EP0793636A1 - Process for the preparation of an aldehyde - Google Patents

Process for the preparation of an aldehyde

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Publication number
EP0793636A1
EP0793636A1 EP95937211A EP95937211A EP0793636A1 EP 0793636 A1 EP0793636 A1 EP 0793636A1 EP 95937211 A EP95937211 A EP 95937211A EP 95937211 A EP95937211 A EP 95937211A EP 0793636 A1 EP0793636 A1 EP 0793636A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
group
ligand
compound
carbon atoms
organic group
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP95937211A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Elmo Wissing
Antonius Jacobus Josephus Maria Teunissen
Carolina Bernedette Hansen
Petrus Wilhelmus Nicolaas Maria Van Leeuwen
Annemiek Van Rooy
Dennis Burgers
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Koninklijke DSM NV
EIDP Inc
Original Assignee
DSM NV
EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Application filed by DSM NV, EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co filed Critical DSM NV
Priority to EP95937211A priority Critical patent/EP0793636A1/en
Publication of EP0793636A1 publication Critical patent/EP0793636A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
    • B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
    • B01J31/186—Mono- or diamide derivatives thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
    • B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/49—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide
    • C07C45/50—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide by oxo-reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
    • C07C67/333—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C67/343—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C67/347—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by addition to unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/22—Amides of acids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/24—Esteramides
    • C07F9/2404—Esteramides the ester moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
    • C07F9/242—Esteramides the ester moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic of hydroxyaryl compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/22—Amides of acids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/24—Esteramides
    • C07F9/2454—Esteramides the amide moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
    • C07F9/2458—Esteramides the amide moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic of aliphatic amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/657154—Cyclic esteramides of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6574—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/65746—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus the molecule containing more than one cyclic phosphorus atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6581—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and nitrogen atoms with or without oxygen or sulfur atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6584—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and nitrogen atoms with or without oxygen or sulfur atoms, as ring hetero atoms having one phosphorus atom as ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/65842—Cyclic amide derivatives of acids of phosphorus, in which one nitrogen atom belongs to the ring
    • C07F9/65844—Cyclic amide derivatives of acids of phosphorus, in which one nitrogen atom belongs to the ring the phosphorus atom being part of a five-membered ring which may be condensed with another ring system
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/822—Rhodium

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for preparing an aldehyde compound by hydroformylation of an ethylenically unsaturated organic compound in the presence of a catalyst system comprising of a multidentate phosphorus ligand and a Group 8-10 metal.
  • hydroformylation is meant the reaction of an unsaturated compound with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst.
  • US-A-4769498 describes the hydroformylation of 2-butene in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst system consisting of rhodium and a bidentate phosphite ligand.
  • a disadvantage of such a process is that the selectivity to aldehydes is too low for a commercially interesting process.
  • An object of this invention is a hydroformylation process to prepare aldehydes with a higher selectivity to aldehydes than is achieved with the catalyst system of US-A-4769498.
  • the multidentate phosphorus amide ligand consists of a multivalent bridging organic group connected to at least two trivalent phosphorus-containing groups of the formula
  • R is hydrogen, an organic group, or - S0 2 R 1 , wherein R 1 is a C 1-12 organic group, and wherein remaining free bonds of said trivalent phosphorus groups are linked to a mono- or di-valent organic group.
  • Phosphorus amide compounds which are used as ligands, are described in WO-A-9303839.
  • a catalyst system consisting of rhodium and a bidentate phosphorus diamide ( (N,N'-diphenyl-ethylenediamine-P) 2 -2S,4S- pentanediol) .
  • This bidentate phosphorus diamide ligand contains structural groups in which two nitrogen atoms, in contrast to the P(N(R)-) (0-) 2 group(s) of the ligands according to the invention, are directly bonded to a phosphorus atom of the ligand.
  • WO-A-9303839 is dedicated to a process for the stereo specific preparation of optically active aldehyde compounds by using one specific stereo-isomer of the phosphorus amide ligand.
  • the phosphorus amide compound used as ligand in the process according to the invention may for example be represented by the following formula:
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are the same or different and in which either one of X or Y is a N(R) group while the other group is oxygen
  • A is a multivalent (multi is equal to k+m) organic group with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, k is at least 1, m can be 0-5 and k+m is 2-6, R 2 and R 3 together and/or R 4 and R 5 together form one, optionally substituted, divalent organic group with 2 to 30 carbon atoms or R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R s are independently, optionally substituted, monovalent organic groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • R is hydrogen or an organic group with 1 to
  • R 1 is an organic group with 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • R is hydrogen or a C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl group, phenyl, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups, for example phenyl and tolyl or a -SO 3 R 1 group as defined before.
  • bidentate phosphorus amide compounds used as ligand in the process according to the invention can be represented by formula (1) in which k+m is equal to 2 or by the following formula: R 2 -0 Y — A — Z O-R 4
  • A is a divalent organic group with 2 to 30 carbon atoms and in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R are the same as defined above.
  • the bridging group (A) may be for example a multivalent organic group with 2 to 30 carbon atoms. The number of valencies is in principle not bound to an upper limit.
  • An example of a multivalent bridging group are dendrimer like compounds as described in WO-A- 9314147.
  • a preferred dendrimer bridging compound has reactive -NH 2 groups which can easily react with a bis(alkoxy) or bis(aryloxy)phosphorus chloride compound to yield the ligand which can be used in the process according to the invention.
  • valencies In general the amount of valencies will be 2- 6.
  • An example of a tetravalent organic group is pentaerythritetraryl.
  • Preferred divalent organic groups are alkylene, alkylene-oxy-alkylene, arylene, arylene- (CH 2 ) y -(R 6 ) n -(CH 2 ) y -arylene, in which y is 0 or 1, n is 0 or 1 and each arylene is the same or different, substituted or unsubstituted divalent aryl radical and R 5 individually represents a divalent group selected from the group consisting of -CR 7 R 8 -, -0-, -S-, -NR 9 -, -SiR ⁇ R 11 - and -CO-, in which R 7 and R 8 individually represents hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, phenyl, tolyl, anisyl or methoxyphenyl, wherein each R 9 , R 10 and R 11 group individually represents hydrogen or a C 1 -C l2 organic group for example ethyl, propyl, butyl, benzyl and by preference hydrogen
  • Examples of possible divalent organic bridging groups (A) include substituted and unsubstituted radicals selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkylene-oxy-alkylene, phenylene, naphthylene, phenylene-(CH 2 ) y -(R 6 ) n -(CH 2 ) y - phenylene and naphthylene-(CH 2 ) y -(R 6 ) n -(CH 2 ) y - naphthylene-radicals, R 6 , n and y are the same as defined above.
  • divalent radicals A are -CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 -, 1,4-phenylene, 2,3- phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, 1,4-naphthylene, 1,5- naphthylene, 1,8-naphthylene, 2,3-naphthylene, 1,1' biphenyl-2,2 '-diyl, 2,2' biphenyl-1,1 '-diyl, 1,1' biphenyl-4,4 '-diyl, 1,1' binaphthyl-2,2 '-diyl, 2,2'- binaphthyl-1,1 '-diyl, phenylene-CH 2 -phenylene, phenylene-S-phenylene, CH 2 -phenylene-CH 2 and phenylene- CH(CH 3 )-phenylene.
  • divalent bridging group (A) has the following formula:
  • R 12 is - CY L Y 2 - wherein each Y 1 and Y 2 radical individually represents hydrogen, C x -C 12 alkyl, for example methyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isodecyl, dodecyl; phenyl, methoxyphenyl, tolyl and anisyl and r has a value of 0 to 1; wherein each X 1 , X 2 , Z 1 , and Z 2 group individually is hydrogen, an alkyl radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or alicyclic groups as defined and exemplified hereinabove, for example phenyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl and 1-methylcyclohexyl; cyano, halogen, for example Cl, Br, I; nitro, trifluoromethyl , hydroxy, carbonyloxy, amino, acyl
  • both X 1 and X 2 are groups having a steric hindrance, for example isopropyl, or more preferably tert-butyl, or greater and Z 1 and Z 2 are hydrogen, an alkyl radical, especially tert-butyl, a hydroxy radical or an alkoxy radical, especially methoxy.
  • R 11 represents a methylene(-CH 2 - ⁇ bridging group or an alkylidene(-CHR 13 -) bridging group wherein R 13 is an alkyl radical of 1 to 12 carbon atoms as defined above for Y 1 .
  • R 13 is preferably methyl (R 12 is -CHCH 3 -) or a substituted aryl group, for example methoxyphenyl.
  • Divalent organic groups for R 2 and R 3 together and/or R 4 and R 5 together can be the same as described above for bridging group (A).
  • the preferences for the bridging group also apply for these divalent groups.
  • the divalent group is defined according to formula (3).
  • More preferred divalent organic groups for R 2 and R 3 in case X is a N(R) group and/or for R 4 and R 5 in case 0 is a N(R) group in formula (2) are represented by the following formula (presented with the N(R), P and -0- groups)
  • E 1 and E 2 are the same or different and in which E 1 en E 2 are hydrogen or a monovalent organic group with 1 to 11 carbon atoms or in which E 1 and E 2 together are one divalent organic group with 3 to 11 carbon atoms or R and E 2 together are one divalent organic group with 3 to 12 carbon atoms and E 1 is hydrogen or a monovalent organic group as defined above.
  • the possible remaining group bonded to the carbon atom(s) in formula (3a) is hydrogen.
  • Possible monovalent organic groups are alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl or aryl groups, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl or tolyl.
  • Divalent groups for E 1 and E 2 can be C 3 -C 5 alkylene groups, for example propylene or butylene or can be so choosen that E 1 , E 2 and the two carbon atoms of formula (3a) form a conjugated ring structure of 6 carbon atoms which ring may be substituted with for example methyl, ethyl, propyl or phenyl groups.
  • Examples for divalent organic groups for R and E 2 are, optionally substited, C 3 -C 10 alkylene groups, for example propylene, butylene or pentylene.
  • R 5 can more specifically be monovalent alkyl groups of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, aryl groups of 5 to 20 carbon atoms and alkaryl groups of 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of the monovalent organic group are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isodecyl, dodecyl, phenyl, tolyl and anisyl.
  • the monovalent group has the following structure:
  • Ligand (1) to (24) examples of compounds to be used as ligands in the process according to the invention are Ligand (1) to (24) as presented below.
  • Ph is a phenyl group
  • Me is a methyl group
  • tBu is a tert-butyl group
  • OMe is a methoxy group in these formulas.
  • the phosphorus amide compounds which are used as ligands in this invention can be prepared as described in EP-A-42359 and in S.D. Pastor et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110, 6547 (1988) and S.D. Pastor et al. , Helv. Chim. Acta 76, 900 (1991).
  • the ethylenically unsaturated organic compound has usually 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of possible ethylenically unsaturated organic compound are linear terminal olefinic hydrocarbons for example ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, 1- eicosene and 1-dodecene; branched terminal olefinic hydrocarbons for example isobutene and 2-methyl-l- butene; linear internal olefinic hydrocarbons for example cis- and trans-2-butene, cis- and trans-2- hexene, cis- and trans-3-hexene, cis- and trans-2- octene and cis- and trans-3-octene; branched internal olefinic hydrocarbons for example 2,3-dimethyl-2- butene, 2-
  • Examples of the olefinic compound substituted with a hydrocarbon group containing an unsaturated hydrocarbon group include olefinic compounds containing an aromatic substituent such as styrene, ⁇ - methylstyrene and allylbenzene; and diene compounds such as 1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene and norbornadiene.
  • the ethylenically unsaturated organic compound can be substituted with one or more functional groups containing a heteroatom, for example oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphor.
  • these substituted ethylenically unsaturated organic compounds are vinyl methyl ether, methyl oleate, allyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, 3-methyl-3-buten-l-ol, methyl 3- pentenoate, methyl 4-pentenoate, 3-pentenoic acid, 4- pentenoic acid, 3-pentenenitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, 3- hydroxy-l,7-octadiene, l-hydroxy-2,7-octadiene, 1- methoxy-2,7-octadiene, 7-octen-l-al, hexa-1-en-l-ol, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters for example methylacrylate, methacrylic acid esters for example methylmethacrylate, vinyl acetate and l-acetoxy-2,
  • Preferred substrates are pentenenitrile, pentenoic acid and Ci-Cj alkyl pentenoate ester compounds, for example 3-pentene nitrile, 3-pentenoic acid, methyl-3-pentenoate, ethyl-3-pentenoate and methyl 4-pentenoate. These compounds are preferred because the resulting terminal aldehyde compounds can be advantageously used in the preparation of Nylon-6 and Nylon-6.6 intermediates. An example of such use is described in US-A-4731445.
  • the branched aldehyde compounds obtained by the process according to the invention can be used to prepare branched lactams in an analogous method as described in the aforementioned US patent.
  • the catalyst system can be prepared by mixing a suitable Group 8-10 (according to the new IUPAC notation) metal compound with the phosphorus amide compound optionally in a suitable solvent in accordance with well known complex-forming methods.
  • the solvent will generally be the solvent used in the hydroformylation.
  • Suitable Group 8-10 metal compounds are hydrides, halides, organic acid salts, inorganic acid salts, oxides, carbonyl compounds and amine compounds of these metals. Examples of suitable Group 8-10 metals are cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, osmium and iridium.
  • Group 8-10 metal compounds are ruthenium compounds for example Ru 3 (CO) 12 , Ru(N0 3 ) 3 , RuCl 3 (Ph 3 P) 3 and Ru(acac) 3 ; palladium compounds for example PdCl 2 , Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd(acac) 2 , PdCl 2 (COD) and PdCl 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 ; osmium compounds for example Os 3 (CO) 12 and OsCl 3 ; iridium compounds for example Ir 4 (CO) 12 and IrS0 4 ; platinum compounds for example K 2 PtCl 4 , PtCl 2 (PhCN) 2 and Na 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 0; cobalt compounds for example CoCl 2 Co(N0 3 ) 2 , Co(OAc) 2 and Co 2 (CO) 8 ; and rhodium compounds for example RhCl 3 ,
  • the Group 8-10 metal compounds are not necessarily limited to the above listed compounds.
  • rhodium is used as Group 8-10 metal because the speed of reaction is higher than in case one of the other metals is used.
  • the amount of Group 8-10 metal is not specially limited, but is optionally selected so that favourable results can be obtained in respect of catalyst activity and economy.
  • concentration of Group 8-10 metal in the reaction medium is between 10 and 10.000 ppm and more preferably between 100-1000 ppm calculated as free metal.
  • the molar ratio multidentate phosphorus amide ligand to Group 8-10 metal of the catalyst system is not specially limited, but is preferably selected so that favorable results can be obtained in respect to catalyst activity and aldehyde selectivity. This ratio is generally from about 0.5 to 100 and preferably from 1 to 10 (mol ligand/mol metal).
  • the reaction medium may be the mixture of reactants of the hydroformylation itself, such as the starting unsaturated compound, the aldehyde product and/or by-products.
  • an ej ⁇ tra solvent suitable examples are saturated hydrocarbons such as naphtha, kerosine, mineral oil and cyclohexane and aromatics, for example toluene, benzene, xylene, ethers, for example diphenyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ketones, for example cyclohexanone and nitriles, for example benzonitrile and texanol® (Union Carbide).
  • the reaction conditions to conduct the hydroformylation according to the invention are the same as used in a conventional process, described for example in US-A-4769498, and will be dependent of the particular starting ethylenically unsaturated organic compound.
  • the temperature can be from room temperature to 200 °C and preferably from 50 to 150 °C.
  • the pressure is from normal pressure to 20 MPa and preferably from 0.15 to 10 MPa and more preferably from 0.2 to 5 MPa.
  • the pressure is generally the result of the combined hydrogen and carbon monoxide partial pressure. Extra inert gasses may however be present.
  • the molar ratio hydrogen : carbon monoxide is generally between 10:1 and 1:10 and preferably between 1:1 and 6:1.
  • the invention also relates to a catalyst system comprising a Group 8-10 metal and, by preference a racemic mixture of, the multidentate phosphorus amide ligand as here described.
  • the phosphorus amide compounds used as ligands of this catalyst system can be represented by formula (1-2).
  • the groups X, Y, Z, 0, A, R, R 1 -R 13 and E 1 -E 2 can be the same as defined above.
  • a preferred catalyst system according to the invention is a catalyst system comprising the phosphorus amide ligand in which the Group 8-10 metal is rhodium. These catalyst systems are advantageous when used for hydroformylating internally ethylenically unsaturated organic compounds to aldehydes as explained above.
  • the catalyst system can also for example be used as a hydrogenation-, polymerisation-, isomerisation- and carbonylation catalyst.
  • the invention is also directed to a new group of phosphorus amide compounds, which can be advantageously used as ligands in the homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation of ethylenically unsaturated organic compounds as described above.
  • This new group of phosphorus amide compounds can be represented by the following general formula
  • R 2 , R 3 , A, R, E 1 and E 2 are the same as defined above and k is 1-5.
  • the end group consisting of N(R), C, C, E 1 , E 2 and 0 in formula (4a) is the same as the corresponding group of formula (3a).
  • Ligand (12) examples of these new compounds are the above described Ligands (1), (3) and (12).
  • a preferred compound is Ligand (12).
  • the compounds according to formula (4a) can be for example prepared in an analogous manner as described in Example 13 of US-A-4748261 in which instead of two equivalent of the phenol derivative (p- chlorophenol) an equal molar amount of an amino-alcohol derivative, for example ephedrine is used.
  • Another class of new phosphorus amide compounds to which this invention is directed can be represented by the following formula
  • R 2 , R 3 , R3 4 , R 5 and A are the same as defined above.
  • These compounds can be advantageously used as ligands in the homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation of ethylenically unsaturated organic compounds as described above.
  • Examples of these new compounds are the above described Ligands (9), (10) and (11) and the compounds which are used as ligands in Example IV of this invention.
  • Compounds according to formula (4b) can be prepared by mixing in an organic solvent a phosphorus halogenide compound (corresponding with the (R ⁇ OHR 2 ⁇ )?- or (R 3 0) (R 4 0)P-group) with 2 equivalents of an alkylamine, for example triethylamine, and 0.5 equivalent of a diamine which corresponds with the - N(R)-A-N(R)-group of formula (4b), for example N,N'- dimethylethylenediamine. After filtration and evaporation of the solvent the compounds are obtained as white solids. Subsequent crystallization results in a pure white crystalline compound.
  • the invention will be elucidated with the following non limiting examples.
  • Ligand (1) (see the description for a reference to Ligand (1) and other Ligands used in the Examples) was prepared in an analogous manner as described in Example 13 of US-A-4748261 in which instead of 2 molar amounts of para-chlorophenol, an equal molar amount of ephedrine was used.
  • the triethylamine-hydrochloride precipitate, formed in the final step of the reaction was removed by filtration. The residue was washed with two 50 ml portions of toluene. The combined filtrate and washes was concentrated to give an offwhite solid. The solid was crystallized from toluene/acetonitrile to give a 71% yield of the ligand according formula of ligand (1).
  • Ligand (3) was prepared by dissolving 18.6 gr of 2.4-di-tert-butyl phenol in 500 ml of toluene, of which 50 ml was distilled off azeotropically to remove traces of moisture. The solution was cooled to room temperature and 1 molar equivalent of triethyl amine (9.1 g) was added. To the mechanically stirred mixture 0.5 equivalent of PC1 3 (6.2 g) were added. The immediately formed suspension was stirred for 3 hours at 60°C. Subsequently, 4.55 g of triethyl amine and
  • Ligand (9) starts similar to the synthesis of Ligand (3).
  • Ligand (9) was formed upon stirring the mixture at 50°C for 4 hours. The work-up procedure was the same as described for Ligand (1). After crystallization Ligand (9) was obtained as white solid in 89% yield.
  • Ligand (12) was prepared from p-anisylidene- 1,l-bis(2-naphtol) in an analogous manner as described for Ligand (1). The ligand (12) was obtained as a white solid in 84% yield.
  • Ligand (16) was prepared in an analogous manner as described for ligand (1) using N-tosyl-2- amino-2-phenylethanol as aminoalcohol.
  • Ligand (17) was prepared in an analogous manner as described for ligand (1) using N-tert-butyl 2-aminoethanol.
  • Ligand (18) was prepared in an analogous manner as described for ligand (9) using 2,4-di-tert- butylphenol and N,N'-dimethylethanediamine.
  • Hastelloy-C-steal autoclave (Parr) was charged with a mixture of 5.8 mg (2.25 x 10 "5 mol) of rhodium dicarbonyl acetylacetonate and 45 mg (4.80 x 10 "5 mol) of the phosphorus amide Ligand (1) in 60 ml toluene under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the autoclave was heated to 90°C in 1 hour and pressurized to 0.5 MPa with a H 2 /CO (2/1 (mol/mol)) mixture.
  • Example I was repeated with a bisphoshite ligand (A) as also used in example 14 of US-A-4769498 The results are presented in Table 1.
  • Example I was repeated with a bisphosphite ligand (B) as shown below (see also US-A-4769498) . The results are presented in Table 1.
  • B bisphosphite ligand
  • L/Rh is molar ratio of ligand and rhodium
  • S ald is selectivity in % to aldehyde calculated as molar amount of aldehyde on total mol of products formed
  • Example lib
  • Example Ila was repeated with a phosphorus amide ligand, Ligand (12) and a ligand/Rh ratio of 2.9.
  • Example II was repeated with the phosphorus diamide ligand of Example 7 of O-A-9303839:
  • Example Illa-d Example Ila was repeated with the phosphorus amide ligands of the general structure according to formula 8a-8d.
  • the synthesis of Ligand 8a-8d are described in S.D. Pastor et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110, 6547 (1988) and S.D. Pastor et al.. Helv. Chim. Acta 76, 900 (1991).
  • Example Ila was repeated with the phosphorus amide ligands of the general structure according to formula 9 and with various ligand/Rh ratios (mol/mol).
  • the synthesis of the ligands according to the general formula (9) were all prepared in a similar manner as described for Ligand (9) by using the appropriate diamine bridge corresponding with the -N(R)-A-N(R)- group of formula (3c).
  • the ligand/Rh ratio and the results are presented in Table 3.
  • Example Va-b Example Ila was repeated with 2.5 g of a mixture of cis and trans 2-octene ( 22 mmol) instead of methyl 3-pentenoate. The results are given in Table 4.
  • a 181 ml stainless steel autoclave was filled with 2 ml of a toluene solution containing 0.008 mmol Rh(CO) 2 acac, 5 equivalents of the used ligand (see Example III for ligand 8b, 8c and 8d) and 18 ml toluene.
  • the autoclave was pressurized to 1.5 MPa CO/H 2 (1/1 mol/mol) and the temperature was raised to 80°C. After stabilization of the temperature 20 mmol 1- octene and 1 ml decane (internal standard) was injected into the reactor. The pressure was further increased to 2.0 MPa CO/H 2 (1/1 mol/mol).
  • the reaction was performed batchwise and no additional CO or H 2 was added during the reaction.
  • the composition was analyzed by gas chromatography and the results are presented in Table 5.
  • the ligand/rhodium ratio varied in which the rhodium concentration was kept the same as in Example I. The results are presented in Table 6.
  • a ligand with a dendrimer bridging compound with 32 end groups as represented with the following formula (10) was prepared as follows. To 6.08 g (29.5 mmol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol) in 350 ml toluene which was dried azeotropically, 10 ml of triethyl amine and subsequently 2.02 g (14.7 mmol) PC1 3 were added. After stirring overnight 5 ml triethylamine and 0.307 mmol of dendrimer PA 32 (as prepared in Example VII- of O-A-9314147) in 250 ml of toluene were added. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was filtered over A1 2 0 3 twice. The solvent was evaporated and the ligand was purified by crystallistion from acetonitril and ethanol (twice). On average 90% of the N-groups were linked with the below group in the resulting compound.
  • Example IX Example VII was repeated with a ligand according to formula (10).
  • the phosphorus/rhodium (mol atoms P/mol rhodium) ratio was 4.
  • the selectivity to aldehydes was 97% at 5% conversion after 18.5 hours of reaction.

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US5886235A (en) * 1995-12-06 1999-03-23 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation. Metal-ligand complex catalyzed processes
US5710344A (en) * 1996-11-08 1998-01-20 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process to prepare a linear aldehyde
US5917095A (en) * 1996-11-26 1999-06-29 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Metal-ligand complex catalyzed processes
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US5892119A (en) * 1996-11-26 1999-04-06 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Metal-ligand complex catalyzed processes
US5874640A (en) * 1996-11-26 1999-02-23 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Metal-ligand complex catalyzed processes
US5886236A (en) * 1997-04-15 1999-03-23 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Process for producing aldehyde acid salts
US5962680A (en) * 1997-04-15 1999-10-05 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Processes for producing epsilon caprolactams
CN1072673C (zh) * 1998-12-30 2001-10-10 化学工业部北京化工研究院 一种有机膦化合物和由它组成的催化剂体系及应用
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US6664427B1 (en) * 2002-08-29 2003-12-16 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for preparing aldehyde compounds
DE10352757A1 (de) * 2003-11-12 2005-06-16 Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh Chirale Di- und Triphosphite
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US5352830A (en) * 1991-10-31 1994-10-04 Himont Incorporated Phosphorous organic amides suitable as stabilizers and polymer compositions which comprise them

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