution of hydrogen peroxide which is left to act under an appropriate temperature before neutralizing and rinsing the fibers again with water.
- Scalding and bleaching can be carried out in batches in tanks containing the liquor.
- continuous processing methods have been developed in recent years with the aim of reducing costs when it comes to producing hydrophilic cotton in large quantities.
- the Applicant has developed a continuous process making it possible to obtain a sheet having a certain cohesion which it is possible to use as it is in certain applications - cotton in packets, dressings or cosmetic pads for example - without having to rework mechanically the tablecloth, that is to say shred it to card it or put it in a tablecloth in another way, again.
- the invention provides a method for treating natural cellulosic fibers, in particular cotton fibers, comprising the steps of depositing the fibers on a permeable fabric conveyor to form a sheet of 100 to 800 g / m 2 , of impregnation with a liquor for treatment, for treatment, then for rinsing by means of an aqueous liquid, characterized in that the rinsing is carried out by application of said liquid in the form of jets directed towards a face of the sheet perpendicular to its direction of travel and communicating with the water table has an energy of between 2 and 100 h per tonne of product treated.
- the jets are produced by injectors as used in the hydrodynamic nonwoven bonding technology.
- each injector comprises, for example, an elongated chamber, closed over its length by a perforated plate, in one or more rows, with a large number of small diameter holes, of the order of 100 ⁇ m.
- the chamber is supplied with pressurized liquid which escapes through the orifices in the form of parallel fine jets of corresponding diameter;
- an injector composed of 2 rows of 120 ⁇ m diameter holes, 0.6 mm apart, dissipate an energy from 2 to 58 h T, and distribute a quantity of rinsing water , respectively, from 9 to 41 m 3 per tonne of product treated. These energies correspond to injector use pressures between 5 and 50 bars
- the jets are used for rinsing a sheet whose grammage can go up to 800 g / m 2 , well beyond the grammages of the nonwovens for which they are generally used.
- the level of energy to be supplied depends on the thickness of the sheet and its grammage.
- the energy communicated to the water table will be less than 40 kwh / T. This will be the case, for example, for a sheet of 250 g / m 2
- the liquid flow rate is between 8 and 40 m3 per tonne of cotton.
- this flow rate is limited to 8 m3 / T, corresponding to low energy levels, less than 10 kWh / T, in particular for cotton tablecloths intended for application as a hydrophilic cotton in packages.
- this flow rate already allows effective rinsing of the sheet, and we are not looking, in this case, for an increase in the mechanical strength of the sheet.
- the application of an energy of 4 to 30 kwh / T makes it possible to increase the resistance characteristics, without reducing the thickness of the sheet.
- the jets are also applied to the face opposite the first.
- a product is thus obtained, the surface condition of which is the same on both sides; it is symmetrical.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents an installation for continuous scouring and bleaching of fibers cotton according to the teaching of the prior art.
- FIG. 2 is a graph representing the influence of the amount of energy, reduced to the ton of product treated, applied to the sheet by the water jets on its thickness in mm.
- - Figure 3 is a graph representing the influence of the flow rate, reduced to the ton of product treated, on the height of foam H, in mm, and the rate of soluble matter S, in percentage relative to the fibers.
- - Figures 4 and 5 are graphs representing the influence of the amount of energy, reduced to the ton of product treated, applied to the water table by the water jets, on the tensile strengths in running direction, respectively direction through it.
- FIG. 6 is a graph representing the influence of the amount of energy, reduced to the ton of product treated, on the resistance, in centi-newton, to delamination of a layer of fiber laminated according to the teaching of patent application FR 93 03964.
- the installation may include a first station 2 for tableclothing the unbleached fibers which have been previously opened, mechanically cleaned, and possibly mixed if they are of different origins.
- the coating means can be of any form known to those skilled in the art: mechanical (carding) and / or pneumatic.
- a particular form of ply is described in patent application FR 93 00928 or FR 93 03964 where it comprises two layers formed of card webs on either side of a central layer obtained by pneumatic means.
- a sheet of 100 to 800 g / m 2 is thus deposited according to the application envisaged on the canvas of a conveyor which drives it at a constant and determined speed, for example of 30 m / min. to an impregnation station 4.
- This may be of the type described in patent application FR 90 04647 but any other impregnation means also falls within the scope of the present process.
- the tablecloth loaded with boiling liquor (soda and wetting agent) is led to a vaporizer 5 heated to a temperature close to 100 ° C. where it remains, while remaining continuous thanks to an appropriate storage means, for the time necessary for the reaction. This depends on the liquor and the rate of carrying. Then.
- the tablecloth is rinsed, and the boiling juice is extracted at the following station 6.
- the hydrophilic scoured sheet is impregnated at 8 with a bleaching solution comprising, for example, hydrogen peroxide, then the sheet is again introduced into a vaporizer 10 heated to a temperature close to 100 ° C in which it remains for a sufficient time for the bleaching to be effective.
- a bleaching solution comprising, for example, hydrogen peroxide
- Rinsing and neutralization are then carried out at 12 to remove all traces of reagent, the liquids are expressed, and the sheet is dried in an oven 14 which is preferably through air. If necessary, we can proceed, in a following step or before drying, to sizing the fibers by any means known to those skilled in the art.
- the tablecloth resulting from the process can be used directly for the manufacture of hydrophilic cotton or any other application in which the cotton comes into contact with the skin.
- the rinsing step before drying is advantageously carried out by means of jets of liquid, generally water, such as those used in the techniques for manufacturing nonwovens by hydraulic needling of the fibers, well known in the field under the designation "jetlace".
- jets of liquid generally water, such as those used in the techniques for manufacturing nonwovens by hydraulic needling of the fibers, well known in the field under the designation "jetlace”.
- jetlace we could, for example, use an installation provided by the company PERFOJET.
- the station 100 for rinsing with water jets comprises a needle injector 105 disposed across the sheet and which applies jets of water at high pressure on its surface.
- the water jets are small, 120 ⁇ m, 0.6 mm apart and arranged in two parallel rows spaced apart from each other.
- the liquid passes through the sheet and the permeable support fabric. It is sucked through a transverse slot parallel to the line of jets communicating with a suction box 110.
- the installation comprises a second injector 115 for treating the opposite face of the sheet.
- the needle injector 1 15 is placed along a generator of the cylinder.
- the injectors 105 and 115 are supplied by a high pressure pump, not shown.
- a suction box 125 is placed inside the cylinder and collects the water coming from the injector 115.
- the sheet is guided around the cylinder so as to pass in line with the jets for rinsing, then is taken up by the conveyor . It is brought to a high vacuum slot for the expression of liquids, before being dried in a hot air oven, for example as in previous installation. Finally the sheet is taken up to be, for example, cut and assembled.
- Tests were carried out on a cotton ply of 250 g / m 2 formed from a central ply by pneumatic route, framed by two isotropic card webs. This sheet was previously bleached and dried according to a process of the prior art.
- the thickness of the sheet is 4.5 mm measured under a load of 5 g / cm 2 . It still contains surfactants in small quantities which are highlighted by measuring, according to the methods recommended by the French Pharmacopoeia, 10th edition, the height of the foam formed, and by determining its rate of substances soluble in water. . For the sheet used in the test, these values were 1 mm and 0.3% respectively.
- the sheet was passed under the jets of water, at a running speed set at 30 m / min.
- the supply pressure of the needle injector was varied from 0 to 50 bars, corresponding to energies from 0 to 57 kwh / T and water flow rates from 8.9 to 42 m3 / T.
- We verified the existence of residual products according to Codex methods by measuring the height of foam and the rate of substances soluble in water, we plotted these values on a graph, cf. Figure 3. With the abscissa, the water flow rate per tonne of product treated, and on the ordinate, on the one hand, the foam height in mm, on the other hand, the percentage of water-soluble substances in percentage. relative to the weight of the cotton.
- test piece 100 mm.
- cross direction resistance increases appreciably up to 4.4 kwh / T then weakly up to 25.6 kwh / T, to increase again appreciably up to 57 kwh / T.
- the method of the invention makes it possible to obtain an effective rinsing, without modifying the structure of the sheet while controlling the improvement of its resistance.
- an energy level of between 2 and 10 kwh / T is chosen and a flow rate preferably between 8 and 22 m ⁇ per tonne of product treated.
- the mechanical resistance of the sheet is increased by positioning preferably between 10 and 40 kWh T, the flow rate being between 8 and 37 ⁇ by ton of product treated.
- RSM average resistance in direction of travel
- rst resistance in cross direction
- RST average resistance cross direction
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Fibers During Manufacturing Processes (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9501280 | 1995-02-03 | ||
FR9501280A FR2730248B1 (en) | 1995-02-03 | 1995-02-03 | PROCESS FOR TREATING A TABLE OF CELLULOSIC FIBERS |
PCT/FR1996/000181 WO1996023922A1 (en) | 1995-02-03 | 1996-02-02 | Process for processing a cellulose fiber lap |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0805888A1 true EP0805888A1 (en) | 1997-11-12 |
EP0805888B1 EP0805888B1 (en) | 1999-03-17 |
Family
ID=9475823
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96903044A Expired - Lifetime EP0805888B1 (en) | 1995-02-03 | 1996-02-02 | Process for processing a cellulose fiber lap |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5771517A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0805888B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE177796T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2212137C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69601782T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2128833T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2730248B1 (en) |
GR (1) | GR3030204T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996023922A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006084991A1 (en) * | 2005-02-14 | 2006-08-17 | Georgia-Pacific France | Impregnated fibrous pad |
WO2010092261A2 (en) | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-19 | Georgia-Pacific France | Item for cleaning the skin |
WO2013014259A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 | 2013-01-31 | Georgia Pacific France | Absorbent fibrous product containing at least 50% of hydrophilic cellulose fibers and including at least two layers, one of which is hydroentangled |
CN115976766A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-04-18 | 连云港市百顺医疗用品有限公司 | Novel absorbent cotton device and process for cleaning optical parts |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1106723B1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2003-03-12 | Georgia-Pacific France | Hydrophilic cotton skin cleansing article having two different external surfaces |
US20030039682A1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2003-02-27 | Philippe Gregoire | Article such as a makeup removal pad comprising an external surface for applying aqueous products on the skin |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2031475A1 (en) * | 1969-07-02 | 1971-03-18 | Iwanowskoje spesialnoje konstruk torskoje büro krasilno otdelotschnowo oborudowanija, SSSR Iwanowo (Sowjet union) | Device for liquid treatment of a fiber material moving continuously in the stream |
US3864079A (en) * | 1971-06-04 | 1975-02-04 | Hercules Inc | Method for scouring and blooming pile carpet |
US4095443A (en) * | 1976-11-17 | 1978-06-20 | Schmidt Industries, Inc. | Apparatus for washing rugs and the like |
DE3703267A1 (en) * | 1987-02-04 | 1988-08-18 | Babcock Textilmasch | SCREEN DRUM WASHER |
FR2662711B2 (en) * | 1989-12-01 | 1992-08-14 | Kaysersberg Sa | NONWOOD MANUFACTURING PROCESS. |
FR2660942B1 (en) * | 1990-04-11 | 1994-09-09 | Kaysersberg Sa | CONTINUOUS IMPREGNATION PROCESS OF A TEXTILE TABLECLOTH. |
EP0592168B1 (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1999-08-04 | Milliken Research Corporation | Method and apparatus to refurbish carpet tiles |
-
1995
- 1995-02-03 FR FR9501280A patent/FR2730248B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-02-02 CA CA002212137A patent/CA2212137C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-02-02 US US08/875,596 patent/US5771517A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-02 WO PCT/FR1996/000181 patent/WO1996023922A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-02-02 AT AT96903044T patent/ATE177796T1/en active
- 1996-02-02 ES ES96903044T patent/ES2128833T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-02 EP EP96903044A patent/EP0805888B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-02 DE DE69601782T patent/DE69601782T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-05-13 GR GR990401289T patent/GR3030204T3/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9623922A1 * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006084991A1 (en) * | 2005-02-14 | 2006-08-17 | Georgia-Pacific France | Impregnated fibrous pad |
FR2882068A1 (en) * | 2005-02-14 | 2006-08-18 | Georgia Pacific France Soc En | IMPREGNATED FIBROUS PAD |
EA012826B1 (en) * | 2005-02-14 | 2009-12-30 | Джорджия-Пасифик Франс | Impregnated fibrous pad |
WO2010092261A2 (en) | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-19 | Georgia-Pacific France | Item for cleaning the skin |
WO2013014259A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 | 2013-01-31 | Georgia Pacific France | Absorbent fibrous product containing at least 50% of hydrophilic cellulose fibers and including at least two layers, one of which is hydroentangled |
CN115976766A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-04-18 | 连云港市百顺医疗用品有限公司 | Novel absorbent cotton device and process for cleaning optical parts |
CN115976766B (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-08-29 | 连云港市百顺医疗用品有限公司 | Novel device and process for cleaning absorbent cotton for optical parts |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69601782D1 (en) | 1999-04-22 |
CA2212137C (en) | 2006-05-30 |
ES2128833T3 (en) | 1999-05-16 |
ATE177796T1 (en) | 1999-04-15 |
GR3030204T3 (en) | 1999-08-31 |
WO1996023922A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 |
FR2730248B1 (en) | 1997-03-21 |
FR2730248A1 (en) | 1996-08-09 |
CA2212137A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 |
US5771517A (en) | 1998-06-30 |
EP0805888B1 (en) | 1999-03-17 |
DE69601782T2 (en) | 1999-07-29 |
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