EP0797005A1 - Retention device for blade roots in a compressor - Google Patents

Retention device for blade roots in a compressor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0797005A1
EP0797005A1 EP97400620A EP97400620A EP0797005A1 EP 0797005 A1 EP0797005 A1 EP 0797005A1 EP 97400620 A EP97400620 A EP 97400620A EP 97400620 A EP97400620 A EP 97400620A EP 0797005 A1 EP0797005 A1 EP 0797005A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wedge
blade
foot
retaining
fan blade
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97400620A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0797005B1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Xavier Bussonnet
Jack Pierre Lauvergnat
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Original Assignee
Societe Nationale dEtude et de Construction de Moteurs dAviation SNECMA
SNECMA SAS
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Publication of EP0797005A1 publication Critical patent/EP0797005A1/en
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Publication of EP0797005B1 publication Critical patent/EP0797005B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F01D5/32—Locking, e.g. by final locking blades or keys
    • F01D5/323—Locking of axial insertion type blades by means of a key or the like parallel to the axis of the rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/321—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow compressors
    • F04D29/322—Blade mountings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S416/00—Fluid reaction surfaces, i.e. impellers
    • Y10S416/50—Vibration damping features

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for retaining the foot of the blades of a fan.
  • the fan blades of turbojets are generally mounted with play in cells arranged in the rim of a rotor disc and are held in place, in known manner, by wedges slid into the cells under each blade root. Fixing means are provided upstream and downstream of the disc to prevent axial movement of the blades.
  • the object of the invention is to solve these problems and to produce a device for retaining the root of the blades, making it possible to dampen the vibrations of the blades, to avoid tilting of the blade root when the centrifugal forces are low, and allowing the rotation of the blade blade in the event of extreme force in order to avoid the blade breaking at its base.
  • the shim has a metallic structure comprising recessed parts filled by overmolding with a semi-rigid elastomeric material.
  • the wedge has an essentially metallic central zone extending to the lateral edge of the wedge located on the side of the upper surface of the blade.
  • the central metal zone has a machined profile set back from the profile of the cell, which allows the rotation of the blade root during a violent impact.
  • the wedge has two end zones upstream and downstream of a fully metallic structure and two lateral edges made of elastomeric material except in the central metal zone. Between the two lateral edges and on either side of the central metallic zone, the wedge has a metallic lower part and an upper elastomer part.
  • the device for retaining the foot of a fan blade the blade comprising two flanks called intrados and extrados respectively, the blade foot being engaged in a cell of a rotor disc and held in the 'alveolus by a wedge placed under the foot of the blade, is characterized in that the wedge is a curvilinear plate of longitudinal axis XX' composed of a metallic structure comprising hollow parts filled by overmolding with a semi-elastomeric material rigid, the wedge comprising an essentially metallic central zone extending to a lateral edge of the wedge situated on the side of the upper surface of the blade.
  • FIGS 1 and 2 there is shown a disc of a fan rotor having a rim in which are formed cells or grooves 2 oriented axially and having in section a dovetail shape.
  • each cell 2 is engaged by axial sliding a foot 3 of a blade 4.
  • the foot 3 has a section in the form of a dovetail.
  • an elastic wedge 5 which holds the foot 3 against the walls of the cell 2.
  • the wedge 5 shown in Figures 3, 4, 5 is in the form of a curvilinear plate of longitudinal axis XX 'composed of a metal structure having recessed parts filled by overmolding with a semi-rigid elastomeric material of the type polyurethane.
  • the wedge has two upstream 10 and downstream 11 end zones and a central zone 12 of entirely metallic structure, the central zone extending to the lateral edge of the wedge located on the upper surface side of the blade.
  • the wedge has two elastomer side edges 13, 14, 15 except in the central metallic zone 12 located on the side of the upper surface of the dawn.
  • the wedge consists of a metallic lower part 16, 17 and an upper elastomer part 18, 19.
  • the central metal zone 12 On the lateral edge of the wedge located on the side of the upper surface of the blade, the central metal zone 12 has a machined profile recessed 20 relative to the profile 21 of the upstream and downstream parts of the wedge, and filled with the material elastomer.
  • the recessed machined profile allows a torsional deformation of the central metallic zone 12 of the wedge under the effect of the torsional torque produced by the impact on the blade.
  • the wedge is deformed on the upper surface of the blade, allows rotation of the foot of the blade having suffered the impact and eliminates the risk of blade failure at the attachment of the foot.
  • the molding of the shim by the elastomeric material is carried out at a dimension slightly higher than that of the metal part.
  • the elasticity of the elastomer material allows the wedge to be mounted in slight compression under the foot of the blade.
  • the shim 5 makes it possible to maintain the foot 3 of the blades 4 in a good position thanks to the stiffness of the upstream 10 and downstream 11 metal zones associated with the extra thickness of polyurethane-type elastomer, the shim 5 being mounted in compression under the leg 3 of the blade to annihilate the residual play between the wedge and the blade root in the cavity 2 of the disc 1.
  • the wedge 5 ensures the absorption of part of the forces undergone by the vane impacted by the recessed machined profile 20 of the central metal zone 12. The positioning of the vane is retained after the impact.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)

Abstract

The blade retainer, designed to hold the blade root in a rotor disc socket, consists of a wedge in the shape of a curved metal plate, fitted under the foot of the blade, with apertures which are filled with a semi-rigid elastomer material (13, 14, 15, 18, 19). The wedge has a central essentially metal zone (12) which extends as far as one edge of the blade and has a surface which is recessed relative to the rotor disc socket. It also has two completely metal end zones.

Description

L'invention concerne un dispositif de retenue du pied des aubes d'une soufflante.The invention relates to a device for retaining the foot of the blades of a fan.

Les aubes de soufflante des turboréacteurs sont généralement montées avec du jeu dans des alvéoles aménagées dans la jante d'un disque de rotor et sont maintenues en place, de manière connue, par des cales glissées dans les alvéoles sous chaque pied d'aube. Des moyens de fixation sont prévus à l'amont et à l'aval du disque pour empêcher le déplacement axial des aubes.The fan blades of turbojets are generally mounted with play in cells arranged in the rim of a rotor disc and are held in place, in known manner, by wedges slid into the cells under each blade root. Fixing means are provided upstream and downstream of the disc to prevent axial movement of the blades.

Lors de l'autorotation des aubes à l'arrêt ou de la rotation à faible vitesse du rotor, la force centrifuge qui s'exerce sur les aubes n'est pas suffisante pour maintenir les pieds d'aube en position. Il se produit un cliquetis dû au basculement des aubes dans les alvéoles et une usure prématurée des surfaces en contact.During the autorotation of the blades when stopped or at low speed rotation of the rotor, the centrifugal force exerted on the blades is not sufficient to keep the blade roots in position. There is a rattling sound due to the tilting of the blades in the cells and premature wear of the surfaces in contact.

Pour remédier à ce défaut et limiter les jeux et les vibrations, différentes configurations de cales ont été proposées, telle qu'une lame métallique élastique ou une barre de torsion. Cependant, pour que l'amortissement des vibrations des aubes soit efficace, il est nécessaire que la cale soit en contact étroit avec le pied de l'aube et exerce un effort important contre le pied de l'aube. Par ailleurs, en cas d'effort extrême dû par exemple à des essais d'ingestion d'oiseaux ou à la percussion d'une aube suite à la rupture d'une aube adjacente, le bord d'attaque et l'intrados de l'aube percuttée subissent des dommages très importants qui peuvent entraîner une rupture de cette aube à sa base. Pour éviter que sous l'effet d'un choc l'aube percuttée se rompe à son tour, la cale doit permettre une certaine rotation de l'aube percuttée.To remedy this defect and limit the clearances and vibrations, different configurations of shims have been proposed, such as an elastic metal blade or a torsion bar. However, for the damping of the vibrations of the blades to be effective, it is necessary that the wedge is in close contact with the foot of the blade and exerts a significant force against the foot of the blade. In addition, in the event of extreme effort due for example to tests of ingestion of birds or to the percussion of a blade following the breaking of an adjacent blade, the leading edge and the lower surface of the The impacted dawn suffers very significant damage which can lead to a rupture of this dawn at its base. To prevent the impacted blade from breaking in turn, the wedge must allow a certain rotation of the impacted blade.

Le but de l'invention est de résoudre ces problèmes et de réaliser un dispositif de retenue du pied des aubes permettant d'amortir les vibrations des aubes, d'éviter le basculement du pied des aubes lorsque les efforts centrifuges sont faibles, et permettant la rotation du pied des aubes en cas d'effort extrême afin d'éviter la rupture de l'aube en sa base.The object of the invention is to solve these problems and to produce a device for retaining the root of the blades, making it possible to dampen the vibrations of the blades, to avoid tilting of the blade root when the centrifugal forces are low, and allowing the rotation of the blade blade in the event of extreme force in order to avoid the blade breaking at its base.

Pour cela, conformément à l'invention, la cale comporte une structure métallique comportant des parties évidées comblées par surmoulage avec un matériau élastomère semi-rigide. La cale comporte une zone centrale essentiellement métallique s'étendant jusqu'au bord latéral de la cale situé du côté de l'extrados de l'aube. La zone centrale métallique comporte un profil usiné en retrait par rapport au profil de l'alvéole, ce qui permet la rotation du pied de l'aube lors d'un choc violent.
La cale comporte deux zones extrêmes amont et aval de structure entièrement métallique et deux bords latéraux en matériau élastomère sauf dans la zone centrale métallique. Entre les deux bords latéraux et de part et d'autre de la zone centrale métallique la cale comporte une partie inférieure métallique et une partie supérieure en élastomère.For this, in accordance with the invention, the shim has a metallic structure comprising recessed parts filled by overmolding with a semi-rigid elastomeric material. The wedge has an essentially metallic central zone extending to the lateral edge of the wedge located on the side of the upper surface of the blade. The central metal zone has a machined profile set back from the profile of the cell, which allows the rotation of the blade root during a violent impact.
The wedge has two end zones upstream and downstream of a fully metallic structure and two lateral edges made of elastomeric material except in the central metal zone. Between the two lateral edges and on either side of the central metallic zone, the wedge has a metallic lower part and an upper elastomer part.

Selon l'invention le dispositif de retenue du pied d'une aube de soufflante, l'aube comportant deux flancs appelés respectivement intrados et extrados, le pied de l'aube étant engagé dans un alvéole d'un disque de rotor et maintenu dans l'alvéole par une cale placée sous le pied de l'aube, est caractérisé en ce que la cale est une plaque curviligne d'axe longitudinal XX' composée l'une structure métallique comportant des parties évidées comblées par surmoulage avec un matériau élastomère semi-rigide, la cale comportant une zone centrale essentiellement métallique s'étendant jusqu'à un bord latéral de la cale situé du côté de l'extrados de l'aube.According to the invention, the device for retaining the foot of a fan blade, the blade comprising two flanks called intrados and extrados respectively, the blade foot being engaged in a cell of a rotor disc and held in the 'alveolus by a wedge placed under the foot of the blade, is characterized in that the wedge is a curvilinear plate of longitudinal axis XX' composed of a metallic structure comprising hollow parts filled by overmolding with a semi-elastomeric material rigid, the wedge comprising an essentially metallic central zone extending to a lateral edge of the wedge situated on the side of the upper surface of the blade.

D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaitront clairement dans la suite de la description donnée à titre d'exemple non limitatif et faite en regard des figures annexées qui représentent :

  • la figure 1, une vue en coupe radiale du dispositif de retenue d'un pied d'aube d'une soufflante, selon l'invention;
  • la figure 2, une vue de face d'un pied d'aube logé dans un alvéole et maintenu au moyen d'une cale, selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 3, une vue en coupe longitudinale d'une cale de retenue d'un pied d'aube, selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 4, une vue de dessus de la cale de la figure 3, selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 5 une vue de face selon la ligne A-A de la cale de la figure 3, selon l'invention.
Other features and advantages of the invention will appear clearly in the following description given by way of nonlimiting example and made with reference to the appended figures which represent:
  • FIG. 1, a view in radial section of the device for retaining a blade root of a fan, according to the invention;
  • Figure 2, a front view of a blade root housed in a cell and held by means of a wedge, according to the invention;
  • Figure 3, a longitudinal sectional view of a wedge retaining wedge of a blade, according to the invention;
  • Figure 4, a top view of the wedge of Figure 3, according to the invention;
  • Figure 5 a front view along line AA of the wedge of Figure 3, according to the invention.

Sur les figures 1 et 2, est représenté un disque d'un rotor de soufflante présentant une jante dans laquelle sont ménagées des alvéoles ou rainures 2 orientés axialement et présentant en section une forme de queue d'aronde.In Figures 1 and 2, there is shown a disc of a fan rotor having a rim in which are formed cells or grooves 2 oriented axially and having in section a dovetail shape.

Dans chaque alvéole 2 est engagé par coulissement axial un pied 3 d'une aube 4. Le pied 3 présente une section en forme de queue d'aronde. Entre le pied 3 de l'aube 4 et le fond de l'alvéole 2 est engagée une cale élastique 5 qui maintient le pied 3 contre les parois de l'alvéole 2.In each cell 2 is engaged by axial sliding a foot 3 of a blade 4. The foot 3 has a section in the form of a dovetail. Between the foot 3 of the blade 4 and the bottom of the cell 2 is engaged an elastic wedge 5 which holds the foot 3 against the walls of the cell 2.

La cale 5 représentée sur les figures 3, 4, 5 se présente sous la forme d'une plaque curviligne d'axe longitudinal XX' composée d'une structure métallique comportant des parties évidées comblées par surmoulage avec un matériau élastomère semi-rigide de type polyuréthane.The wedge 5 shown in Figures 3, 4, 5 is in the form of a curvilinear plate of longitudinal axis XX 'composed of a metal structure having recessed parts filled by overmolding with a semi-rigid elastomeric material of the type polyurethane.

Ainsi la cale comporte deux zones extrêmes amont 10 et aval 11 et une zone centrale 12 de structure entièrement métallique, la zone centrale s'étendant jusqu'au bord latéral de la cale situé du côté de l'extrados de l'aube.Thus the wedge has two upstream 10 and downstream 11 end zones and a central zone 12 of entirely metallic structure, the central zone extending to the lateral edge of the wedge located on the upper surface side of the blade.

Entre les deux zones extrêmes amont 10 et aval 11 la cale comporte deux bords latéraux en élastomère 13, 14, 15 sauf dans la zone centrale métallique 12 située du côté de l'extrados de l'aube. Le long de l'axe longitudinal XX', entre les deux bords latéraux et de part et d'autre de la zone centrale métallique 12, la cale est constituée d'une partie inférieure métallique 16, 17 et d'une partie supérieure en élastomère 18, 19.Between the two upstream 10 and downstream 11 end zones, the wedge has two elastomer side edges 13, 14, 15 except in the central metallic zone 12 located on the side of the upper surface of the dawn. Along the longitudinal axis XX ′, between the two lateral edges and on either side of the central metallic zone 12, the wedge consists of a metallic lower part 16, 17 and an upper elastomer part 18, 19.

Sur le bord latéral de la cale situé du côté de l'extrados de l'aube, la zone centrale métallique 12 comporte un profil usiné en retrait 20 par rapport au profil 21 des parties amont et aval de la cale, et comblé par le matériau élastomère. Lors de chocs violents éventuels subis par l'aube, le profil usiné en retrait permet une déformation en torsion de la zone centrale métallique 12 de la cale sous l'effet du couple de torsion produit par le choc sur l'aube. La déformation de la cale s'effectue du côté de l'extrados de l'aube, autorise une rotation du pied de l'aube ayant subi le choc et permet d'éliminer les risques de rupture d'aube au niveau de l'attache du pied.On the lateral edge of the wedge located on the side of the upper surface of the blade, the central metal zone 12 has a machined profile recessed 20 relative to the profile 21 of the upstream and downstream parts of the wedge, and filled with the material elastomer. During possible violent shocks undergone by the blade, the recessed machined profile allows a torsional deformation of the central metallic zone 12 of the wedge under the effect of the torsional torque produced by the impact on the blade. The wedge is deformed on the upper surface of the blade, allows rotation of the foot of the blade having suffered the impact and eliminates the risk of blade failure at the attachment of the foot.

Le surmoulage de la cale par le matériau élastomère est effectué à une cote légèrement supérieure à celle de la partie métallique. L'élasticité du matériau élastomère permet de monter la cale en légère compression sous le pied de l'aube. La cale 5 permet d'assurer le maintien du pied 3 des aubes 4 en bonne position grâce à la raideur des zones métalliques amont 10 et aval 11 associée à la surépaisseur d'élastomère de type polyuréthane, la cale 5 étant montée en compression sous le pied 3 de l'aube pour annihiler le jeu résiduel entre la cale et le pied d'aube dans l'alvéole 2 du disque 1.The molding of the shim by the elastomeric material is carried out at a dimension slightly higher than that of the metal part. The elasticity of the elastomer material allows the wedge to be mounted in slight compression under the foot of the blade. The shim 5 makes it possible to maintain the foot 3 of the blades 4 in a good position thanks to the stiffness of the upstream 10 and downstream 11 metal zones associated with the extra thickness of polyurethane-type elastomer, the shim 5 being mounted in compression under the leg 3 of the blade to annihilate the residual play between the wedge and the blade root in the cavity 2 of the disc 1.

En cas d'effort extrême tel que la percussion d'une aube suite à une perte d'aube adjacente ou à un essai d'ingestion d'oiseaux, la cale 5 assure l'absorption d'une partie des efforts subis par l'aube impactée grâce au profil usiné en retrait 20 de la zone centrale métallique 12. Le positionnement de l'aube est conservé après le choc.In the event of extreme effort such as the percussion of a blade following an adjacent blade loss or a bird ingestion test, the wedge 5 ensures the absorption of part of the forces undergone by the vane impacted by the recessed machined profile 20 of the central metal zone 12. The positioning of the vane is retained after the impact.

L'amélioration de la situation vibratoire des aubes est assurée grâce à la partie en élastomère de la cale. Sous l'effet de la force centrifuge, cette partie en élastomère se déforme et se plaque sous les pieds des aubes.The vibration situation of the blades is improved thanks to the elastomer part of the wedge. Under the effect of centrifugal force, this elastomer part deforms and is pressed under the feet of the blades.

Claims (5)

Dispositif de retenue du pied d'une aube de soufflante, l'aube comportant deux flancs appelés respectivement intrados et extrados, le pied de l'aube étant engagé dans un alvéole d'un disque de rotor et maintenu dans l'alvéole par une cale placée sous le pied de l'aube, caractérisé en ce que la cale (5) est une plaque curviligne d'axe longitudinal XX' composée d'une structure métallique comportant des parties évidées comblées par surmoulage avec un matériau élastomère semi-rigide, la cale comportant une zone centrale (12) essentiellement métallique s'étendant jusqu'à un bord latéral de la cale situé du côté de l'extrados de l'aube.Device for retaining the foot of a fan blade, the blade comprising two flanks called intrados and extrados respectively, the blade root being engaged in a cell of a rotor disc and held in the cell by a wedge placed under the foot of the dawn, characterized in that the wedge (5) is a curvilinear plate of longitudinal axis XX ′ composed of a metallic structure comprising hollowed parts filled by overmolding with a semi-rigid elastomeric material, the wedge comprising a central zone (12) essentially metallic extending to a lateral edge of the wedge situated on the side of the upper surface of the blade. Dispositif de retenue du pied d'une aube de soufflante selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la zone centrale métallique (12) comporte un profil usiné en retrait (20) par rapport au profil (21) de l'alvéole (2).Device for retaining the foot of a fan blade according to claim 1, characterized in that the central metal zone (12) has a machined profile set back (20) with respect to the profile (21) of the cell (2) . Dispositif de retenue du pied d'une aube de soufflante selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la cale comporte deux zones extrêmes amont (10) et aval (11) de structure entièrement métallique.Device for retaining the foot of a fan blade according to claim 1, characterized in that the shim has two end zones upstream (10) and downstream (11) of entirely metallic structure. Dispositif de retenue du pied d'une aube de soufflante selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que sauf dans la zone centrale métallique (12), la cale comporte deux bords latéraux en élastomère (13, 14, 15).Device for retaining the foot of a fan blade according to claim 1, characterized in that, except in the central metal zone (12), the shim has two lateral elastomer edges (13, 14, 15). Dispositif de retenue du pied d'une aube de soufflante selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que entre les deux bords latéraux en élastomère (13, 14, 15) et de part et d'autre de la zone centrale métallique (12), la cale comporte une partie inférieure métallique (16, 17) et une partie supérieure en élastomère (18, 19).Device for retaining the foot of a fan blade according to claim 4, characterized in that between the two lateral elastomer edges (13, 14, 15) and on either side of the central metal zone (12), the shim has a metallic lower part (16, 17) and an upper elastomer part (18, 19).
EP97400620A 1996-03-21 1997-03-20 Retention device for blade roots in a compressor Expired - Lifetime EP0797005B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9603497A FR2746456B1 (en) 1996-03-21 1996-03-21 DEVICE FOR RETAINING THE FOOT OF THE BLADES OF A BLOWER
FR9603497 1996-03-21

Publications (2)

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EP0797005A1 true EP0797005A1 (en) 1997-09-24
EP0797005B1 EP0797005B1 (en) 2002-09-11

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EP97400620A Expired - Lifetime EP0797005B1 (en) 1996-03-21 1997-03-20 Retention device for blade roots in a compressor

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US (1) US5820347A (en)
EP (1) EP0797005B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3907259B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2196745C (en)
DE (1) DE69715278T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2746456B1 (en)

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US5820347A (en) 1998-10-13
DE69715278T2 (en) 2003-05-08
CA2196745C (en) 2004-09-14
DE69715278D1 (en) 2002-10-17
JPH108907A (en) 1998-01-13
FR2746456B1 (en) 1998-04-30
CA2196745A1 (en) 1997-09-22
EP0797005B1 (en) 2002-09-11
FR2746456A1 (en) 1997-09-26
JP3907259B2 (en) 2007-04-18

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